Dielectric properties of poly(phenylene sulfide) as a function of temperature and frequency

Dielectric properties of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), a kind of super engineering plastic, were investigated over a wide temperature range by measuring its frequency spectra of complex permittivity and thermally stimulated polarization and depolarization currents (TSPC and TSDC). Experimental results indicate that its permittivity and dielectric loss factor remain stable and maintain low values up to around 140 °C, despite the fact that its glass transition appears at a much lower temperature of 88 °C. As for TSPC and TSDC, a very small peak associated with the glass transition appears at about 110 °C. Furthermore, a much clearer TSPC peak due to orientation of dipole moments associated with the ether linkage induced by the cross‐linking reaction appears at about 150–170 °C. The corresponding TSDC peak due to randomization of these dipoles is very small compared to the TSPC peak, since PPS was cross‐linked during the high‐temperature process in the TSPC measurement, which made rotation of the dipoles difficult. At temperatures higher than 150 °C, both the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity show significant increases with increase in temperature and decrease in frequency. This is attributable to the transport of the charge carriers. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

High-field conduction and carrier traps in polyethylene copolymerized with various monomers

The electrical breakdown and electrical conduction of ethylene copolymers have been studied. The electric strength of ethylene copolymers containing an optimum content of halogen moieties such as bromophenyl and fluoroethylene groups was found to be higher than that of LDPE over the wide temperature range from ?196°C to 90°C. Also, conduction currents in the copolymers were suppressed at high electric fields. X-ray-induced thermally stimulated currents (TSC) revealed that halogen comonomers act as carrier traps with a depth of about 0.4 eV. Consequently, the introduction of comonomer-containing halogen groups into polyethylene suppresses electron acceleration as a result of an increase in trapping and scattering of conduction electrons. This leads to an increase in electric strength which is determined by the electron avalanche breakdown.     

PWM脉冲电压下电磁线绝缘老化机理分析

随着电力电子技术的发展，脉宽调制(PWM)电源得到了广泛应用。由于该电源输出电压是一系列脉冲电压，有可能导致变频电机绝缘过早破坏。目前，有关高压连续脉冲电压下绝缘材料失效机理各方观点尚未达成一致；过去的研究大多停留在宏观水平，主要是定性的实验研究，缺少微观定量分析的支持。针对上述问题，本文对变频电机定子绝缘的电磁线进行了老化实验。在此基础上，通过热刺激电流和脉冲下局部放电参数的关系，揭示了老化时间和陷阱参数(如峰值位置、陷阱能级)的联系。同时测量了局部放电参数(如起始放电电压、最大放电量、放电相位分布)随老化时间的变化。上述工作的开展，为更深入的脉冲电压下绝缘老化机理研究打下了坚实的基础。     

Investigation of space-charge effect on the AC treeing mechanism in an LDPE film by tsc and TSSP measurement

When an ac voltage is applied to a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film placed under a needle-plane electrode system, there is a possibility of the formation of the space-charge field in the vicinity of the needle electrode by electrons (or holes) injected from the needle electrode. In this paper we investigated the properties of the space charge, e.g., the total amount of trapped charge formed in the vicinity of the needle electrode by using electrical measurements of thermally stimulated current (TSC) and thermally stimulated surface potential (TSSP). From the investigation, it was concluded that a space-charge field is formed in an LDPE film by the application of the ac voltage, and that the total amount of trapped charge by the application of the ac voltage is less than that by the application of the dc voltage, etc. Finally, on the basis of the present experimental results, we studied the space-charge effect on the ac treeing mechanism.     

Thermally stimulated current and thermally stimulated charge distribution in electron‐beam‐irradiated PMMA

The relationship between the external current J_ter(t), the conduction current J_c(x, t), and the displacement current ϵ∂E(x, T)/∂t of an electron‐beam‐irradiated PMMA is discussed in terms of measurements of the thermally stimulated current (TSC) and the thermally stimulated space charge distribution (TS‐SCD). ϵ∂E(x, T)/∂t is calculated from TS‐SCD measurements obtained with an improved pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) system. By virtue of the conservation of charge, J_c(x, t) is easily calculated from the measured J_ter(t) and the calculated ϵ∂E(x, T)/∂t. In this report, an approach to the conduction current analysis using the theory of conservation of charge is described and an analysis of the conduction current in an electron‐beam‐irradiated PMMA is introduced as a typical example. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(2): 1–6, 1999     

大气压氮气介质阻挡均匀放电

为了比较深入地了解大气压氮气介质阻挡均匀放电的产生条件、放电属性和形成机理等,主要根据作者近期的实验结果,并结合一些他人的研究成果,对该均匀放电进行了综述。结果表明：即使在气流的帮助下,大气压氮气介质阻挡均匀放电也只能在≤3mm的短气隙内产生,它属于汤森放电,并且以一种反常的方式熄灭,即放电在气隙电压上升过程中熄灭;阻...     

Development of XLPE insulated DC cable

This paper describes the development of dc XLPE cable. Through a series of material investigations, an XLPE compound containing highly purified special filler was developed. To check the dc insulation performance of the cable insulated with this new material, a prototype cable with 9 mm insulation thickness was manufactured. It was confirmed that the performance of the prototype cable was excellent. Based on the study of the prototype cable, a 250-kV dc cable with 20 mm insulation thickness was designed and manufactured. Through a series of voltage tests, excellent dc insulation performance of the developed cable was verified.     

氧化铝陶瓷绝缘子真空沿面闪络过程中的陷阱机制

采用热刺激电流法(TSC)研究了不同烧结温度和掺有不同添加剂的氧化铝陶瓷的陷阱能级密度分布特性以及在负脉冲电压作用下的真空中表面带电和沿面闪络特性。研究发现，氧化铝陶瓷的陷阱分布与其真空中的表面带电和沿面闪络特性之间存在一定的内在联系，即材料中的陷阱密度越大，其表面电荷密度越高，且沿面闪络电压越低。上述结果表明，氧化铝陶瓷在真空沿面闪络过程中，除了电介质的二次电子发射作用外，载流子的入陷、脱陷机制也起着相当重要的作用。     

纳米复合绝缘材料的热剌激电流测试研究

研究纳米复合聚酰亚胺薄膜热剌激电流(TSC)测试的影响因素和陷阱参数计算方法，并对不同样本和不同老化条件下的TSC结果进行分析。通过对不同的测试条件(包括不同的数据平滑方法、极化温度，极化电压、极化时间等因素)的TSC曲线特征分析，研究不同测试条件对纳米复合绝缘样本TSC测量结果的影响，并用高斯拟合对TSC曲线进行峰分离和陷阱参数计算。根据这些结论，对不同样本和老化条件下的热刺激电流特征进行分析和比较，得到热刺激电流和PWM脉冲电压下绝缘微观特征之间联系。结果表明，测试条件对TSC结果有明显影响，合适的测试方法有助于研究纳米复合聚酰亚胺薄膜在PWM电压作用下的微结构变化。     

高场强方波电压对聚酰亚胺陷阱参数的影响

变频电机绝缘长期承受高场强方波电压的作用,出现了绝缘过早失效的情况。聚酰亚胺是变频电机中重要的绝缘材料,为了解它不同承受电压形式时其绝缘老化过程和失效机理与传统交、直流电压下存在的很大差异,在高场强方波电压下对聚酰亚胺膜进行电老化,测试了不同老化时间后聚酰亚胺膜的电导电流和热刺激电流(TSC)以分析聚酰亚胺膜活化能和陷阱密度等微观参数的变化规律。结果表明:聚酰亚胺膜TSC曲线可能由2个单峰曲线叠加而成,随着电老化时间的增长,聚酰亚胺膜活化能发生变化,浅陷阱可发展成深陷阱,导致浅陷阱密度逐渐减小,深陷阱密度逐渐增大,总体陷阱密度逐渐增大。     

聚酰亚胺薄膜制备与浅陷阱能级分布研究

采用两步法制备了均苯型纯聚酰亚胺(polyimide,PI)薄膜,并对该薄膜、3M和杜邦公司生产的纯PI薄膜进行热激电流测试。结果表明:3M纯PI的γ峰对应峰温和陷阱能级相对较高,这可能是其较高的聚合度,导致分子链的运动困难造成的,自制纯PI过程中适当提高聚酰胺酸粘度,有利于提高聚合度进而改善其性能;3M和杜邦纯PI薄膜β峰对应峰温比自制PI的峰温高35 K,这也是3M和杜邦纯PI的聚合度高,导致侧基运动困难造成的。β峰与偶极取向松弛有关,非晶PI的β峰峰温大约为345 K,比玻璃化转变温度略小,此温度下大分子链迁移困难,只有如羰基等极性基团的迁移。另外,只有杜邦纯PI有αC峰,这与薄膜内的晶区或界面效应有关。     

Effect of surfactants on superstructure and dielectric breakdown strength of crosslinked polyethylene insulation

This paper describes the influences of a surfactant on crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation. Several kinds of additives are mixed into the insulation in order to improve the dielectric breakdown strength of XLPE cables. It has been verified that the interfacial diffusion method, which modifies the interfacial region between the insulation and the semiconducting layer by a surfactant, is effective. The effects of the surfactant on the morphology in the XLPE insulation were studied with two kinds of specimens. In the first kind of specimens, a mill was used to disperse the surfactant throughout the insulation material. Alternating current dielectric breakdown tests were performed on disk specimens. Their average breakdown strengths were improved, but the breakdown strengths were not increased at the low probabilities of the hazard function. In the other specimens, the surfactant was milled into the semiconducting layer, and later allowed to enter the insulation by diffusion during the high-temperature crosslinking process. It was found that the average breakdown strengths were improved further. Moreover, the breakdown strengths were found to increase significantly at the low probabilities of the hazard function. The two kinds of specimens were followed by material analysis using analytical methods, such as TEM, FT-IR, etc. Results from the milled specimen indicated that the improvement in property was probably due to the increase in density of the amorphous portion, the increase in the lamella thickness, and the increase in spherulite radius created by the additive content. Therefore the insulation near the interface where a concentration gradient was established by diffusion from the semiconducting layer is considered to have similar morphological changes caused by the additive. In addition, the diffusion specimen was observed to have an absence of introduced microdefects that existed in the milled specimen.     

Electrical conduction in highly resistive polyolefin films modified by polar groups

Electrical conduction and space charge distribution in oxidized low-density polyethylene (samples A1–A6) and copolymers of ethylene and carbon monoxide (samples B1–B3) with different carbonyl contents have been studied. A V-shaped dependence of conduction current on carbonyl content was observed for samples A1–A6, while the current decreases monotonically with an increase in carbonyl content for samples B1–B3. The effect for polar groups on electrical conduction is discussed, focusing on their bonding forms in polymer molecules. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 120(3): 9–16, 1997     

半导体纳米粒子改性变压器油的绝缘性能及机制研究

磁性导电纳米粒子可以提高变压器油的导热和绝缘特性,但其分散性极易受到磁场的影响,不利于变压器油性能的改善。利用半导体纳米粒子对变压器油进行改性,测量了改性前后变压器油的工频击穿特性、雷电击穿特性和局部放电特性,可知半导体纳米粒子不仅可以使变压器油的工频和雷电击穿电压提高至未改性变压器油的1.2倍,而且可以改善变压器油的局部放电特性。由于现有的电子捕捉理论无法解释这种现象,利用热刺激电流(thermally stimulated current,TSC)法对改性前后变压器油中的陷阱特性进行了测试,结果表明:纳米粒子的加入增加了变压器油中的浅陷阱密度,提高了变压器油对电荷的消散和输运能力,从而能够改善变压器油的绝缘性能。     

交联聚乙烯电缆在城网改造中的应用

通过交联聚乙烯电缆在城网改造中的应用,分析交联聚乙烯电缆的性能、特点、应用区域,提出了设计、施工、试验中应注意的问题。     

纳米SiO_2/芳纶绝缘纸复合材料的空间电荷特性和介电性能

为提高油纸绝缘系统的绝缘寿命,提出将纳米SiO_2粒子改性的芳纶绝缘纸应用于直流输变电设备的方法。在加压和去压短路条件下,测试了不同纳米SiO_2含量的芳纶绝缘纸试样的空间电荷特性、热刺激去极化电流、直流击穿强度和体积电阻率。结果表明:添加纳米SiO_2使芳纶绝缘纸的线均电荷密度明显低于纯芳纶纸试样;随纳米SiO_2含量的增加,试样平均电荷密度衰减速率呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势;SiO_2的添加增加了芳纶纸内部深陷阱和浅陷阱的密度;纳米SiO_2含量为1wt%时直流击穿强度最大;芳纶纸的体积电阻率随纳米SiO_2含量增加呈单调递增趋势。机理分析表明纳米SiO_2粒子浓度过高时,其分散性变差导致其对芳纶纸性能的改善作用变弱。     

Polarity Effect and Electromagnetic Radiation of Partial Discharge Accompanying Growth of Electrical Tree

We have investigated the characteristics of radiated electromagnetic (EM) waves from positive and negative partial discharges (PD) in epoxy resin and cross‐linked polyethylene. We found that there is a correlation among the EM level from PD, the positive PD current, and electrical trees. Therefore, the growth of an electrical tree produces a lot of positive PD. We have also investigated the characteristics of the frequency region of EM waves from PD in air, insulating oil, and liquid epoxy in addition to the above insulators. EM waves were detected in the frequency region of 40 MHz to 300 MHz from positive and negative PD in epoxy resin and cross‐linked polyethylene. EM waves were also detected in the frequency region of 40 MHz to 150 MHz from positive and negative PD in air. In the case of insulating oil and liquid epoxy, EM waves were detected in the frequency regions of 40 MHz to 150 MHz from positive PD, and 40 MHz to 250 MHz from negative PD. The frequency region differed depending on the material and the discharge polarity. Our investigation indicates that the cause is differences in electric field strength at the time of PD occurrence.     

Determination of Activation Energies and Electric Dipole Moment of In‐Plane Highly Electrically Conductive Hetero‐C12TCNQ/C20 LB Films Using Thermally Stimulated Current

The activation energies of in‐plane highly electrically conductive 2‐dodecyl‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (C₁₂ TCNQ)/arachidic acid (C₂₀) hetero‐LB films and C₁₂TCNQ homo‐LB films were determined by thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurement. The TSC curves for the upper Al electrode/C₁₂TCNQ/C₂₀/lower Al electrode were nearly of the same shape as those for the upper Al electrode/C₁₂TCNQ/lower Al electrode. The activation energies of the upper Al electrode/C₁₂TCNQ/C₂₀/lower Al electrode and upper Al electrode/C₁₂TCNQ/lower Al electrode were 0.9–1.3 eV at 55–80^°C and 1.6–1.8 eV at 105–120^°C, respectively. The TSC curves for the upper Al electrode/C₁₂TCNQ/C₂₀/lower Al electrode and upper Al electrode/C₁₂TCNQ/lower Al electrode had two peaks at 55–80^°C owing to the depolarization of the electric dipole and two peaks at 105–120^°C owing to the movement of space charges in the C₁₂TCNQ molecule. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.