Optimal operation of residential fuel cell system with rapidly fluctuating energy demand

Household cogeneration systems using proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC systems) have attracted attention due to their high energy efficiency. To bring out a PEMFC system's performance, it is crucial to use effectively both the electric power and hot water produced from a PEMFC system. Therefore, the optimal scheduling problem of a PEMFC system is very important. However, there are difficulties due to uncertainty of household energy demand. A difficulty to which little attention has been paid so far lies in the difference between the scheduled electric power output and the actual electric power output of a PEMFC system caused by rapid fluctuations in electric power demand. In this paper, we propose a new method of dealing with this problem. In our method, we treat the energy demand as a random variable and calculate its probability density at each time step. Then a constraint that takes account of the energy demand fluctuations is defined through the probability density and is incorporated into the original optimal scheduling problem of the PEMFC system. Using our method, we can deal with rapid energy demand fluctuations in settings of the scheduling problem with long time intervals. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(1): 8–17, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21064     

Evaluation of the introduction of a micro‐cogeneration system into residential houses based on monitored daily‐basis energy demand data

In order to reduce CO₂ emission from residential sectors in Japan, PEFC with high efficiency and low environmental impact is expected as one of the promising micro‐cogeneration (µCGS) systems. However, the energy demands in houses largely differ from each other and the profiles are also changed every day. Thus, when µCGS is actually introduced, it is necessary to examine the equipment capacity and operation of µCGS in each house. In this paper, the optimization model is developed in order to evaluate the µCGS based on daily‐basis demand data. Using actually monitored energy demand data in four households, the differences between using daily‐basis data and using the monthly‐average data are evaluated from viewpoints of economic and environmental performance of µCGS systems. Moreover, by adding the penalty factor to disposal heat of µCGS, it is seen that system configuration and system operation of µCGS can attain CO₂ reduction and energy conservation as well as cost reduction. ©2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(4): 20–30, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20653     

居民节能意识及节能行为调查分析

居民日常生活中的节能是建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的重要组成部分。对广东省珠海市城镇居民的节能意识和行为的调查分析显示：居民整体的节能意识较强;大部分家庭使用节能家电或用品,采取了节能措施,但节能手段仍较局限;居民节能行为更多地受家庭经济状况的影响。根据调查分析的结果,提出了推进居民日常生活节能的相关政策建议.     

计及舒适度的家庭能源中心运行优化模型

随着多能源网络的融合与能源利用技术的进步,能源需求侧的能量管理受到了广泛关注,其中家庭耗能在能源需求侧占有相当大的比重。在此背景下,首先建立了以微型冷热电联产作为能源转化装置的家庭能源中心(HEH)的数学模型。其次,针对不同类型家庭电负荷的特性,将其细分为温度控制型电负荷、刚性电负荷、柔性电负荷,并建立了多类型电负荷的数学模型。接着,进一步将能源中心热负荷细分为热水负荷、空气制热/制冷负荷和电气可转换负荷,并建立了多类型热负荷模型。之后,引入温度舒适度和用电舒适度概念并用于指导HEH的温度控制和柔性电负荷控制。在此基础上,建立了以能源购买费用最小为目标,计及温度舒适度和用电舒适度的HEH混合整数线性规划模型。最后,以某家庭用户在冬季和夏季的典型日为例说明了所提出的方法的基本特征。     

混合能源协同控制的智能家庭能源优化控制策略

家庭能源优化控制是家庭能源管理系统(HEMS)的重要分支之一,然而由于缺少有效的智能优化算法,制约了家庭能源优化控制的实际应用。本文通过对家用电器运行特性的分析,将家庭用电设备分为刚性负荷,简单可调节负荷,电池类设备,供暖、通风和空调(HVAC)系统设备等,并建立相应的负荷模型;以市电电网、光伏发电、储能电池三种能源作为智能家庭的供给源,以电能花费和用户舒适度作为优化目标,建立混合能源协同控制的智能家庭能源优化控制模型;并提出一种基于改进的快速粒子群算法(APSOA)的智能求解方法,得出每个电器最优的用电时段,室温控制系统各个时段所需功率以及蓄电池各个时段的充放电功率。以某智能家庭夏季某一天用电情况为例,在Matlab环境下,建立模型并仿真,与粒子群算法(PSOA)、遗传算法(GA)进行对比,说明了模型和算法的可行性及有效性。     

基于需求响应的居民可控能效负荷优化

为解决居民生活用电需求不断增加,居民生活用电方式不合理造成能源浪费越来越严重的问题,从居民用户的可控能效负荷入手,对典型可控能效负荷空调、热水器和照明负荷进行分析,建立负荷能耗数学模型,根据其运行特性,结合居民用户用电习惯和分时电价,制定居民可控能效负荷优化策略;建立以居民用户用电成本和用电满意度为目标的优化模型。为提高和声搜索算法的求解速度与计算精度,对其参数进行动态调整,并与差分进化算法进行融合,应用于可控能效负荷的优化求解。算例结果表明了改进算法具有较好的收敛性和较高的准确性,验证了居民可控能效负荷优化策略的可行性,实现了从需求响应的角度对可控能效负荷进行优化管理的思想。     

分时电价背景下综合能源需求响应优化建模

峰谷分时电价是一种有效的价格型需求响应策略,通过合理的分时电价能为能源需求方提供充分高效的价格信号,从而实现能源需求削峰填谷的目标;而综合能源系统将电、热、冷、气等多种能源形式耦合起来,并能通过一定的调度策略实现不同能源形式之间的经济调度。在此背景下,首先,利用能源集线器建模技术实现对综合能源系统内各参与单元的有效建模;其次,将传统的针对电负荷的需求响应研究延伸到对冷、热负荷的需求响应研究,建立一个包含电、热、冷负荷需求响应的综合能源需求响应模型,并采用matlab平台下的YALMIP/CPLEX优化求解器进行模型求解;最后,通过对不同场景的算例仿真结果表明,在分时电价背景下考虑综合能源需求响应不仅有利于负荷的削峰填谷,还对系统的调度经济性有一定的提升作用。     

计及全寿命成本和收益的微电网储能优化配置

微电网是适应分布式电源灵活接入、满足多元化负荷可靠供给、实现供需友好互动、推动节能减排及电力体制改革的有效形式。其中,储能系统为微电网参与电网运行提供灵活解决方案。本文提出一种计及储能系统全寿命周期成本与收益的双层优化配置方法。首先建立了全寿命周期成本和收益的模型,计算储能的各类成本以及收益;接着确定了内外层所采用的遗传与模拟退火相结合的算法;最后采用Benchmark低压微电网算例,对所提优化配置策略进行了仿真。仿真结果表明了该方法的可行性和有效性,该模型能够有效地管理电压,使其电压保持在安全范围内,并且可以通过套利的经济手段降低成本。     

基于改进人工蜂群算法的家庭储能容量优化配置*

家庭能源系统中的储能设备初始投资成本高,限制其实际应用。针对此问题,文章对混合储能的容量配置进行了研究。分别构建了刚性负荷、柔性负荷和储能类设备负荷模型;在此基础上搭建以用户每天用电费用最低为目标的家庭能源管理系统模型;提出一种改进的人工蜂群算法对模型求解。实验结果表明,通过和单储能的系统相比,在满足用户用电需求的同时,配置混合储能的家庭能源系统能有效减小用户每天用电费用。对文中算法与人工蜂群算法和粒子群算法优化结果进行比对,证实所提算法优化时长短、收敛速度快且不易于陷入局部最优。     

基于分布式光伏电站和储能系统的家庭能效管理策略研究

设计了一种基于Zig Bee技术的智能家居系统,该系统由家庭网络、家庭服务器和手机终端构成,简单有效且可扩展性良好。研究了基于分布式光伏电站和储能系统的家庭能效管理系统,通过建立家庭用电总费用最低的目标函数,结合分时电价给出了家庭能效管理的控制策略。通过决策储能电池的充放电功率以及可平移负荷的工作时间,实现对家庭负荷的优化利用,提高运行经济性,达到经济效益最大化,也能起到削峰填谷的作用。最后,结合某家庭用户家用电器设备进行仿真测试,结果表明该能效管理算法能有效节省家庭用电总费用,证明算法的有效性和可行性。     

基于储能实时修正双环控制的微电网能量管理方法

提升各类可再生能源(RES)高效并网发电是应对全球环境恶化、能源短缺的有效方法。但各类能源的出力特性不同,如何有效分配使用各类能源是目前微电网需要解决的主要问题。针对此问题,采用冷热电联产(CCHP)与储能系统相结合的运行方式,利用优化算法分层控制微型燃气轮机出力和储能系统的充放电功率,综合协调光伏、风电、微型燃气轮机输出和用户负荷需求,解决能源出力和负荷需求分布不对等问题,实现RES高效使用。其中,针对储能系统充放电控制,提出一种基于预测数据实时修正的能量管理方法,可以减小预测误差对储能系统充放电控制的干扰,提高能量管控的灵活性。实测数据试验结果显示,与固定阈值法和自适应算法相比,所提算法在充分利用各类能源基础上有效起到了削减负荷峰值的作用,减小冲击负荷对电网的影响,实现了能源的经济、优化利用。     

基于随机机会约束规划的冷热电联供微电网能量优化调度

热电联供(Combined Heat and Power,CHP)型微网集成了多种分布式能源,能源利用率较高,具有光明的应用前景。科学合理的系统规划是CHP微网经济、高效运行的基础,基于此提出考虑需求侧热、电协同响应的CHP微网多目标规划方法,规划目标兼顾经济指标和碳排放指标。需求侧热电协同响应模型基于建筑物和热水箱的热力学特性,同时考虑可转移电负荷的调度。从而建立基于需求侧协同响应的CHP微网多目标混合整数线性规划模型。以居民区CHP微网规划为例进行算例仿真,验证了方法的有效性。结果表明,应用需求侧热电协同响应可降低CHP微网所需配置的燃气锅炉和储热罐容量,使系统具有更好的经济效益与环保效益。     

A study of a micro co‐generation system's conformation for residential use considering observed fluctuating characteristics of hot‐water demand

This paper discusses a conformation of a micro co‐generation system (µCGS) for residential use. The evaluation is based on the hot‐water demand observed in three families who live in the same apartment house. Assuming DSS operation of µCGS, we evaluated the required capacity of PEFC, hot‐water tank, and backup boiler to meet a series of daily hot‐water demand observed in three houses. The results are: (1) µCGS with 2‐kW PEFC and 350‐L hot‐water tank are required in family B when µCGS is not equipped with the backup boiler, (2) the additional 5 kW of the backup boiler reduces the required capacity of the hot‐water tank by 50 L, (3) the evaluation based on hourly averaged hot‐water demand patterns would underestimate the required capacity of the hot‐water tank, (4) the required capacity of the hot‐water tank could be reduced by the leveling effect of the hot‐water demand pattern along three families. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(2): 30–37, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10080     

基于综合需求响应的微能源网日前优化调度方法

微能源网是能源互联网(energy Internet,EI)终端供能发展方向,系统的经济优化运行亟需挖掘多能负荷的潜力,单一需求响应难以满足"源-网-荷"协调优化.针对微能源网中多种能源的耦合转换特性,首先,建立了含储能和综合需求响应(integrated demand response,IDR)的广义能量枢纽模型;引...     

Energy Conservation in Urban Areas

This article outlines the energy conservation measures in the civilian sector from a few different viewpoint regarding energy conservation in cities. First, the energy consumption trends in the business and residential sectors are discussed, focusing the importance of energy conservation measures in applications such as home heating, water heating and specific power demand. Second, as a measure to reduce energy demand itself, energy conservation by way of applying heat insulating materials to buildings and changing the life style of residents is considered. And from the viewpoint of improving the energy system efficiency, additionally discussed here are the measures to improve the efficiency of each energy equipment such as air‐conditioners and co‐generation equipment, and the characteristics of District heating and cooling systems such as the local energy infrastructures. Lastly, from the knowledge obtained through model analyses by the authors, a scheme is recommended that would be one of the most efficient city‐energy schemes where the energy systems including heat pumps, co‐generators or equipment using solar power are utilized for their best‐suited applications for business and residential customers. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Demand–Supply Balancing Capability Analysis for a Future Power System

Under the anticipated high penetration of variable renewable energy generation such as photovoltaics and higher share of nuclear generation, the issue of supply–demand balancing capability should be evaluated and fixed in a future power system. Improvement of existing balancing measures and new technologies such as demand activation and energy storage are expected to solve the issue. In this situation, a long‐range power system supply–demand analysis should have the capability to evaluate the balancing capability and balancing countermeasures. This paper presents a new analysis methodology of activated demand model and evaluation of supply–demand balancing capability for a long‐range power system demand–supply analysis model, ESPRIT. Model analysis was made to verify the new methodology of the tool including day‐ahead scheduling of a heat pump water heater, an EV/PHEV, and a battery. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(2): 21–30, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22488     

含混合储能的铁路10kV配电网综合能源系统规划

针对铁路10 kV配电网多类能源的用能需求,建立一种含混合储能的铁路配电网综合能源系统规划模型.设计铁路10 kV配电网区域综合能源系统架构;针对光伏出力波动平抑需求,提出一种基于经验模态分解的光伏出力高频分量提取方法,并联合典型日负荷数据生成考虑多类光伏高频分量平抑需求的场景集.在此基础上,以等值年总成本最低为目标、...     

做好节能工作 促进经济社会可持续发展

为了实现2020年的节能目标,做好“十一五”期间的节能工作非常关键。做好节能工作,必须坚决贯彻“开发与节能并举,把节约放在首位”的能源发展战略方针,认真实施《节约能源法》和各项节能保证措施。在节能的8个重点行业中,电力行业首当其冲;在十大重点节能工程中,大部分都与电力行业密切相关。因此,落实电力行业的各项节能措施,实施电力行业的节能计划,制定切实可行的节能技术政策,提高煤电能源转换效率,积极推行需求侧管理,充分发挥电力系统在各个节能环节中的作用,是经济社会发展赋予电力行业的光荣使命。     

计及综合需求响应的综合能源系统优化调度

为提高系统运行的可靠性和经济性,在综合能源系统优化调度的基础上引入综合需求响应,利用不同形式能源间的相互转化关系,实现削峰填谷,提高能源利用效率。计及综合需求响应策略,建立了基于电价的电力负荷需求响应和基于激励的热负荷需求响应模型。并以运行成本最小为目标函数,提出了综合考虑供需平衡和供储能设备约束的综合能源系统调度模型。采用改进二阶振荡粒子群算法对模型进行求解。该算法在常规粒子群算法的基础上对速度迭代公式进行更新,克服了常规粒子群算法易陷入局部最优的问题。通过实际算例仿真,验证了所提出模型和求解算法的有效性。     

考虑需求侧协同响应的热电联供微网多目标规划

热电联供(Combined Heat and Power, CHP)型微网集成了多种分布式能源,能源利用率较高,具有光明的应用前景。科学合理的系统规划是CHP型微网经济、高效运行的基础。基于此提出考虑需求侧热、电协同响应的CHP型微网多目标规划方法,规划目标兼顾经济指标和碳排放指标。需求侧热电协同响应模型基于建筑物和热水箱的热力学特性,同时考虑可转移电负荷的调度,从而建立基于需求侧协同响应的CHP型微网多目标混合整数线性规划模型。以居民区CHP型微网规划为例进行算例仿真,验证了方法的有效性。结果表明,应用需求侧热电协同响应可降低CHP型微网所需配置的燃气锅炉和储热罐容量,使系统综合成本明显降低。