油污土壤中脂肪酶产生菌的筛选

为了获得脂肪酶产生菌的菌种,进而获得高酶活菌株.通过添加橄榄油作为唯一碳源进行富集培养,然后以透明圈平板筛选法从富油土样中筛选出能够在溴甲酚紫培养基上形成黄色透明圈的菌落,再在罗丹明B的培养基上得到高活菌种以及水解圈大小,摇瓶复筛得高活菌株,进而测定酶的活力,经筛选有10株脂肪酶产生菌酶活力较高.     

A universal assay for screening expression libraries for carbohydrases

Although many assays are available for the screening of expression libraries for carbohydrases, some enzymes cannot be detected because their substrates are incompatible with the existing assays. One thing that all carbohydrases have in common is that they increase the number of reducing ends when degrading their substrates. In this paper we explore the possibility of detecting this increase with the highly sensitive bicinchoninic acid (BCA) reducing value assay. This assay can be used for the detection of all carbohydrases degrading any polysaccharide; enzymes with either an exo- or an endo-type of mechanism can be detected at the same time. A cDNA library of Aspergillus tubigensis expressed in Kluyveromyces lactis clones, was screened with this assay for the presence of xylogalacturonan degrading enzyme(s). High background absorbances caused by culture medium, by proteins produced by the clones and by substrate could be dealt with by using the precautions described in this note. Three xylogalacturonase producing clones were found using this procedure.     

High-efficiency secretory production of peroxidase C1a using vesicular transport engineering in transgenic tobacco

Horseradish peroxidase isozyme C1a (HRP C1a) is widely used as a reporter enzyme in a variety of detection procedures such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting. We previously isolated the gene encoding HRP C1a and showed that HRP C1a is at first translated as a preproprotein containing propeptides at its N- and C-termini (N-terminal secretion signal peptide and C-terminal propeptide; CTPP). The signal peptide (sp) is necessary for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) translocation and the CTPP acts as a vacuolar sorting determinant. Furthermore, HRP C1a was secreted into the culture medium from cells expressing the HRP C1a gene without the CTPP region. We optimized the secretory production system of HRP C1a in tobacco plants. To determine a suitable signal peptide for high-efficient secretion of proteins, three types of sp derived from HRP C1a (C1Psp), beta-D-glucan exohydrolase (GEsp) and 38 kDa peroxidase (38Psp) were compared. GE and 38P are secretory proteins highly accumulated in the culture medium of BY2 cells. The secretion efficiency was increased by 34% and 53% when GEsp and 38Psp was used, respectively. Next, we used a translational enhancer, the 5'-untranslated region of Nicotiana tabacum alcohol dehydrogenase gene (NtADH 5'-UTR). The production of HRP C1a was increased by placing NtADH 5'UTR in front of the ORF in BY2 cells. These results indicate that the localization and expression level of recombinant proteins can be controlled by the use of propeptides and 5'UTR, respectively. Finally, high-efficiency secretory production of the HRP C1a was also achieved in transgenic tobacco.     

白酒糟纤维素降解菌的分离筛选及发酵条件优化

该试验将松针腐殖土样品在酒糟富集培养基中富集,采用刚果红染色和滤纸崩解初筛,3,5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法复筛筛选高酶活的纤维素降解菌,对其进行分子生物学鉴定,并对其产酶条件进行优化,结果表明,筛选得到一株高酶活的纤维素降解菌M5,经ITS rDNA序列分析鉴定为棘孢木霉（Trichoderma asperellum）。其在发酵温度20 ℃、初始pH值为3、酒糟为碳源、牛肉膏为氮源,发酵5 d时羧甲基纤维素（CMC）酶活为9.17 U/mL,滤纸酶活为3.50 U/mL;菌株M5所产的纤维素酶的最适反应温度为55 ℃。     

嗜热酸性普鲁兰水解酶Ⅲ的高效分泌表达及其酶学性质

本文探索了嗜热酸性普鲁兰水解酶Ⅲ Tk-PUL在枯草芽孢杆菌表达系统中的高效分泌表达条件,并对重组Tk-PUL的酶学性质进行了初步研究。通过构建Tk-PUL分泌表达信号肽筛选库,并结合高通量筛选方法,确定引导Tk-PUL在枯草芽孢杆菌中高效分泌表达的信号肽。结果表明,在信号肽AmyE的引导下,重组Tk-PUL在枯草芽孢杆菌表达系统中高效分泌表达。Tk-PUL属于单结构域双功能酶,同时具有α-淀粉酶活性和普鲁兰酶活性。重组Tk-PUL的α-淀粉酶活性的最适反应pH为4.5,最适反应温度为100℃,对应的绝对酶活为54.08 U/mg,于100℃的半衰期约为2 h。重组Tk-PUL的普鲁兰酶活性的最适反应pH为4.5,最适反应温度为100℃,对应的绝对酶活为110.39 U/mg,于100℃的半衰期约为2 h。本研究为Tk-PUL在淀粉酶法制糖工业中的应用奠定了基础。     

Screening bovine carcass sponge samples for Escherichia coli O157 using a short enrichment coupled with immunomagnetic separation and a polymerase chain reaction-based (BAX) detection stept

A bovine carcass sponge sample screening protocol for detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 was composed of a short selective enrichment followed by an immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and target detection using the BAX E. coli O157 polymerase chain reaction assay. This screening protocol was compared to a culture-based method for detection of the organism in carcass sponge samples. Enriched samples were subjected to IMS; the bead suspension was divided and plated on selected media or stored at -20 degrees C, then subjected to BAX analysis. The results showed a high degree of agreement between the plating method and the BAX system. Fifty-two of the 59 culture-positive samples were also positive using the BAX system (88.1% sensitivity). Of the 76 samples that appeared negative for the presence of E. coli O157:H7 by the culture method, 66 were determined as negative using the BAX system (86.8% specificity). Four of the 10 samples found negative by the initial culture method and positive by the BAX method were subsequently found to be culture positive upon reanalysis. Based on these data, the BAX system combined with a short, selective enrichment and IMS may be a rapid, reliable, and simple method to screen for E. coli O157:H7 in carcass sponge samples. Our data indicate that optimization and subsequent testing of this protocol for use as a carcass screening tool are warranted.     

Extracellular secretion in Bacillus subtilis of a cytoplasmic thermostable β-galactosidase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus

β-Galactosidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-galactosides into monosaccharides and is widely used in dairy processing. This study reports the extracellular secretion of a cytoplasmic thermostable β-galactosidase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus IAM11001 in Bacillus subtilis. This enzyme has potential applications in the dairy industry. It was not secreted in B. subtilis by mediation of 3 general secretory signal peptides, but was secreted extracellularly when it was fused to a twin-arginine signal peptide of B. subtilis phosphodiesterase. Defined and rich culture media were used for recombinant enzyme production, and the extracellular target enzymatic activity reached about 44% of the total enzymatic activity synthesized at 18 h of cultivation in Luria-Bertani medium. As a control of secretion, when the signal peptide coding sequence was absent from the N terminus of the target gene bgaB, the extracellular target enzymatic activity obtained under the same condition of cultivation accounted for less than 7% of the total enzymatic activity synthesized. Results also showed that coexpression of the B. subtilis proteins TatAd and TatCd was indispensable for the secretion of the target enzyme.     

繁茂膜海绵中产甲壳素酶菌株筛选的研究

通过富集培养和初筛，从繁茂膜海绵中分离到108株产甲壳素酶菌株；其中有12株菌产生的透明圈比较明显。结合平板法和酶活力比较法，筛选出1株高酶活力的优良菌株H7，酶活力为0．5415／mL。通过16SrRNA同源序列分析和系统发育树分析，鉴定菌株H7为Pseudoaheromonas属，和P．ganghwensis/DQ011614相似性达到98％。     

Secretion of mouse α-amylase from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Presence of chymostatin-sensitive protease activity in the culture medium

We have constructed two secretion vectors for Schizosaccharomyces pombe using an SV40 promoter and the secretion signals of the pGKL killer toxin complex derived from Kluyveromyces lactis. Although indigenous secretory glycoproteins tend to accumulate in the periplasmic space of S. pombe, we have succeeded in the secretion of mouse α-amylase into the culture medium. The efficiency of secretion, processing pattern, stability and culture conditions for mouse α-amylase were studied in S. pombe. The 128 kDa killer secretion signal was more effective in directing secretion of mouse α-amylase than the 28 kDa killer secretion signal. We detected a chymostatin-sensitive protease activity in the culture medium of S. pombe, which digests mouse α-amylase secreted into the culture medium. The addition of 5 μg/ml chymostatin was shown to protect mouse α-amylases from this degradation.     

广谱抑菌物质产生菌GX-21的筛选及鉴定

本研究在广东省及其周边地区共11个采样地点采集土壤样品156份,分离得到放线菌1026株。土壤预处理采用碳酸钙富集培养法,分离采用平板稀释法,选取高氏一号合成培养基作为分离培养基,添加50 mg/L重铬酸钾作为抑制剂。初筛采用琼脂块法,选择金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌、白假丝酵母菌、黑曲霉共5种指示菌进行抑菌试验,共得到95株活性菌株。复筛选择初筛的5种指示菌加上副溶血性弧菌、铜绿假单胞菌、变形杆菌共8种指示菌,分两级进行复筛:一级复筛仍采用琼脂块,得到19株活性菌株;二级复筛采用牛津杯定量扩散法,得到5株优良菌株。对优良菌株GX-21进行鉴定,通过形态特征观察、培养特性观察、生理生化试验和16S r DNA序列分析,确定菌株GX-21为多产色链霉菌(Streptomyces polychromogenes)。菌株GX-21具有抑菌谱广的特点,对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌和真菌均有抑制作用。     

Isolation of thermophiles degrading poly( -lactic acid)

A thermophile, strain 93, which degrades poly( -lactic acid) (PLA) film was isolated from 144 soil samples obtained from different locations by cultivation using an enrichment culture medium at 60°C. Under this temperature condition, the strain grew on PLA and the dissolved total organic carbon (TOC) concentration in the medium changed according to the growth stage, i.e., after the TOC rapidly reached the minimum, it increased rapidly until it reached the peak and then decreased thereafter. For residual PLA, reduced viscosity decreased rapidly but weight decreased initially slowly with a gradually increasing rate. Gel permeation chromatograms showed a marked decrease in the main peak and the appearance of a new peak in the low molecular weight region. The strain was identified as Bacillus brevis, which has an optimum growth temperature of around 58°C.     

Capturing of the monoterpene olefin limonene produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Monoterpene olefins such as limonene are plant compounds with applications as flavouring and fragrance agents, as solvents and potentially also in polymer and fuel chemistry. We engineered baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to express a (?)‐limonene synthase from Perilla frutescens and a (+)‐limonene synthase from Citrus limon. Both proteins were expressed either with their native plastid targeting signal or in a truncated form in which the plastidial sorting signal was removed. The yeast host strain for expression was AE9 K197G, which expresses a mutant Erg20 enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the formation of geranyl diphosphate, which is the precursor for monoterpenes. Several methods were tested to capture limonene produced by the yeast. Extraction from the culture medium by pentane, or by the addition of CaCl₂ followed by solid‐phase micro‐extraction, did not lead to detectable limonene, indicating that limonene is rapidly lost from the culture medium. Volatile terpenes such as limonene may also be trapped in a dodecane phase added to the medium during fermentation. This method resulted in recovery of 0.028 mg/l (+)‐limonene and 0.060 mg/l (?)‐limonene in strains using the truncated Citrus and Perilla synthases, respectively. Trapping the headspace during culture of the limonene synthase‐expressing strains resulted in higher titres, at 0.12 mg/l (+)‐limonene and 0.49 mg/l (?)‐limonene. These results show that the volatile properties of the olefins produced require specific methods for efficient recovery of these molecules from biotechnological production systems. Gene Bank Nos were: KM015220 (Perilla limonene synthase; this study); AF317695 (Perilla limonene synthase; Yuba et al., 1996 ); AF514287.1 (Citrus limonene synthase; Lucker et al., 2002 ). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cloning of inulin fructotransferase (DFA III-producing) gene from Arthrobacter globiformis C11-1

A gene encoding an inulin fructotransferase (DFA III-producing) [EC 2.4.1.93] from Arthrobacter globiformis C11-1 was cloned and the nucleotide sequence was determined. The cloned fragment contained a 1353 bp open reading frame. The initiation codon was estimated to be an unusual codon, GTG. The gene encoded a signal peptide (40 amino acid residues) for secretion. The molecular mass of the native enzyme was calculated as 43,400 Da from the sequencing data. The deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme had 74.0 % homology with that of inulin fructotransferase (DFA III-producing) from Arthrobacter sp. H65-7. It also had 45.1% homology with that of inulin fructotransferase (DFA I-producing) [EC 2.4.1.200] from Arthrobacter globiformis S14-3. The enzyme produced in the culture supernatant of an Escherichia coli clone was purified to the electrophoretically homogeneous stage. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the cloned enzyme secreted in the broth was the same as that of the native enzyme from A. globiformis C11-1. Therefore, on this enzyme, it is estimated that the cleavage sites by the signal peptidase for secretion of A. globiformis C11-1 and E. coli JM109 are the same.     

Evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and simple detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in naturally contaminated seafood samples

We investigated the efficacy of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid screening of seafood samples naturally contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A total of 171 seafood samples enriched in alkaline peptone water (APW) were assessed by LAMP assay and conventional culture methods, which consist of a combination of APW enrichment culture and plating onto CHROMagar Vibrio and TCBS agars. Compared with V. parahaemolyticus isolation using the conventional culture test, LAMP results showed 100% (30/30) and 90.8% (128/141) sensitivity and specificity, respectively. The conventional culture test required more than 3 days to isolate and identify V. parahaemolyticus in the APW enrichment culture. In contrast, the LAMP assay was markedly faster, requiring less than 60 min from the beginning of DNA extraction to final detection of V. parahaemolyticus. In total, the LAMP assay required 17-19 h from the beginning of enrichment culture to final determination. This is the first report of the LAMP assay for rapid screening of seafood samples naturally contaminated by V. parahaemolyticus.     

一株酸性脂肪酶高产菌株的筛选与鉴定

目的分离筛选出一株酸性脂肪酶高产菌株并对其进行鉴定。方法通过溴甲酚紫酸碱指示剂进行平板初筛,甘油三丁酸酯透明圈法以及摇瓶培养复筛,筛选获得了一株酸性脂肪酶产生菌株;利用平板透明圈法、橄榄油乳化液滴定法和对硝基苯酚比色法3种方法对所筛菌株进行酶活力测定。结果分离获得一株具有高产酸性脂肪酶活力的菌株,将其命名为菌株WY19。经过检测,其粗酶活力达到11000 U/L。通过对菌株WY19进行形态学鉴定、生理生化实验以及分子生物学鉴定,结合系统发育树分析,确定本研究获得的酸性脂肪酶产生菌为克雷伯氏菌。结论菌株WY19所产脂肪酶为酸性脂肪酶,在食品、医药、油脂加工等领域方面具有较好的应用前景。     

保加利亚乳杆菌富集锌的条件研究

研究了保加利亚乳杆菌将无机态微量元素锌富集转化为细胞内的有机态微量元素锌的条件。正交实验结果表明,培养基中ZnSO4浓度为主要影响因素,培养温度、培养时间和接种量为次要影响因素,其中又以培养温度的影响较主要。最佳富集条件为,ZnSO4浓度400μg/mL、培养温度37℃、培养时间36 h、接种量5%。在优化条件下,细胞富集的锌含量有明显升高,为249.8μg/g,有机态锌占总量的80%以上。     

Comparison of four methods for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from raw and pasteurized milk from northern Iran

Four methods for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from raw and pasteurized milk from northern Iran were compared. Three hundred and ten raw milk samples were collected from tanks on their arrival at various central dairies, and 40 pasteurized milk samples were collected from tanks on their arrival at a manufacturing plant. Each sample was examined for the presence of Y. enterocolitica by (1) direct culture; (2) enrichment in double-strength buffered peptone water at 4 degrees C for 1 month; (3) enrichment in modified Rappaport medium at room temperature for 72 h after a preenrichment in double-strength peptone water at 4 degrees C for 1 month; and (4) enrichment in a medium containing sucrose, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, sodium azide, and ampicillin at 28 degrees C for 48 h after a preenrichment in double-strength peptone water at 4 degrees C for 1 month. All samples and enrichments were spread on MacConkey agar plus calcium chloride and Tween 80, Yersinia selective agar, and Hektoen medium plus ampicillin. Five samples (1.6%) of raw milk but no pasteurized milk samples were positive for Y. enterocolitica. No Y. enterocolitica were recovered by methods 1 or 2. Y. enterocolitica were recovered from 2 samples by method 3 followed by culture on Yersinia selective agar, and from 5 samples by method 4 followed by culture on Hektoen medium plus ampicillin. The isolates were biotype 1A or 1B, serotype O:7-13 or O:9 and phage type Xo or Xz. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin, and sensitive to tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.     

浆水中产香酵母菌菌株的筛选及其增殖培养基优化

以甘肃传统酿制的浆水为材料,采用经典平板分离法对浆水中的酵母菌进行分离纯化,通过感官评定、性能测定及气相色谱-质谱法半定量法分析筛选产香性能优良的酵母菌菌株,对其进行生理生化及分子生物学鉴定,并采用单因素结合Design-Expert设计响应面试验优化了该菌株的增殖培养基。结果表明,从浆水中分离出16 株酵母菌菌株,并成功筛选出了1?株产香性能优良的酵母菌菌株Y16,经鉴定为异常汉逊酵母（Hansenula anomala）。优化的培养基增殖配方为：10?°Be′麦芽汁,其中最佳的营养物添加量分别为葡萄糖11.0?g/L、牛肉膏2.3?g/L、KH2PO4?0.8?g/L。在该条件下,细胞浓度可达到8.75×108?个/mL,是初始麦芽汁发酵培养基细胞浓度的4?倍多;乙酸乙酯的产量达到256.35?μg/mL,比初始发酵培养基增加了25.39%,柠檬烯的产量达到0.083?μg/mL,比优化前增加了31.75%,该菌株增香效果明显,可为浆水发酵直投式增香菌剂的开发提供菌株来源和技术参考。     

耐高温酒精酵母菌株的筛选及发酵能力比较

采用酵母菌富集培养方法和选择性培养基从中国传统大曲酒等基质中共分离得到58株具有一定的酒精发酵能力的酵母菌株。经过初筛和复筛,从中筛选获得1株能在33℃～42℃生长良好,并具有良好酒精发酵性能的酵母菌株XG-1,经分类鉴定为酿酒酵母菌（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）。40℃液体摇瓶培养条件下,XG-1菌株活菌数占总菌数的比率较安琪耐高温酿酒高活性干酵母（TRADY）高15％。将其与TRADY菌株进行木薯酒精发酵比较,33R2条件下两者的酒精发酵能力相当,但在42℃时进行酒精发酵,XG-1菌株的酒精度比TRADY菌株高20％。     

Effect on the autolysis process and the colouring matter of several commercial preparations with β-glucanase action in red winemaking

The present work studies the action of three commercial preparations with β-glucanase activity in the autolytic release of polymeric materials from the cell walls of a selected yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a commercial yeast species Saccharomyces uvarum, in a model medium over a 10 week period of simulated ageing over lees. HPLC with refractive index detection was used to monitor the enrichment of the medium in polymeric materials derived from cell wall fragments. In this work, modified cell wall fragment profiles are obtained when autolysis is enzyme-induced through β-glucanase addition, more fragments of smaller molecular weight and greater grouping among them. Moreover, significant differences have also been found from the very first measurements in the hydrolytic action between commercial β-glucanase preparations. The incidence on the anthocyanin evolution during the first stages of autolysis after enzyme addition was examined by HPLC with photodiode array detection. Colour parameters were also assessed by UV–VIS spectrophotometry at the end of the experimental stage. No improvements have been arisen in relation to anthocyanin stability and chromatic features of wines when rapid and important cell wall fragments degradations are promoted through enzyme addition.