110kV系统失地过电压问题分析与处理

包头供电局鹿钢变电站2台主变压器采用1台主变压器220 kV侧及110 kV侧中性点直接接地运行、另1台中性点经间隙接地运行的方式,系统故障、接地变压器跳闸后系统失去接地,产生了高零序过电压.提出了将2台主变压器220 kV侧及110 kV侧中性点直接接地运行的解决办法.实施后,解决了系统发生故障、接地主变压器跳闸后,110 kV系统无接地点及系统过电压问题,降低了变压器承受的故障电流.     

110kV主变压器中性点间隙击穿跳闸分析及对策

近几年宜宾电网多次发生110kV系统接地故障时,主变压器中性点间隙击穿,主变压器间隙过流保护动作主变压器跳闸的事件。从主变压器中性点间隙击穿的原因分析来看,主要是主变压器中性点出现了持续时间较长的暂时工频过电压。因此需要从缩短故障清除时间、适当延长主变压器间隙保护跳闸时限、加强运行接线方式管理等方面着手,避免主变压器因中性点间隙击穿引起主变压器无故障跳闸。     

直流馈入下的工频变化量方向纵联保护动作特性分析（三）非故障线路的方向保护

基于各种换相失败情况下的直流系统等值工频变化量阻抗特性,对非故障线路的工频变化量方向元件动作特性进行了理论研究,分析了直流换相失败暂态过程造成非故障线路方向元件所感受到的暂态功率方向突变的问题;在此基础上结合方向纵联保护不同的动作逻辑,对直流换相失败暂态过程引起非故障线路方向纵联保护误动情况进行了分析;基于PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真验证了理论分析的正确性。     

中性点不接地系统发生单相接地与谐振的区别

中性点不接地系统或中性点经消弧线圈接地系统在发生单相接地和非线形谐振时出现虚幻接地现象区别不是十分的明显,所以在发生单相接地或谐振时,现场值班人员应根据当时的所发生的现象进行正确的判断,防止误判断发生设备事故。     

Comparison between two assessment modes for critical clearing times in electrical power systems

Two assessment modes for critical clearing times were analyzed in a power system taken as example: (a) with simultaneous tripping at both line ends; (b) with instantaneous tripping at one line end (zone-1 of distance relays), for computing the critical clearing times for the other end (zone-2 of distance relays). Both results are different, and an analysis of these results is included. The results of computing critical clearing times for zone-2 of distance relays when the other end operates in zone-1 have some advantages for the analysis of practical situations.     

发电厂厂用电系统中性点接地的新方法

针对发电厂厂用电系统的特点，分析了以往常用的几种中性点接地方式所存在的问题，提出了一种基于现代先进技术的新型接地方式——快速消X弧线圈接地加快速选线(跳闸)，介绍了可实现该接地方式的产品——KD—XH型智能化快速消弧系统和DDS型接地故障智能选线装置，并论述了该接地方式的优点和发展前景。     

Power system phase rotation and polarized protective relays

Many common protective relays used in protection of power equipment are sensitive to phase sequence rotation of the utility supply. A method of analyzing the relay response to the respective phase rotation and other possible variables is described. It is demonstrated that phase rotation usually does not affect zero-sequence polarized relays. The technique is an exercise in voltage and current phasors, maximum torque lines of polarized relays, and the possible effect of system power factor. The following relays are discussed: directional power relay (IEEE Protective Device No.32) as used to protect prime movers on induction and synchronous generators from being motored by the generator due to loss of mechanical power; directional VAr relay (IEEE Protective Device No.55) as used to protect synchronous motors and synchronous generators from receiving VArs from the external power system due to loss of field excitation; directional current phase relay (IEEE Protective Device No.67) as used to detect reverse current flow into a power system from another source due to a system phase fault; and directional current ground relay (IEEE Protective Device No.67N) as used to detect reverse ground current flow into a power system from another source due to a system ground fault     

Reduction of neutral conductor current in a three‐phase four‐wire low‐voltage distribution line

In a low‐voltage distribution line in a three‐phase four‐wire system, the neutral conductor current is increased by a current consisting mainly of the third harmonic, which has no phase rotation if the balance of the load has been removed, when harmonic generation equipment is included in the load. The increase of this neutral conductor current increases the waveform distortion of the receiving end voltage, and various kinds of waveform interference occur. To reduce the neutral conductor current, insertion of an active filter for the third harmonic wave near the load has been proposed, and a protective effect against waveform interference has also been reported. In this paper, a method for drastically reducing the neutral conductor current by using LC resonance, which is simpler than an active filter, is proposed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(4): 19–27, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20897     

Control methods and compensation characteristics of a series active filter for neutral conductor

With an increase in the number of electronic devices, such as personal computers, connected to power distribution lines in commercial buildings, problems associated with their use, such as voltage distortion on utility outlets and excessive neutral current on the distribution lines, become more and more serious. This paper shows control methods and compensation characteristics of series active filters connected to the neutral conductor. The distinctive functions of the proposed active filter are the mitigation of third harmonic voltage and the reduction of neutral current in three‐phase four‐wire distribution systems. The required kVA rating of the proposed active filter is less than 10% of that of the harmonic producing leads. A control method of the DC capacitor voltage on the active filter circuit is also described. It was experimentally demonstrated that one of these two functions of the active filter (to mitigate harmonics or to reduce the neutral current) can be realized selectively and that the DC capacitor voltage of the active filter can be regulated to a desired value. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 53–63, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20227     

An inverse‐time low‐impedance protection design for feeders in active distribution networks

One of the major issues associated with active distribution networks (ADNs) is to devise an appropriate protection scheme that works successfully in different operation modes. This paper describes the design of an inverse‐time low‐impedance (ITLI) protection scheme with the aid of the advanced measurement technologies in ADNs. The scheme detects faults and calculates tripping time by using the magnitude ratio of the maximum load impedance to the measured impedance. ITLI protection is immune to varying fault current caused by the flexible operation modes and able to automatically adjust fault‐tripping time according to the fault severity. With the existing communication infrastructures, an event‐triggered adaptive setting scheme updates the settings of ITLI relays in real time. The setting method not only enhances the detecting capability but also provides higher reliability and sensitivity before, during, and after events in ADNs, such as tap position adjustment, DGs fluctuation, and network structure change. Besides, an acceleration method based on the definite‐time grading technique is presented to reduce the impact of infeeds and fault resistance. The effectiveness of the proposed protection scheme is demonstrated in a 12.47‐kV active distribution network established by PSCAD/EMTDC. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Presolve analysis and interior point solutions of the linear programming coordination problem of directional overcurrent relays

A linear programming interior point algorithm is proposed for the solution of the problem of coordinating directional overcurrent relays in interconnected power systems considering definite time backup relaying. The proposed algorithm is a variation of the primal–dual approach that uses multiple correctors of centrality. Pre-solution problem filtering simplification techniques are used prior to the application of the linear programming algorithm. Results are presented for the application of the methodology on a realistic test case, a 115–69 kV power system with 108 buses, 86 lines, 61 transformers, and 97 directional overcurrent relays. Optimal solutions are found in an automatic fashion, using the algorithm for the settings of the ground relays as well as for the phase relays. The application of the pre-solution problem simplification techniques is highly recommended, resulting in a significant reduction of the size and complexity of the linear programming problem to be solved. The interior point approach reaches a feasible point in the close vicinity of the final optimal result in only one or two iterations. This fact represents an advantage for on-line applications. The proposed methodology and in particular the use of the presolve problem simplification techniques is shown as a new valuable tool for the setting of directional overcurrent relays in interconnected power systems.     

西门子7SJ系列微机保护继电器小电流接地系统单相接地故障保护原理的分析

西门子系列微机保护继电器处理小电流接地系统单相接地故障的功能模块包括零序电压检测、零序电流检测、接地选相、接地方向判定及CT误差角补偿等.作者对以上各部分进行了详细介绍,并着重分析了其利用零序功率分量方向进行接地方向判定的原理方法.     

10 kV系统中性点接地方式

对中性点不接地系统,中性点经电阻接地系统和中性点经消弧线圈接地系统这三种10kV系统中性点接地方式进行了讨论,客观地分析了它们的优缺点和适合场合。提出一种新型的接地方式－可控消弧线圈加接地故障选线跳闸装置,它具有消弧线圈接地的优点,又克服了传统消弧线圈不能连续调节、响应慢的缺点,应用前景广阔。     

Protective relaying for multi-source generator buses

The reliability of an industrial power system can be increased by proper selection and application of protective relays. This is especially true for the medium-voltage distribution system. An effective protective relay application scheme is presented that uses devices widely used in present pulp and paper mill power distribution systems. The effective use of summation overcurrent and directional overcurrent relays for multisource generator buses makes it possible for the power system protective engineer to achieve good selective operation between source buses for both phase and ground fault current conditions. This greatly enhances the reliability of the power distribution system     

中性点非直接接地系统的“虚幻接地”现象探讨

为了控制中性点非直接接地系统中＂虚幻接地＂现象的发生,在电磁式电压互感器引起的工频位移过电压的理论基础上,针对＂虚幻接地＂现象,详细分析了其产生的原因,探讨了工频位移过电压可能出现的其他情况,并提出了控制措施,实践证明控制措施有效、可行。     

TN系统接地故障保护的探讨

分析了TN系统接地故障保护存在的问题,指出了解决对策,阐述了低压断路器接地脱扣器动作电流整定值及动作时间的设计与选择。     

Analysis of even harmonics generation in an isolated electric power system

Harmonics bred from loads are mainly odd order because the current waveforms have half‐wave symmetry. Since the even harmonics are negligibly small, they generally are not measured in electric power systems. However, even harmonics were measured at a 500/275/154 kV substation in Hokuriku Electric Power Company after a transmission line fault was corrected. The even harmonics caused malfunctions of protective digital relays because the relays used 4th harmonics at the input filter as the automatic supervisory signal. This paper describes mechanisms of generation of the even harmonics by comparing the measured waveforms with the ATP‐EMTP simulation results. Analysis of these results has clearly shown that there are three different mechanisms of generation of even harmonics. The first mechanism is the appearance of a magnetizing current in transformers due to flux deviation by the DC component of the fault current. The second mechanism is harmonic conversion of a synchronous machine which generates even harmonics when the DC component or the even harmonic current flow into the machine. The third mechanism is an increase of harmonic impedance due to an isolated power system, thus producing the harmonic voltages. The design of the input filter of protective digital relays should take into account even harmonics generation in an isolated power system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 56–63, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20592     

低压配电网接地的电能损耗分析

通过分析低压配电网中中性点人为接地、故障接地的电气特征,揭示了低压配电网中普遍存在同异同接地现象,造成了大量的电能浪费。指出采用拆除中性点接地、有效不间断监控和及时排除接地故障等措施,使电网与地绝缘,可防止电能流失。     

斜桥变电所铁磁谐振过电压的仿真研究

为提高嘉兴电力局配电网面对铁磁谐振过电压的安全性,以斜桥变电所10kV配电网为模型,利用EMTP程序仿真分析了在TV高压侧中性点接非线性电阻、串单相TV(4TV方式)及TV开口三角绕组接阻尼电阻或分频消谐装置等多种消谐措施。结果表明非线性电阻能保持相电压稳定及抑制涌流,正温度系数热敏电阻和3次谐波滤波器可较好解决零序电压的偏高;4TV方式一次侧电流和零序电流过大等问题。还分析了分频消谐装置在实际运行中不能很好消谐的原因。仿真分析结果对提高配电网的供电安全可靠性具有很好的实用价值。     

66 kV配电网中性点经电阻接地的研究

66 kV配电系统采用传统中性点接地方式时存在不足,文章提出了在某市中心66 kV配电系统采用中性点经电阻接地的方式,并综合考虑过电压、继电保护、通信干扰等因素,利用Matlab仿真工具箱对采用该接线方式的配电系统进行了仿真分析,确定了中性点的接地电阻值,重点分析了中性点接地电阻值对弧光接地过电压的影响。结果表明,采用上述接地方式能有效抑制弧光接地过电压、保证继电保护装置的选择性、提高保护装置动作的灵敏性,具有一定的理论意义和工程实用价值。