The hydrophilic, foaming and emulsifying properties of casein concentrates produced by various methods

The hydrophilic and surfactant properties of casein concentrates made by different processes such as isoelectric precipitation and neutralization (commercial casein, CC) coagulation by rennet (casein clots, COC) and microfiltration/diafiltration (casein micelles, CM) were studied. Water absorption capacity (WAC), water solubility (WS) and water‐holding capacity (WHC) were highest for CM and lowest for COC. Solubility was higher in water and in pH 5.5, 0.10 m NaCl solution for both CM and COC. Foaming capacity was better for CM than for CC at pH 4.0 and for CC at pH 6.0 and 8.0. Foam stability was low for both CM and CC at pH 4.0 but it was high for CM at pH 6.0 and 8.0 and for CC in the absence of salt. Emulsifying capacity was higher for CC at pH 4.0 and 7.0. Stability of emulsion was high for CC at pH 4.0 and for CM at pH 7.0.     

米渣谷蛋白的纯化及功能性质研究

按照Osborne蛋白分级提取渣蛋白,分别得到了清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白,然后采用α-淀粉酶对谷蛋白进行纯化,提纯的谷蛋白纯度可达到90%以上,进而研究食品体系中pH、盐离子和多糖等因素对米渣谷蛋白溶解性、乳化性和乳化稳定性的影响。pH在远离等电点时,有利于谷蛋白的溶解,并提高了乳化性和乳化稳定性;在0.5%NaCl溶液中,谷蛋白的溶解性和乳化性最大,而NaCl浓度为1.0%时,乳化稳定性最低;卡拉胶的添加能显著提高谷蛋白的溶解性、乳化性和乳化稳定性,但过量的卡拉胶会破坏谷蛋白的乳化稳定性。     

Preparation and functional properties of protein from heat-denatured soybean meal assisted by steam flash-explosion with dilute acid soaking

The combined pretreatment of heat-denatured soybean meal using steam flash-explosion (SFE) with sulfuric-acid soaking was investigated to prepare protein from soybean meal. When soybean meal was pretreated by SFE at 1.8 MPa, 2.2 MPa for 8 min and at 2.0 MPa for 8 min and 10 min, combined with 0.9% sulfuric-acid soaking, the extraction yield of protein increased to 67.72%, 70.54%, 69.47% and 71.21% respectively, compared to untreated soybean meal. Scanning electron micrograph of pretreated samples showed the structural disruption of soybean meal. After pretreatment, the protein yield was improved, while protein content of soy protein isolate (SPI) decreased slightly. The functional properties of SPI from pretreated soybean meal were all improved compared to untreated soybean meal and the relationship between functional properties and the changes of surface hydrophobicity of SPI was discussed. The emulsification properties and fat-binding capacity of pretreated SPI were superior to those of SPI prepared from white flakes.     

木瓜蛋白酶改性对大豆分离蛋白乳化性能的影响

研究了木瓜蛋白酶改善大豆分离蛋白的乳化性能,分析了不同底物浓度、酶质量分数、酶解时间对其乳化活性和乳化稳定性的影响,通过正交实验优化了大豆分离蛋白的酶解条件,即:底物浓度为6%,酶质量分数为0.15%,酶解时间为0.5 h,在该条件下大豆分离蛋白溶液的乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别提高了20%和18%。其中底物浓度是最重要的影响因素,酶质量分数次之,酶解时间影响最小。     

Composition and functional properties of raw and heat processed velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var utilis) flours

Summary The proximate composition and functional properties of raw and heat-processed velvet bean (M ucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var utilis ) flours were studied. The flours were prepared by soaking raw beans for 14 h, boiling for 30 min (heat-processed), manual dehulling, oven-drying (65 °C) and milling. The heat-processed flour contained 6.8% moisture, 24.3% protein, 4.9% fat, 1.3% crude fibre, 3.5% ash and 61.2% carbohydrate. The flour was rich in potassium (125 mg/100 g), zinc (9.8 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (361 mg/100 g). Differences in proximate and mineral composition of raw and heat-processed flours were not significant. The flours showed minimum protein solubility at pH 4.5 and formed reasonably stable emulsions and foams. Compared to raw flour, heat-processed flour had better water and fat absorption capacities, but lower protein solubility, emulsion and foam capacities. The flours have potential for food product development.     

复合酶解米渣制备蛋白肽的理化与功能性质研究

以米渣为原料,采用复合酶解法制备高水溶性米渣蛋白肽,并对其理化与功能性质进行了分析。结果表明:米渣蛋白肽中总肽含量为88.93%,短肽含量为13.05%,总糖含量为3.14%;氨基酸组成合理,能很好地满足体内营养需要;水中溶解度在pH9.0时最大,为99.15%;乳化性及乳化稳定性均呈现较好变化趋势,乳化性在pH9.0时最大,乳化稳定性在pH11.0时最大。     

紫苏饼粕浓缩蛋白溶解性与乳化特性的研究

以氮溶解指数、乳化活性和乳化稳定性为考察指标,研究了温度、pH值、离子强度、蛋白质质量浓度、蔗糖添加量等对紫苏饼粕浓缩蛋白溶解特性和乳化特性的影响。紫苏饼粕浓缩蛋白的NSI在50～60℃范围内最大。紫苏饼粕浓缩蛋白的等电点在pH4.4,其溶解度与pH值的关系呈典型的V型。低浓度(<0.05 mol/L)的NaCl对蛋白质的溶解性和乳化性均表现为正面作用,而高浓度(0.1～0.25 mol/L)NaCl对其影响则截然相反。添加蔗糖(0%～2.5%)明显改善了紫苏饼粕浓缩蛋白的乳化活性与乳化稳定性。     

Optimization of extrusion cooking of lung proteins by response surface methodology

Conditions for extrusion cooking of dried ethanol defatted bovine lung were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with the method of steepest ascent to maximize expansion ratio in terms of temperature of the central zone of the extruder and moisture content of the feed. Water absorption capacity showed no significant variation over the range studied, but the emulsifying capacity showed a significant increase with decreasing moisture content of the feed. The extruded product could improve utilization of an otherwise waste product.     

Chemical composition, functional properties and baking potential of African breadfruit kernel and wheat flour blends

The chemical composition and functional properties of African breadfruit kernel flour (ABKF), wheat flour (WF) and their blends were determined. Cookies prepared from the blends were evaluated for their protein contents, physical and sensory characteristics. The flour blends had higher protein, fat and ash contents than WF. The level of these nutrients improved with increased amounts of ABKF in the blends. Foaming, water and oil absorption capacities of the flour blends increased, while the foam stability decreased with increased level of ABKF. The protein contents of the composite flour cookies were higher than that of the all WF cookie. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the flavour of the composite flour cookies and that of all WF cookies. However, sensory scores differed significantly (P < 0.05) amongst them for colour, texture and overall acceptability.     

玉米醇溶蛋白功能性质的研究

以玉米醇溶蛋白为研究对象,选取若干影响因素对该蛋白的持水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、黏度、吸油性等功能性质进行研究。结果表明：持水性随着溶液溶质浓度的增加呈现先增后减的趋势;随着蛋白质浓度增大,蛋白乳化性及乳化稳定性都增大,但变化趋势平缓,随着pH值变化,蛋白乳化性和乳化稳定性呈现先增后减的趋势,随着NaCl浓度增大,乳化性及其乳化稳定性均下降,随着葡萄糖浓度增大,乳化性及乳化稳定性均增加;随着蛋白质浓度的增加,蛋白的黏度也随之增大,随着pH值变化,蛋白黏度也呈现先增后减的趋势,随着NaCl浓度增大,黏度逐渐减小,随着葡萄糖浓度增大,黏度也随之增大;温度升高蛋白吸油性降低,降低幅度较为平缓,受温度变化的影响较小。     

Tailoring structure and technological properties of plant proteins using high hydrostatic pressure

The demand for proteins is rising and alternatives to meat proteins are necessary since animal husbandry is expensive and intensive to the environment. Plant proteins appear as an alternative; however, their techno-functional properties need improvement. High-pressure processing (HPP) is a non-thermal technology that has several applications including the modification of proteins. The application of pressure allows modifying proteins' structure hence allowing to change several of their properties, such as hydration, hydrophobicity, and hydrophilicity. These properties may influence the solubility of proteins and their ability to stabilize emulsions or foams, create aggregates or gels, and their general role in stability and texture of food commodities. Commonly HPP decreases the proteins' solubility yet increasing their surface hydrophobicity exposing sulfhydryl groups, which promotes aggregation or gelation or enhance their ability to stabilize emulsions/foams. However, these effects are not verifiable for all the proteins and are immensely dependent on the type and concentration of the protein, environmental conditions (pH, ionic strength, and co-solutes), and HPP conditions. This review collects and critically discusses the available information on how HPP affects the structure of plant proteins and how their techno-functional properties can be tailored using this approach.     

燕麦蛋白-葡聚糖湿热反应产物的功能性质研究

以燕麦蛋白质为研究对象,通过β-葡聚糖对其进行湿热复合改性。研究不同条件下,复合产物的功能性质随着反应条件的变化规律,并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,随着燕麦蛋白和β-葡聚糖湿热复合反应时间的延长,在中性至弱碱性pH条件下,采用不同比例燕麦蛋白和葡聚糖的复合产物功能性质都有了不同程度的改善,同时,接枝度变大,颜色逐渐变深。在100℃,pH9,反应物比例为1:1(w/w),反应120min的最佳工艺条件下,燕麦蛋白的溶解性提高到82%,复合物乳化性与乳化稳定性显著提高。     

Effect of extrusion cooking on structure and functional properties of pea and kidney bean proteins

Pea (Pisum sativum L cv Ballet) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L cv Pinto) seeds were extruded at 148 and 156 °C respectively. Protein solubility at various pH values and in various solvents was determined and analysis of protein fractions was carried out by SDS‐PAGE. Also, sulphhydryl and disulphide groups, water‐holding capacity (WHC), water solubility index (WSI) and oil absorption capacity (OAC) were determined. No changes in total nitrogen content of pea and kidney bean seeds occurred as a result of thermal treatment. Protein solubility from raw and extruded legumes was significantly higher in saline solutions than in water in the pH range 2–10. The solubility of proteins from extruded pea and kidney bean flours was greatly decreased with respect to native flours when extraction was in buffer (pH 7.0) alone. Extraction with buffer containing 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), alone or in combination, greatly increased protein extractability. As a result, the relative solubility was nearly 100% in buffer with SDS and 2‐ME for both raw and extruded samples. Total and free sulphhydryl group and disulphide contents decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after extrusion cooking. Moreover, extrusion treatment caused major changes in the band patterns of the albumin and globulin fractions obtained by SDS‐PAGE. WHC and WSI of extrudates increased significantly in both peas and kidney beans. A significant reduction in OAC was observed in extruded kidney bean flour. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Emulsifying properties of soy protein isolates obtained by microfiltration

Soy protein isolate (SPI) fractions were produced using two different pore size microfiltration membranes. Microfiltration was carried out on SPI produced by isoelectric precipitation of a crude protein extract. Five fractions were obtained: two retentates and two permeates from the two membranes plus an intermediate fraction obtained as the retentate on the small‐pore‐size membrane using the permeate from the larger‐pore‐size membrane. Emulsions stabilised by the retentate fractions exhibited higher values (P < 0.01) of emulsion stability index (ESI) and emulsifying activity index (EAI) than those stabilised with fractions made from the permeates. The intermediate fraction gave intermediate ESI values, while the EAI values were not significantly different from those for SPI and one of the retentates. SDS‐PAGE profiles indicated that the fractions exhibiting high functionality in terms of ESI and EAI were also richer in 7S globulin soy protein subunits. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Emulsifying properties of soy protein isolate fractions obtained by isoelectric precipitation

Soy protein isolate (SPI) fractions were produced by isoelectric precipitation based on results of isoelectric focusing carried out on the crude soy extract. The fractions were produced from crude protein extract (pH 9.0) sequentially and non‐sequentially at isoelectric points (pIs) of 5.6, 5.1 and 4.5. Emulsions stabilised by soy proteins with pIs between 5.6 and 5.1 had the highest (P < 0.01) emulsion stability index (ESI), while those stabilised with proteins having pIs between 5.1 and 4.5 resulted in the lowest ESI for sequentially precipitated fractions. Non‐sequential fractionation at pI 5.1 produced fractions with higher emulsifying activity index (EAI) than sequential fractionation. SDS‐PAGE profiles indicated that the fractions exhibiting high functionality in terms of ESI and EAI were also richer in 7S globulin protein subunits. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

胰酶提升小麦蛋白酶解产物乳化活性工艺及其功能特性研究

以乳化活力为指标,系统地研究了胰酶水解小麦蛋白的工艺条件,酶解产物的抗氧化活性、分子量分布、氨基酸组成等功能特性。结果表明,最佳酶解条件为:酶浓度E/S为1%、温度45℃、pH7.5,乳化活力指数达到35.38m2/g,此时水解度为4.73%,显著提升了小麦蛋白的乳化活性。最佳工艺条件下的小麦蛋白酶解液具有一定的DPPH自由基清除能力,但显著低于VC;首次发现了酶解液具有较强的金属螯合能力。酶解小麦蛋白产物中多肽分子量主要分布在200~1000u,占65.99%;酶解产物中共检测出了15种氨基酸,谷氨酸含量最高,达30.48%;肽类可能是酶解产物具备化活性、抗氧化活性等功能特性的重要贡献者。      

Chemical profile, functional and antioxidant properties of tomato peel fiber

Tomato processing residue is defined as a secondary raw material that can increase its value, being considered a potential source of dietary fiber and bioactive compounds. Commercial tomato peel fiber has been analyzed to ascertain the proximate and nutritional composition (moisture, fat, protein, dietary fiber, ash, and minerals), the fractions (insoluble, IDF, and soluble, and SDF) and sugar composition of dietary fiber, functional properties (water retention capacity, WRC, swelling capacity, SWC, fat absorption capacity, FAC, glucose diffusion retardation index, GDRI, and osmotic pressure), total antioxidant activity (AA), and the content of antioxidant bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds and lycopene). To extract phenolic compounds and dietary fiber, three methods were assayed in this study: enzyme hydrolysis, maceration, and ultrasonic assistance. The content of TDF was 84.16%, and the major fraction was the IDF (71.82%), formed mainly by hemicelluloses. Tomato peel fiber retained 6.76 g of water/g as WRC, and it was significantly correlated with the IDF content. In addition, the content of IDF determined the low FAC and SWC and the GDRI at 60 min (39.22%). The main phenolic compound was rutin, followed by naringenin, rutin derivatives, and chlorogenic acid derivatives. These were better extracted using ultrasonic assistance, whereas lycopene showed mean values between 3 and 4 mg/100 g. The AA of tomato peel fiber was low, since the phenolic compounds are mainly bound to the cell wall of plant, showing a low capacity for scavenging radicals. Due to its chemical profile and functional properties, tomato peel fiber can be used as a food supplement, improving the different physical, chemical, and nutritional properties of foods. However the color and flavor of this product must be considered in its applications to avoid a negative effect on the sensory characteristic of the foods to which it is added.     

Evaluation of dehydrated marolo (Annona crassiflora) flour and carpels by freeze-drying and convective hot-air drying

Marolo (Annona crassiflora), an exotic fruit from the Brazilian savanna, has been used for many culinary preparations such as jelly and jam. In this study we have compared physicochemical properties, color analysis, dietary fiber and triacylglycerol analysis of marolo flour and carpels dehydrated by freeze-drying and convective hot-air drying. The experiments were analyzed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference between fresh and dehydrated marolo as shown by the analysis of moisture, Aw, and the centesimal composition (except for the ashes).The dehydrated products showed to be sources of alimentary fiber and derivatives from oleic and palmitic acids and can be used during periods between harvests of marolo fruits.