Power smoothing and MPPT for grid‐connected wind power generation with doubly fed induction generator

Recently, doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) and synchronous generators have been applied mostly to wind power generation, and variable speed control and power factor control have been implemented for high efficiency of wind energy capture and for high quality of power system voltage. In variable speed control, the wind speed or generator speed is used for maximum power point tracking. However, the properties of wind generation power fluctuations due to wind speed variation have not yet been investigated for those forms of control. The authors discuss power smoothing by these forms of control for DFIG interconnected to a 6.6‐kV distribution line. The performance is verified by means of the power PSCAD/EMTDC system simulation software for actual wind speed data and is investigated by using an approximate equation for wind generation power fluctuations as a result of wind speed variation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(2): 10–18, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20958     

飞轮储能系统改善并网风电场稳定性的研究

采用飞轮储能单元作为并网风电场的能量缓冲装置以稳定并网风电场的功率输出。建立了基于等效电路的飞轮储能系统的数学模型,并设计了以风力发电机输出有功功率和无功功率作为控制信号时的控制策略。最后以随机风波动为例,对采用飞轮储能系统的并网风电场进行了仿真研究。结果表明,此方案能实现风电机组输出有功功率和无功功率的综合快速补偿,有效地改善并网风电场的电能质量和稳定性。     

Flywheel‐based AC cache power for stand‐alone power systems

Stand‐alone power systems (SPS) are attracting more and more interest with the global move toward distributed generation (DG). Without strong support from the power grid, they suffer from poor load‐following capability at varying loads. A cache power that has fast response and high energy efficiency is demanded. As a solution, this paper provides an AC power technology based on flywheel energy storage. Different from the other DC generation technologies such as electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) or superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), the proposed flywheel system generates AC power and therefore can be directly connected to the power line without any power semiconductors. Furthermore, the proposed technology realizes power in/out automatically in response to the frequency/voltage variation of the power line. Therefore, this system has the advantages of robustness, simplicity, and fast response. Besides, by getting rid of power semiconductors, the proposed flywheel system has a good overload capability as high as two to three times. We prove by simulation and experimentation the validity and effectiveness of the proposed technology to provide cache power for stand‐alone power systems. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

离网风力发电系统的飞轮储能装置

在飞轮储能系统(FESS)中,通过带双向功率变换器的电机可将飞轮储能的机械能转换成电能。无论何时从中等功率到大功率(kW~MW),在短时间内(几秒钟、几分钟)需要大量(几十万个)充/放电周期的情况下,FESS都是能适用的。FESS充电状态的监视简单可靠,飞轮的材料、电机的型式、轴承的型号以及密封的气体全部加在一起,决定着FESS的能量效率(>85%)。此外,本文还提出了离网风电系统(IWPS)的模拟,该IWPS由风轮发电机(WTG)、用户负荷、同步电机(SM)和FESS组成。模拟结果充分显示,FESS有效平抑了风电功率的波动与负荷的变化。     

A control method for small‐scale DC power systems including distributed generators

This paper describes a DC micro‐grid system interconnecting distributed power generators. The system consists of five generation and control units: a solar‐cell generation unit, a wind‐turbine generation unit, a battery energy‐storage unit, a flywheel power‐leveling unit, and an AC grid‐interconnecting power control unit. The control method is proposed for suppressing the circulating current by detecting only the DC grid voltage. This method brings high reliability, high flexibility, and maintenance‐free operation to the system. The method pays attention to DC output voltage performance of each unit. Each of the power control units and the energy‐storage unit is controlled to act as a voltage source with imaginary impedance. On the other hand, each of the two generation units is controlled to act as a current source. The power‐leveling unit is controlled to act as a current source having the function of frequency selectivity like a high‐pass filter. A 10‐kW prototype system verifies experimentally the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control method for the DC‐grid system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 86–93, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20603     

Output power control of wind turbine generator by pitch angle control using minimum variance control

Effective utilization of renewable energies such as wind energy as a replacement for fossil fuels is highly desirable. Wind energy is not constant and wind generator output is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, which causes the power output of wind turbine generators (WTGs) to fluctuate. In order to reduce output power fluctuations of wind farms, this paper presents an output power leveling control strategy for wind farms based on both the mean and the standard deviation of wind farm output power, a cooperative control strategy for WTGs, and a pitch angle control method using a generalized predictive controller (GPC) intended for all operating regions of WTGs. Simulation results using an actual detailed model for wind farm systems show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(2): 10–18, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20247     

A study of the flywheel capacity of the power compensator for the wind turbine generator

Nowadays, the Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) system is remarkably increasing as a renewable energy resource in Japan. But in the WTG, the power fluctuations caused by the wind speed fluctuation are the most crucial issue in providing their energy to the utility. It was found that a power compensation system (PCS) of suitable capacity is not yet available. In this paper, the time range and standardized wind speed including fluctuations are discussed. We estimated the storage capacity of PCS at different wind profiles by standardization of wind speed and verified the validity of their capacities using a computer simulation. In this way we determined the suitable capacity of the power compensation system. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(4): 64–71, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10122     

未来"绿色煤电"的思考

中国的电力工业以燃煤发电为主，燃煤发电如何走出一条全面、协调、可持续发展的新型工业化道路是电力行业的重要课题。影响煤电可持续发展的主要因素是环境污染严重和煤电转化效率低。从满足未来电力可持续发展的角度看，现有的洁净煤发电技术在提高效率和减少污染物排放方面尚未达到未来“绿色煤电”的要求。通过分析，提出了未来“绿色煤电”的设想，它是以煤气化制氢和氢能发电为主、对CO2进行分离处理的煤基发电系统，可实现煤基发电的高效和近零排放。并描述了中国华能集团公司发展“绿色煤电”的初步规划。     

Analysis of possible introduction of PV systems considering output power fluctuations and battery technology,employing an optimal power generation mix model

This paper presents an evaluation of the impact of extensive introduction of photovoltaic (PV) systems and stationary battery technology into the optimal power generation mix in the Kanto and Kinki regions. The introduction of solar PV systems is expected to be extensively deployed in the Japanese household sector and utility companies in order to address the concerns of energy security and climate change. Considering this expected large‐scale deployment of PV systems in electric power systems, it is necessary to investigate the optimal power generation mix which is technologically capable of controlling and accommodating the intermittent output‐power fluctuations inherent in PV systems. Against this background, we develop both a solar photovoltaic power generation model and an optimal power generation mix model, including stationary battery technology, which can be used to explicitly analyze the impact of PV output fluctuations at a detailed time interval resolution such as 10 minutes for 365 consecutive days. Simulation results reveal that PV introduction does not necessarily increase battery technology due to the cost competitiveness of thermal power plants in the load‐following requirement caused by PV systems. Additionally, on the basis of sensitivity analysis on PV system cost, dramatic cost reduction proves to be indispensable for PV to supply bulk electricity similarly to thermal and nuclear power plants. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(2): 9–19, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22329     

Smoothing of Wind Power Fluctuations for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Based Wind Energy Conversion System and Fault Ride-through Consideration

Due to the increment of penetration level of wind power generation, output power fluctuation is one of the most important issue's that can destabilize the power system operation. This article mainly deals with the smoothing of the output power fluctuations of a wind energy conversion system based permanent magnet synchronous generator and fault ride-through enhancement during a grid fault. The concerned wind energy conversion system based permanent magnet synchronous generator adopts an AC-DC-AC converter system. The proposed control method limits the wind energy conversion system output power by adjusting the pitch angle of the wind turbine blades when wind speed is above the rated wind speed. In the grid-side converter, a fuzzy logic controller is used to determine the torque reference for which the kinetic energy stored by the inertia of wind turbine can smooth the output power fluctuations of the permanent magnet synchronous generator. Also, the DC-link voltage, controlled by the grid-side inverter, is adjusted in accordance with the output power fluctuations of the permanent magnet synchronous generator using a voltage smoothing index. Moreover, in this aticle, the proposed method ensures that the wind turbine stays operational during grid faults and provides fast restoration once the fault is cleared. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, simulations under different conditions have been performed by using MATLAB/Simulink® (The Math Works, Natick, MA, USA).     

风-蓄混合孤立发电系统的运行控制

在风电孤立发电系统中接入储能设备,可抑制风能波动和负荷扰动对系统稳定性的影响.在此深入研究了风-蓄混合孤立发电系统的运行控制,包括双馈风力发电机组的最大功率跟踪控制、双馈风机的定子磁链定向有功、无功功率解耦矢量控制及功率调节器有功、无功功率控制.搭建了风-蓄混合孤立发电实验系统,实验结果证明,将了储能设备接入风电孤立发...     

基于可靠性和发电性能的新能源发电设备状态评估方法

与传统火电机组不同,新能源发电设备单机容量小,单机停运不会对新能源电站的供电可靠性产生明显影响,因此对新能源发电设备关注可靠性的同时,更应该关注设备的发电性能。为此提出了一种基于可靠性和发电性能双重指标维度的新能源发电设备状态评估方法,提出了发电性能关键指标的计算方法和数据源标准化要求。将该方法在国家风光储输示范工程进行评价应用,通过评估结果数据分析,总结出了新能源发电设备发电性能指标的推荐阈值。所提出的方法能够为新能源发电设备状态评估提供一种新的技术手段。     

An operating method using prediction of photovoltaic power for a photovoltaic–diesel hybrid power generation system

This paper describes a novel operating method using prediction of photovoltaic (PV) power for a photovoltaic–diesel hybrid power generation system. The system is composed of a PV array, a storage battery, a bidirectional inverter, and a diesel engine generator (DG). The proposed method enables the system to save fuel consumption by using PV energy effectively, reducing charge and discharge energy of the storage battery, and avoiding low‐load operation of the DG. The PV power is simply predicted from a theoretical equation of solar radiation and the observed PV energy for a constant time before the prediction. The fuel consumption of the proposed method is compared with that of other methods by a simulation based on measurement data of the PV power at an actual PV generation system for 1 year. The simulation results indicate that the amount of fuel consumption of the proposed method is smaller than that of any other methods, and is close to that of the ideal operation of the DG. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(3): 8–18, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20116     

Load frequency control of an autonomous hybrid power system by quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm

This paper deals with a novel quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm (QOHSA) based design of load frequency controller for an autonomous hybrid power system model (HPSM) consisting of multiple power generating units and energy storage units. QOHSA is a novel improved version of music inspired harmony search algorithm for obtaining the best solution vectors and faster convergence rate. In this paper, the efficacy of the proposed QOHSA is adjudged for optimized load frequency control (LFC) of an autonomous HPSM. The studied HPSM consists of renewable/non-renewable energy based generating units such as wind turbine generator, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal power generator, diesel engine generator, fuel cell with aqua-electrolyzer while energy storage units consists of battery energy storage system, flywheel energy storage system and ultra-capacitor. Gains of the conventional controllers such as integral (I) controller, proportional–integral (PI) controller and proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller (installed as frequency controller one at a time in the proposed HPSM) is optimized using QOHSA to mitigate any frequency deviation owing to sudden generation/load change. In order to corroborate the efficacy of QOHSA, performance of QOHSA to design optimal LFC is compared with that of other well-established technique such as teaching learning based optimization algorithm (TLBOA). The comparative performances of the HPSM under the action of QOHSA/TLBOA based optimized conventional controllers (I or PI or PID) are investigated and compared in the present work. It is found that the QOHSA tuned frequency controllers improves the overall dynamic response in terms of settling time, overshoot and undershoot in the profile of frequency deviation and power deviation of the studied HPSM.     

A method of estimating the output fluctuation of many photovoltaic power generation systems dispersed in a wide area

The largest output fluctuation is an index used to quantify the disturbance of a power grid caused by wind power plants and photovoltaic power generation systems connected to it. In order to develop its estimation method, we investigate the relationship between the largest output fluctuation and the standard deviation of a newly proposed random variable generated by differencing the output variation of photovoltaic power generation systems. Output fluctuation coefficients are defined and estimated using measured data of photovoltaic power generation systems located at 52 places. An approximation equation is presented to predict geographical correlations between the proposed random variables for photovoltaic power systems by using the distances between their locations. Finally, it is shown that the largest output fluctuation of many photovoltaic power generation systems dispersed in a wide area is predictable by using the output fluctuation coefficients and the equation approximating the geographical correlations of output fluctuations. ©2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(4): 9–19, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20723     

采用飞轮储能的永磁直驱风电机组有功平滑控制策略

风速的不稳定性和间歇性使得采用最大风能捕获控制策略的风电机组输出有功功率会随风速的变化而波动,影响风电机组的输出电能质量,引起电网频率波动,甚至带来电网的稳定性问题.简单分析了永磁直驱风电机组的全功率双脉宽调制(PWM)交-直-交变流器的控制策略,提出了在不改变现有变流器控制策略的前提下,在变流器的直流侧接入飞轮储能系统,用以实现风电机组输出有功功率的平滑控制.设计了飞轮储能系统的能量控制策略,并给出了平滑功率值的计算方法.对1.3 MW永磁直驱风电机组的运行特性进行了仿真研究,仿真结果表明,采用所提出的飞轮储能系统能量控制策略能够有效平滑风电机组输出有功功率,提高了风电机组的输出电能质量.     

风电接入对海上油田平台电网稳定性的影响

孤立电网接入风电可以节约燃料,降低运行成本。受风电特性的影响,风电穿透功率使电网在节约燃料的同时,也对电网稳定性造成了很大的影响。文章建立了包括燃气轮机在内的电网模型和多极永磁同步风力发电机模型,评价了由燃气轮发电机供电的海上油田平台孤立电网接入风电时的电网稳定性,并通过仿真研究了该海上油田平台孤立电网接入风电的最大穿透功率。PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真结果和中国海洋石油总公司建造的海上风力发电站的成功并网均表明,文中的平台电网能保持电网频率和负荷电压在规定的范围内。     

Power Control of Directly Driven Wind Generation System Based on Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

The increasing wind power penetration poses significant technical problems to the development of electric power systems. In this article, an integrated control strategy is proposed based on the characteristics of the directly driven permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbine. The directly driven permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbine is incorporated with superconducting magnetic energy storage, which can smooth the wind power fluctuations, enhance the low-voltage ride-through capability of the wind generation system, and achieve an uninterruptible power supply to local loads under isolated grid operation. According to the MATLAB/SIMULINK-based (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) digital computer simulation model, the proposed control strategy is confirmed to be effective in power control of grid operation.     

Power maximization control of variable‐speed wind generation system using permanent magnet synchronous generator

This paper proposes sensorless output power maximization control of a wind generation system. A permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is used as a variable speed generator in the proposed system. The generator torque is suitably controlled according to the generator speed and thus the power from a wind turbine settles down on the maximum power point by the proposed MPPT control method, where the information on wind velocity is not required. Moreover, the maximum available generated power is obtained by the optimum current vector control. The current vector of PMSG is optimally controlled according to the generator speed and the required torque in order to minimize the losses of PMSG considering the voltage and current constraints. The proposed wind power generation system can be achieved without mechanical sensors such as wind velocity detector and a position sensor. Several experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed control method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(2): 11–19, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20043     

基于超级电容储能的微型燃气轮机发电系统功率平衡控制

针对传统微型燃气轮机(简称微燃机)发电系统微电网运行时存在的冲击性负载问题,从其工作机理角度分析,发现根源在于微燃机输出功率调节响应较慢。为了弥补微燃机输出瞬时功率的不足,提出了冲击补偿的瞬时功率快速控制方法。通过微燃机发电机组自身功率响应预测进行瞬时补偿功率控制,基于超级电容储能单元的高功率动态响应弥补微燃机输出功率动态响应低的问题,使系统实时处于瞬时功率平衡状态,保证直流母线电压的平稳,增强微燃机发电系统对冲击性负载的适应能力。最后在实验平台上对所提控制策略的正确性和可行性进行了验证。