Study of the Crystallization and Melting Behavior of a Latent Heat Storage by Computed Tomography

Thermal energy storage based on phase changes is a promising technology. However, heat transfer can often be problematic. A latent heat storage based on the single tube design is analyzed in a computer tomograph. The different densities of the solid and liquid phase change material (PCM) MgCl₂·6H₂O enable a clear identification of the phases in the computer tomographic images. No supercooling or phase segregation of water from the PCM was observed during melting or crystallization. The volume change, though often neglected, seems to be the biggest issue of the design of latent heat storage systems.     

Dynamic Heat Transfer Characteristics Modeling of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material Slurries

Convective heat transfer characteristics of microencapsulated phase change material slurries (MPCSs) flowing in a circular tube under constant heat flux are studied and a feasible heat transfer model is presented. The heat transfer coefficient of MPCS and the wall temperature of the circular tube are simulated. The simulation results agree qualitatively with the experimental results. The effects of Stefan (Ste) number, mass concentration, phase change temperature range, and Reynolds (Re) number on heat transfer characteristics are discussed. The results indicate that the Ste‐number and mass fraction are the most important parameters influencing heat transfer properties compared to the phase change temperature range and Re‐number which less affect these characteristics.     

高分子及其复合潜热储能材料研究进展

叙述了储能材料的分类；概括和评述了近年来高分子及其复合潜热储能材料在降低成本、提高储热性能和效率及增加稳定性等方面的研究进展；简单介绍了其应用领域；提出今后的研究将朝着开发新材料、筛选优产品、开创新领域的方向发展。     

相变储能材料的应用展望

综述了相变储能材料的研究进展状况，对相变储能材料的分类和应用情况进行了介绍，对相变储能材料未来的发展进行了展望，针对不同的环境进行相变材料的研究，指出如何解决军用和民用领域中需要控制温度的问题。     

The heat transfer coefficient between a particle and a bed (packed or fluidised) of much larger particles

The heat transfer coefficient has been measured for a heated phosphor-bronze sphere (diam. 2.0, 3.0 or 5.56 mm) added to a bed of larger particles, through which air at room temperature was passed. The bronze heat transfer sphere was attached to a very thin, flexible thermocouple and was heated in a flame to before being immersed in the bed. The cooling of the bronze sphere enabled the heat transfer coefficient, h, to be measured for a variety of U/U_mf, as well as diameters of both the particles in the bed and the heat transfer sphere. It was found that before the onset of fluidisation, h rose with U, but h reached a constant value for U?U_mf. These measurements indicate that in this situation (of a relatively small particle in a bed of larger particles) all the heat transfer is between the hot bronze sphere and the gas flowing over it. Consequently, a Nusselt number, based on the thermal conductivity of the gas, is easy to define and for U?U_mf (i.e. a packed bed), Nu is given by

     

一个封闭的潜热热能存储系统的第一与第二定律分析

First and Second Law analyses were conducted to evaluate the performance of a closed latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system employing calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2-6H2O).The First and the Second Laws of thermodynamics were applied to the system from viewpoint of energy and exergy analyses,respectively. The energy storage tank in the system is neither fully mixed nor fully stratified. It may be considered as semithermal stratified. Experiments that include both charging and discharging periods were performed on sunny winter days in 1996. The energy and exergy variations and the overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the closed LHTES system were calculated for the complete charging and discharging cycle of the selected fifteen clear-sky winter days. Mean energy and exergy efficiencies were found to be 55.20% and 34.83%, respectively.     

Experimental Investigation of Performances of Microcapsule Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage

Performances of microcapsule phase change material (MPCM) for thermal energy storage are investigated. The MPCM for thermal energy storage is prepared by a complex coacervation method with gelatin and acacia as wall materials and paraffin as core material in an emulsion system. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the microstructure of the MPCM. In thermal analysis, a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was employed to determine the melting temperature, melting latent heat, solidification temperature, and solidification latent heat of the MPCM for thermal energy storage. The SEM micrograph indicates that the MPCM has been successfully synthesized and that the particle size of the MPCM is about 81 μm. The DSC output results show that the melting temperature of the MPCM is 52.05 °C, the melting latent heat is 141.03 kJ/kg, the solidification temperature is 59.68 °C, and the solidification latent heat is 121.59 kJ/kg. The results prove that the MPCM for thermal energy storage has a larger phase change latent heat and suitable phase change temperature, so it can be considered as an efficient thermal energy storage material for heat utilizing systems.     

移动式相变储热木材太阳能干燥装置的理论设计

针对木材太阳能干燥间歇性的不足以及传统太阳能储热采用混凝土、天然沸石等通过显热的方式储热体积大、热效率低的缺点,该文进行了移动式相变储热木材太阳能干燥装置的理论设计,并在此基础上完成了实际研制过程。该装置主要包括热管真空太阳能空气集热系统,石蜡相变储热系统,干燥系统,自动控制系统四个部分。该设计不仅能为相变储热式太阳能干燥装置的研制提供理论依据,更重要的是后续实验得出的规律可为进一步开展太阳能干燥技术的研究和工业化应用提供实验指导。     

Heat transfer of gas-solid two-phase mixtures flowing through a packed bed

This paper reports an experimental study on both transient and steady-state heat transfer behavior of a gas-solid two-phase mixture flowing through a packed bed under constant wall temperature conditions. A logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) method is used to process the temperature data to obtain the overall heat transfer coefficient. The influences of particle loading and gas flow Reynolds number are investigated. The results show that the introduction of suspended particles greatly enhances heat transfer between the flowing gas-solid two-phase mixture and the packed bed, and the enhancement increases approximately linearly with increasing particle loading. The heat transfer coefficient data are processed to give the Nusselt number, which is found to correlate well to the Reynolds number, the Archimedes number and the suspended particle loading ratio. A comparison of the data of this work with the published data reveals large discrepancy. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.     

Heat transfer of gas flow through a packed bed

This paper reports an experimental study of both the transient and steady-state heat transfer behaviour of a gas flowing through a packed bed under the constant wall temperature conditions. Effective thermal conductivities and convective heat transfer coefficient are derived based on the steady-state measurements and the two-dimensional axial dispersion plug flow (2DADPF) model. The results reveal a large temperature drop at the wall region and the temperature drop depends on the axial distance from the inlet. The 2DADPF model predicts the axial temperature distribution fairly well, but the prediction is poor for the radial temperature distribution. Length-dependent behaviour of the effective heat transfer parameters and non-uniform flow behaviour are proposed to be responsible. A comparison with previously published correlations and data in the literature shows that the relationships proposed by Bunnell et al. and Demirel et al. agree well with the measured effective radial thermal conductivity, whereas the wall-fluid heat transfer coefficient is better represented by the Li-Finlayson correlation.     

Utilization of a Radial Temperature Model for Heat Conduction within Spherical Particles to Model Granular Assemblies

A heat transfer (DEM) model for application in the particle based discrete element simulation method is presented. It utilizes an analytical solution of the heat diffusion equation for a solid spherical particle to obtain temporal and radial solutions of the temperature distributions within the particles. This radial temperature model avoids the shortcomings of the usual assumption of spatially uniform temperature profiles in particles. The concept is designed to minimize computing power and memory requirement in order to allow the computation of granular assemblies consisting of a large number of particles. Results obtained for a particle subject to transient convective boundary conditions are compared with a Crank‐Nicholson implicit scheme as numerical reference solution. A first implementation of the radial temperature model in a discrete element code reveals the additional computational cost as negligible compared to the demands of contact identification and force calculation.     

Ex-Ante Optimal Design of Sustainable Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Storage

Energy consumption for residential heating can be reduced using new insulation solutions in the form of phase change materials (PCMs) integrated within the building structure. This work proposes a framework for the optimal design of PCMs considering operational as well as sustainability aspects at the early stages of the material development process. The proposed framework applies computer-aided molecular design tools and considers a practical simulation model to calculate the functional performance of the PCM, as well as a variety of constraints to impose desirable bounds on the material thermophysical properties and its impact on environment and safety.     

Experimental Investigation on the Characteristics of Polyethylene Glycol/Cement Composites as Thermal Energy Storage Materials

The polyethylene glycol/cement composites as thermal energy storage materials were prepared by blending polyethylene glycol and cement. In composite materials, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is used as the phase change material for thermal energy storage and cement acts as the supporting material. A Fourier transformation infrared spectroscope (FT‐IR), x‐ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to determine the chemical structure, the crystalloid phase, and microstructure of the polyethylene glycol/cement composites, respectively. The thermal properties and thermal stability were investigated by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and a thermogravimetry analyzer (TGA). The SEM results showed that the polyethylene glycol was well dispersed in the porous network of the cement.     

Analysis of Technology Potential of a Metal-based Latent Heat Storage for Backup Process Steam Supply

An analysis of technology potential of a metal-based high temperature latent heat storage for the application of process steam backup for industrial parks in Germany was carried out. To investigate the integration of the storage into a process steam network, dynamic process simulations were performed. Furthermore, the analysis includes ecological and economical calculations for various fuel types of industrial power plants, plant sizes and auxiliary fuels. Basis of all calculations is an extensive research conducted on the industrial parks in Germany with a dedicated power plant and process steam utilization.     

节能型相变储能建筑材料及其研究进展

相变储能建筑材料是一种新型的功能材料,在建筑节能、储能等方面具有较好的应用前景。文章介绍了相变储能建筑材料的理论基础和相变储能材料在建材中的应用,并对相变储能建筑材料的三种复合技术,即浸泡法、掺加能量微球法和直接混合法,进行了简单的概述。最后指出相变储能建筑材料的主要研究方向和内容。     

低温肋板式蓄热器的相变传热性能研究

介绍了一种低温肋板式蓄热器,并以石蜡(RT@80)作为蓄热材料,运用试验方法对自然对流对蓄热器性能的影响进行了研究,通过改变蓄热器的摆放方向及倾斜角度,测定蓄热器完成蓄热、放热的时间,结果表明:随着倾斜角度的增加,自然对流对蓄热器蓄/放热速率的影响逐渐增加,使得蓄热器的蓄/放热时间逐渐缩短;相同的倾斜角度下,不同的摆放...     

蓄热技术的研究进展与应用

综述了蓄热技术的研究概况和发展现状，详细介绍了在工业，电力和空间中的应用，并展望了今后的研究和发展方向。     

LNG管道内气液相变流动传热理论的研究现状及趋势

针对液化天然气管道内流动传热理论的研究现状及趋势进行相关调研,结果表明管道内液化天然气的相变问题十分严峻,严重影响着管道的运输能力和运输安全性。为缓解这些问题的发生,主要从液化天然气的管道运输特点、液化天然气相变机理与特性以及液化天然气流型与传热三个方面进行分析比较,指出了存在的问题以及未来的发展前景,对液化天然气管道内相变流动传热的研究提供理论基础。     

Particle Technology in the Formulation and Fabrication of Thermal Energy Storage Materials

This article reviews the state of the art of the formulation and fabrication of sensible, latent, and thermochemical thermal energy storage (TES) materials with special focus on the role of particle technology in enhancing the performance of these materials. Molten salt-based sensible TES materials have been intensively studied, particularly the use of doped nanoparticles for enhancing specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity. For latent TES, the inclusion of property enhancers is among the most effective approaches to address the low thermal conductivity and supercooling issues of phase change materials (PCMs), whereas the encapsulation of PCMs and structurally stabilized composite PCMs are the favorable methods to address leakage and chemical incompatibility challenges. Thermochemical TES materials are often incorporated with an inert or an active host matrix for structural stabilization.     

Influence of Operating Conditions on the Freeze-Drying of Frozen Particles in a Fixed Bed and Modeling Data

Experimental runs have been carried out to investigate the influence of shelf temperature and total gas pressure in the chamber on the primary drying sublimation kinetics of a packed bed of frozen spherical particles of a model 16.6% (w/w) sucrose solution. Sublimation kinetics determined, in situ and on line, by weighing continuously the freeze-dried sample, were observed to increase with the total gas pressures and with the shelf temperatures. A physical model, based on the hypothesis that two “sublimation fronts” advancing at the same time from the bottom of the bed, due to the contact heat flux, and from the top of the bed, due to radiation heat flux, was proposed. Fair agreement was found between simulated and experimental data.