块菌中多种重金属及不同形态砷、汞含量分析

目的测定块菌中4种重金属(砷、铅、汞、镉)及无机砷、有机汞含量并进行分析评价。方法采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)检测块菌种总砷、总汞、铅、镉含量,采用液相-原子荧光光谱联用法(liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry, LC-AFS)检测块菌中无机砷、有机汞含量。结果块菌中无机砷和有机汞含量极低,但铅、镉含量较高。铅的含量为0.8282 mg/kg,镉的含量为0.4040 mg/kg。结论块菌作为一种完全生长在地下的大型真菌,具有较高的重金属吸附富集能力,应加强对此类野生菌的重金属污染物监测。     

Indole compounds in fruiting bodies of some edible Basidiomycota species

The contents of nonhallucinogenic indole compounds were determined in methanol extracts from fruiting bodies of four common edible European species of higher fungi representing the most popular taxon Basidiomycota: Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange), Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Lactarius deliciosus (L. Fr.) S.F. Gray and Leccinum rufum (Schaef.) Kreisel. Amongst eleven compounds under analysis, 6–7 metabolites, distinct in different species, were identified in the extracts of fruiting bodies. Serotonin and melatonin were the only common compounds to all species. The contents of the analyzed compounds were diverse, ranging from 0.01 to almost 40 mg/100 g d.w. The contents of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptamine and melatonin were low (below 1.40 mg/100 g d.w.). Noteworthy, the serotonin contents were very high in all species under study and amounted to 5.21, 29.61, 18.42 and 31.71 mg/100 g d.w., respectively. Moreover, the fruiting bodies of these species contained indoleacetic acid (max. 2.04 mg/100 g d.w.) and tryptophan degradation products: kynureine sulfate (max. 39.20 mg/100 g d.w.) and kynurenic acid (6.21 mg/100 g d.w.).     

Bioactives of fruiting bodies and submerged culture mycelia of Agaricus brasiliensis (A. blazei) and their antioxidant properties

Agaricus brasiliensis is a mushroom native from Brazil largely studied due to its polysaccharide contents, particularly β-glucans. In this study, the phenolics and organic acids contents as well as the antioxidant activities of its fruiting bodies and its mycelia obtained from submerged cultivation were compared. The hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from the fruiting bodies, early stationary mycelia and late stationary mycelia contain at least ten phenolic compounds and ten organic acids. Three phenolic compounds were identified as gallic acid, syringic acid and pyrogallol. Eight organic acids were identified as benzoic, oxalic, malic, acetic, alpha-ketoglutaric, citric, fumaric and trans-aconitic acids. All extracts presented antioxidant properties. The latter were evaluated by four assays: DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, chelating ability for ferrous ions and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The fruiting body extracts were more effective in the DPPH radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition that the mycelia extracts (P ≤ 0.05). The mycelia extracts were more effective in the ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferrous ion chelating ability (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, our results show that the mycelia of A. brasiliensis obtained in submerged cultivation can also be, as its fruiting bodies, valuable sources of antioxidant compounds.     

Fat and fatty acids of Indian edible mushrooms

Twenty-three species of naturally grown and collected mushroom fruiting bodies, from different geographic locations of India, were analysed for their total fat and fatty acid contents. On a dry weight basis, the mushroom species were found to contain 0.6–4.7% total fat. The mushroom species were high in unsaturated fatty acids (52–87%), compared to saturated fatty acids. Oleic acid was the major monounsaturated fatty acid in all the species studied, while linoleic acid was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. Linolenic acid was in significant quantity in Hydnum repandum and Macrolepiota procera. Linoleic:oleic acid ratios of the mushroom species varied considerably (0.48–10.58).     

Mercury content and bio-concentration potential of Slippery Jack, Suillus luteus, mushroom

This study aimed to assess the total Hg intake due to the meals made of fruit bodies of wild-grown Slippery Jack (Suillus luteus) fungus, which is popular and numerous species in young the common pine tree (Pinus sylvestris) forests of the northern chemosphere with temporal climate. Total mercury content has been determined separately in 120 composite samples of 383 caps and stipes of Slippery Jack and in surface soil layer (0–10 cm; <2 mm fraction) underneath to fruit bodies. The material originated from eight spatially distant background (unpolluted) areas across of Poland and was collected in 2002–2007. Determination of mercury was by cold-vapour atomic absorption (CV-AAS) after direct sample matrix pyrolysis and further released mercury amalgamation and desorption from gold wool. Slippery Jack effectively accumulated Hg in fruit bodies. Depending on the area of mushrooms collection, the median values of Hg bio-concentration factor varied between 2.5 and 14 for caps and between 1.0 and 8.8 for stipes. For well-developed fruit bodies of Slippery Jack a majority of Hg occurs in caps, when compared to much smaller in size stipes. The means of Hg content varied between 0.095 ± 0.082 and 0.28 ± 0.07 μg/g in caps and between 0.045 ± 0.018 and 0.13 ± 0.03 μg/g dry weight in stipes. A meal consisting of 300 g caps (fresh weight) of Slippery Jack mushroom collected from unpolluted sites could constitute up to 14–40% of daily reference dose (RfD) value of mercury.     

Mercury in Common Chanterelles mushrooms: Cantharellus spp. update

This paper reports the results of the determination of Hg contents of Common Chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius) Fr. and surface soil layer (0–10 cm) underneath the fruiting bodies collected from 14 spatially distant areas across Poland between 1998 and 2008. Cantharellus mushrooms are important wild foods that are popular in Europe. The Hg contents of soils and Common Chanterelles showed different distributions, depending on the area studied. The range of Hg contents of the mushroom fruiting bodies was 18–66 ng/g dry weight with the highest mean contents of 46 ± 15 ng/g (range 23–66 ng/g) and 46 ± 13 ng/g (34–61 ng/g) observed for pristine areas of Podlasie land at the Bia?owie?a Forest and Wielkopolska land near the Pora?yn sites, respectively, and low concentration of 27 ± 8 ng/g (range 21–56 ng/g) observed for the Kujawy land at the Tuszynki site. The mean Hg levels in soil varied from 8 ± 6 ng/g (4–21 ng/g) for Kujawy land at the Tuszynki site to 200 ± 29 ng/g (145–240 ng/g) for Ma?opolska land at the high Tatra Mountains area of Zakopane. The mean soil Hg at the Zakopane site is approximately 25 times the concentration of Kujawy land, Tuszynki. Mercury bioaccumulations were in general low with the mean bioconcentration factor (BCF) ranging from 0.20 ± 0.05 to 3.8 ± 1.7 (overall range of 0.1–5.9). The Hg in soils and fruiting bodies of the present study are within acceptable ranges. The consumption of 300 g of popular Common Chanterelles from any of the investigated regions in Poland would not result in exposure to Hg that is in excess of the maximum weekly dose recommended by the WHO. The estimated dietary exposures to Hg for consumers of this mushroom were calculated and are shown to be below the guidelines for safe exposures. Also reviewed are published data on Hg and MeHg in C. cibarius and 11 other species of the Cantharellus genus collected worldwide.     

Content of biogenic amines and polyamines in some species of European wild-growing edible mushrooms

The content of eight biologically active biogenic amines and polyamines were determined in fruiting bodies of 17 species of wild-growing edible mushrooms picked during 3 consecutive years. An analytical procedure, using freeze-dried samples, derivatisation with dansyl chloride and HPLC quantification had to be adapted in its extraction step due to the slimy character of the analysed mushrooms. No histamine and cadaverine were determined. Tyramine and tryptamine occurred at very low levels, usually up to 5 mg kg⁻¹ fresh matter, whilst phenylethylamine contents varied widely from an undetectable level to 38 mg kg⁻¹. Putrescine was the amine of the highest content, sometimes exceeding 150 mg kg⁻¹ fresh matter, mainly in species of the family Boletaceae. The contents of spermidine were considerably higher than those of spermine, usually at levels of tens mg kg⁻¹ fresh matter and sporadically above 100 mg kg⁻¹. Thus, mushrooms are raw food materials with very high spermidine content. The highest spermidine levels occurred in spore-forming parts of fruiting bodies. In Xerocomus badius, statistically significant effects of the year of harvest, age and parts of the fruiting body and of their interactions on the contents of phenylethylamine, putrescine and spermidine were found.     

Determination of trace metals in fish species of the Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc were determined in fish samples from seven sampling stations of the Ria de Aveiro (Portugal). The species analyzed were Anguilla anguilla, Mullus surmuletus, Trigla lucerna, Mugil cephalus, Chelon labrosus, Liza aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax, all of which are used for human consumption. For this purpose, procedures for the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry determination of cadmium, copper, nickel and lead in these samples were developed, as well as a microwave digestion method for obtaining a fast dissolution of the samples. The concentrations of metals found in the muscle of the fish species were very low. The minor contents corresponded to cadium, lead and nickel with values smaller than 0.043, 0.15 and 0.14 μg/g (wet weight), respectively, except in the case of nickel in the Anguilla anguilla species where more elevated concentrations were found (between 0.16 and 0.40 μg/g). The contents of copper in the samples ranged from 0.5 to 1.1 μg/g (wet wt.). Zn is the most abundant element in all fishes, with concentrations around 20 μg/g (wet wt.) in the Anguilla anguilla samples and with values oscillating between 4.7 and 12 μg/g in the rest of the species studied. In all cases, the results obtained for all the elements were considerably lower than those recommended by specific legislation for these aquatic organisms. The accuracy of the analytical methodology employed was also evaluated through the analysis of two reference materials (NIST-1577b and IAEA-V10): good agreement was obtained between the experimental results and the certified values.     

Heavy metals in vegetables grown in The Netherlands and in domestic and imported fruits

The contents of cadmium, lead mercury, copper, manganese and zinc in 242 samples of 37 different species of domestic and imported fruits have been determined. Also contents of the same heavy metals, except mercury, have been determined in 205 samples of 7 species of domestic vegetables (lettuce, spinach, endive, beetroots, onions, celeriac and Swedish turnips). The median contents (in mg/kg fresh mass of the edible part) found for fruits are: Cd 0.002; Pb 0.017; Hg 0.002; Cu 0.61; Mn 0.52 and Zn 0.99. In the vegetables median levels have been found (mg/kg) of 0.009-0.073 for Cd, 0.01-0.03 for Pb, less than 0.2-0.3 for Cu, 0.69-1.41 for Mn and 0.95-5.5 for Zn. The contribution of fruits to the tolerable daily intakes of Cd, Pb and Hg is, for an average consumption pattern, less than 1%. On the other hand, the contribution to the recommended amounts of the essential elements Cu, Mn, and Zn is no more than 1%-3%. From the vegetables an average portion of spinach contains 19% and 2.6% of the tolerable daily amounts of Cd and Pb, respectively. For the other species of vegetables these figures are less than 5% for Cd (except for endive, 6.8%) and for lead less than 1%. Spinach contributes considerably to the need for Cu, Mn and Zn, in general more than 10% of the recommended daily amounts. The other species of vegetables contribute only from less than 1% to less than few percents.     

Evaluation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju nutritional characteristics when cultivated in different lignocellulosic wastes

Fungi of Pleurotus genus present a high content of proteins and vitamins and low content of fat. Based on these facts, this work aimed to evaluate some nutritional characteristics of fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju after the first harvest, using rice straw and banana straw as substrates. Both species presented a higher content of ash in the rice straw substrate (5.86% average) than in the banana straw (5.36%). P. sajor-caju CCB 019 showed higher moisture and fibre content when cultivated in rice straw (88.08% and 9.60%, respectively) than in banana straw (83.17% and 7.60%, respectively). The other parameters were not influenced by the cultivation substrate. The protein content (from 1.54% to 3.10%) of Pleurotus fresh fruiting bodies proved to be similar to, or even higher than, the values observed in various vegetables but lower than the protein contents of eggs, meat and cheese.     

2014年陕西省市售食品中重金属污染调查及评价

目的对陕西省6类食品中铅、镉、汞、砷的含量进行检测,并对其污染状况做出综合评价,从而为陕西省开展食品安全评估和采取针对性的控制措施提供科学依据。方法在陕西省境内10个地市的大型农贸市场、批发市场和超市,采集粮食562份、蔬菜340份、水果174份、肉类228份、蛋类144份和奶类108份,6类食品共1 556份。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)的含量,应用GB/T 5009.11—2003《食品中总砷及无机砷的测定》中氢化物原子荧光法测定砷(As)的含量,利用测汞仪直接测定汞(Hg)的含量,采用单项污染指数及综合污染指数对不同类食品中铅、镉、汞、砷的污染状况做出评价,并对陕西省居民经此6类食品摄入铅、镉、汞、砷的人体健康风险进行描述。结果陕西省6类食品中,铅、汞含量均值最高的都是肉类,分别为0.049 0和0.003 3 mg/kg,镉、砷含量均值最高的是粮食类,含量均值均为0.025 0 mg/kg;利用单项污染指数和综合污染指数对6类食品中铅、镉、汞、砷含量进行评价,均可评价为安全、清洁;由6类食品摄入铅、镉、汞、砷的安全限值(MOS)1。结论陕西省6类食品不同程度的受到了铅、镉、汞、砷的污染,但总体污染程度较低,铅、镉、汞、砷对食品安全影响的风险较低。     

Analysis of indole compounds in edible Basidiomycota species after thermal processing

Methanolic extracts of processed fruiting bodies of six edible mushroom species (Basidiomycota) - Armillaria mellea, Boletus badius, Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius, Lactarius deliciosus collected from natural habitats and Pleurotus ostreatus of commercial origin - were analysed for the presence of non-hallucinogenic indole compounds. Thermal processing was designed in such a way that it mimicked conditions used for cooking of mushroom dishes, since only a narrow group of mushrooms can be eaten raw, while indole compounds are thermolabile. All processed extracts were shown to contain l-tryptophan (up to 8.92 mg/100 g dw). The contents of the remaining compounds, 5-methyltryptophan, tryptamine, melatonin, indoleacetonitrile and indole, varied in different species (from 0.71 to 6.55 mg/100 g dw). Extract of processed C. cibarius fruiting bodies contained l-tryptophan, 5-methyltryptophan, tryptamine, melatonin, indoleacetonitrile and indole (1.96-4.94 mg/100 g dw) whereas l-tryptophan (2.78 mg/100 g dw) and tryptamine (2.77 mg/100 g dw) were the only indole compounds identified in the processed fruiting bodies of A. mellea.     

Mercury in fruiting bodies of dark honey fungus (Armillaria solidipes) and beneath substratum soils collected from spatially distant areas

BACKGROUND: This paper reports data on bioconcentration potential and baseline mercury concentrations of fruiting bodies of dark honey fungus (Armillaria solidipes) Peck and soil substrate layer (0–10 cm) from 12 spatially distant sites across Poland. Mercury content of caps, stipes and soil samples were determined using validated analytical procedure including cold‐vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy after thermal decomposition of the sample matrix and further amalgamation and desorption of mercury from gold wool. RESULTS: Mean mercury concentrations ranged from 20 ± 8 to 300 ± 70 ng g^?1 dry weight (dw) in caps, from 20 ± 6 to 160 ± 40 ng g^?1 dw in stipes, and in underlying soil were from 20 ± 2 to 100 ± 130 ng g^?1 dw. The results showed that stipes mercury concentrations were 1.1‐ to 1.7‐fold lower than those of caps. All caps and the majority of stipes were characterized by bioconcentration factor values > 1, indicating that dark honey fungus can be characterized as a moderate mercury accumulator. CONCLUSION: Occasional or relatively frequent eating of meals including caps of dark honey fungus is considered safe in view of the low total mercury content, and the mercury intake rates are below the current reference dose and provisionally tolerable weekly intake limits for this hazardous metal. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cadmium and total mercury in some cephalopods from the South Adriatic Sea (Italy)

In the framework of a wide monitoring programme on the presence of heavy metals in marine organisms caught in the South Adriatic Sea, cadmium and total mercury concentrations were determined in flesh and hepatopancreas of 512 specimens of two species of cephalopods. The aim of the study was to establish the quality of the marine food with respect to the health of consumers and to investigate cadmium and mercury distribution in organisms representing different habitats. For both elements, higher levels were found in spider octopus (Octopus salutii) than in broadtail squid (Illex coindeti). Between the two different tissues analysed, higher concentrations were observed in hepatopancreas than flesh. According to the rules in force, no flesh sample showed cadmium and total mercury concentrations exceeding the peak permitted values of 2mg/kgwetwt and 0.5mg/kgwetwt respectively.     

Cadmium,lead and some other trace elements in Larch Bolete mushrooms (Suillus grevillei) (Klotzsch) Sing., collected from the same site over two years

The aim of this study was to examine the status of some trace metals accumulated in the flesh of Suillus grevillei mushrooms collected from the same site over two successive years. Total Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn contents of fruiting bodies were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) with ultrasonic cross-flow nebuliser. A difference (p < 0.05) was found in the contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb and Sr in caps and Fe, Na, P and Rb (p < 0.05) in stipes (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb were not determined in stipes). Natural fluctuations in trace elements’ content of Suillus grevillei collected from the same site over time is a variable that needs to be considered when assessing minerals’ nutritional status of mushrooms.     

Comparison of free amino acids and 5′-nucleotides between Tuber fermentation mycelia and natural fruiting bodies

The profiles of free amino acids and 5′-nucleotides were first compared between Tuber fermentation mycelia and natural fruiting bodies. A total of 20 free amino acids and five 5′-nucleotides were identified in the Tuber fermentation mycelia and natural fruiting bodies. Not only the total contents of the free amino acids and 5′-nucleotides, but also the contents of umami amino acids and flavour 5′-nucleotides in the fermentation mycelia were higher than those in the fruiting bodies. By the addition of soybean flour in the fermentation media, the flavour 5′-nucleotides content in the fermentation mycelia was significantly increased, and the equivalent umami concentration of the fermentation mycelia (i.e., 608.07 g/100 g) was approximately 38.1-93.4 times higher than those of the fruiting bodies. From the viewpoint of umami taste, this work confirms the potentiality of Tuber fermentation mycelia as the alternative resource for its fruiting bodies.     

The assessment of organic mercury in Baltic fish by use of an in vitro digestion model

The organic mercury content of five commercially valuable fish species (cod, flounder, turbot, perch and herring) was determined by use of an invitro digestion model in order to assess health risk of fish caught within the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea. Concentrations of total mercury and organic mercury were measured in the muscle tissue of fish and in the products of two-stage gastrointestinal digestion, using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AMA 254). The highest concentrations of organic mercury were found in the muscles of predatory fish that dwell in near-bottom waters. Based on a bioaccessibility estimate obtained from the in vitro digestion model, it was found that only 26-62% of organic mercury, depending on the species of fish, was released into the intestinal lumen during the digestion of muscle. Therefore, to postulate the potential toxicity of fish, based on the organic mercury content of the muscle tissue ingested by consumers, is unfounded. The risk assessment should be carried out on the basis of another parameter - the bioaccessibility of organic mercury.     

Mercury,cadmium and lead content of canned tuna fish

Mercury levels in canned tuna fish were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry while cadmium and lead levels were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metal contents in the samples, expressed in μg g⁻¹ wet weight, varied from 0.20 to 0.66 with an average value of 0.29 for mercury, from 0.09 to 0.32 with an average value of 0.18 for cadmium and from 0.18 to 0.40 with an average value of 0.28 for lead. The results of this study indicate that tuna fish from the Mediterranean coast of Libya have concentrations well below the permissible levels for these toxic metals. Their contribution to the body burden can therefore be considered negligible.     

Seasonal bioaccumulation of toxic trace elements in economically important fish species from the Caspian Sea using GFAAS

This study aimed to determine the concentrations of aluminium, cadmium, lead and nickel in edible muscle of three commercially valuable fish species (Rutilus frisii kutum, Liza aurata and Cyprinus carpio) from four fishing sites of Iranian coastal waters of the Caspian Sea during winter and summer. The samples were analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after wet-ashing digestion. The results were expressed as ??g/g of wet weight. The resulted range of metals in fish species was between 0.89?C2.46???g/g for aluminium, 0.03?C0.17???g/g for cadmium, 0.21?C0.38???g/g for lead and 0.12?C0.52???g/g for nickel. Seasonal variation influenced concentration of the metals in fish samples of some fishing sites. The highest concentrations found were 4.63???g/g for aluminium in winter and 0.82???g/g for lead in summer in Cyprinus carpio; while cadmium (0.49???g/g) and nickel (1.14???g/g) were the highest in Rutilus frisii kutum in winter. This demonstrates that estimated daily and weekly intakes of aluminium, lead and nickel and estimated monthly intake of cadmium via consumption of fish flesh are below the established PTDI, PTWI and PTMI values.     

不同生产工艺蜂胶中重金属含量分析比较

目的了解不同加工工艺的蜂胶加工品对去除原胶中有害重金属的效果。方法采用微波消解,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定两种蜂胶加工品中的4种有害重金属(铅、镉、总汞、总砷)含量并测定3个浓度的加标回收率。结果 4种元素标准曲线相关系数均在0.999以上,加标回收率乙醇萃取法在83.8%～114.2%,超临界萃取法在72.6%～108.5%之间,采用超临界萃取法加工蜂胶中铅、镉、总砷含量明显低于采用乙醇萃取法加工蜂胶,总汞含量在两种加工工艺中均未检出。结论在有害重金属含量的食品安全性上超临界萃取法的加工工艺优于乙醇萃取法。