室内走廊环境高频段宽带无线信道测量与建模

为了验证在高频段进行宽带无线通信的可行性,介绍了针对室内走廊环境进行的14GHz宽带无线信道测量和所获取的信道特征。基于频域信道冲激响应测量方法,设计搭建了宽带无线信道测量平台,较好地克服了高频段电波传播能量实时测量采集的难度。基于实测数据提取信道参数化模型,获取了高频段电波传播特性参数统计分析结果,包括路径损耗与阴影衰落、时延扩展、角度扩展。测试与分析结果表明:高频段电波传播时延小、方向性强,适用于宽带互联通信。     

6.0-6.4GHz室内MIMO无线信道测量与传播特性分析

工作在6GHz以上高频段的多输入多输出(Multi-Input-Multi-Output,MIMO)无线通信系统是下一代无线移动通信的有力竞争方案.目前,对制约无线系统性能的高频段空时无线信道特性研究仍较少见.针对这一现状,采用基于网络分析仪的信道测量平台对典型办公环境下6.0-6.4GHz MIMO无线信道特性进行测量和分析.为了明确高频段为系统设计带来的新问题,将测量得到的高频段MIMO信道特性参数与低频段对比.对比结果表明,6.2GHz频段与2.45GHz频段MIMO信道传播特性存在较大差异.在对6.0-6.4GHz室内覆盖MIMO无线通信系统进行设计和评估时,需要基于6.0-6.4GHz频段无线信道传播的新特性对系统的关键技术和方案进行调整.     

无线人体局域网（WBAN）中的同步算法研究

在无线人体局域网(WBAN)的系统设计中辐射功率严格受限,信道易受周围电磁环境、人体组织以及人体运动影响,传统同步算法在低信噪比环境下性能较差.针对无线人体局域网的信道特征,提出了基于前导序列频谱特性的同步算法,该算法可以在低信噪比情况下取得稳定的性能,具有一定工程实现的意义.     

室内X波段离体信道传播特性的测量与建模

研究了在X波段以人体为中心环境的无线信道衰落模型建模方法，围绕可穿戴天线在体表不同部位的无线信道进行了实验和分析.分别在离体与无体场景下测量视距（line-of-sight, LoS）和非视距（non-lineof-sight, NLoS）两种路径的信道衰落，对比分析人体不同部位的阴影效应和穿透损耗，结果表明改变天线穿戴部位，信道衰落曲线的损耗指数和截距均会发生变化；人体穿透损耗与信道频率、收发端天线之间的距离无关.基于现有的模型对实验数据进行拟合，提出一种与人体不同部位相关的带有体表阴影效应、穿透损耗修正因子的离体信道衰落模型.该模型细化了人体不同部位的信道特性，与通用模型相比能更加精地确描述离体信道传播环境.     

数字电视地面广播信道的测量与建模

为了获得数字电视地面广播信道在UHF频段8MHz带宽的传输特性,采用伪随机序列滑动相关的信道测量方法对中国几个典型城市在单天线发射或单频网模式下的无线传播环境进行了测量;以信道冲激响应为基础对信道实测数据进行了分析,得出了在单天线发射和单频网环境下信道的功率时延谱,提取了静态多径信道的抽头延迟线模型.     

室外无线通信信道测试及其传播特性分析

提出了某场区室外典型场景的无线信道测试方法及其信道传播特性,主要采用扩频滑动相关算法,对试验场区附近的办公楼外的2.4 GHz频段以及场区的低频段(1.5 GHz)和高频段(4 GHz)共2个场景、3个典型应用频段进行了实际测试,并通过离线的数据处理方式,给出了不同环境下对应不同通信应用频段的信道传播特征,旨在为今后该试验场区开展通信试验任务前的场景选址提供参考。     

短程脉冲无线信道特性仿真与分析

利用仿真语言对短程脉冲无线信道进行仿真研究。考虑短程脉冲无线传播环境为具有某一密度的随机分布的散射体,在一种理想情况下,信道传播环境表现为一个渗透网格。利用仿真语言仿真短程脉冲无线信道中多径分量的传播轨迹,通过脉冲无线信道的随机模型对短程脉冲无线信道特性进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明：利用该模型对短程脉冲无线信道仿真是有效的。     

室内走廊环境毫米波OAM信道特性分析与统计建模

针对自由空间传播模型仅能描述自由空间场景下携带轨道角动量(OAM)的涡旋信道传播特性,以及确定性稀疏多径涡旋信道模型严格依赖于传播环境而不能准确刻画真实多径场景下OAM信道传播特性的问题,该文提出毫米波OAM多径信道统计建模方法。在室内走廊环境下构建基于均匀圆形天线阵列(UCA)的OAM辐射传输系统,基于光学射线理论与UCA辐射特性,建立OAM多径信道模型。结果表明,在毫米波频段均匀分布和Nakagami-m分布能够准确地表征室内走廊多径环境下的OAM信道波前相位和幅度,视距(LoS)和非视距(NLoS)传播条件下传播距离较大时信道幅度服从瑞利分布,视距传播条件下传播距离较小时信道幅度服从莱斯分布。     

人体通信频段体内至体表信道特性分析与建模

为探究人体通信(HBC)频段体内无线通信系统的传输特性,该文对解剖学数值人体模型和多层异质几何人体模型的体内至体表信道特性进行电磁仿真分析,首次建立了人体通信频段内10～50 MHz体内至体表路径损耗模型,并通过生物液态仿体内测量验证了电磁仿真和路径损耗模型的有效性。首先,结合时域有限积分法和数值人体模型计算10～50 MHz人体心脏节点至体表各节点的平均路径损耗,分析对比解剖学数值人体模型和多层异质人体模型的路径损耗、阴影衰落和电磁场分布特性。其次,基于表面波传播机理,提出一个带有线性修正项的对数路径损耗模型,最后建立完整的10～50 MHz体内至体表植入式人体信道模型。仿真分析和实验结果表明,该文提出的带有线性修正项的路径损耗模型可以更准确地描述此频段体内至体表路径损耗特性,采用解剖学数值人体模型进行此频段信道建模与特性研究可以有效提高植入式信道模型的可靠性。     

变电站内5G终端通信信道建模与分析

以巡检机器人为代表的终端设备在变电站中应用广泛,第五代移动通信(5G)技术发展迅速,未来5G可移动终端在变电站的应用将会越来越多。通信系统的性能与无线信道息息相关,因此研究变电站中可移动终端的5G通信信道特性至关重要。文章针对变电站三维(3D)散射环境下5G可移动终端的通信信道的特性问题,基于多输入多输出技术,提出采用几何分析法建立3D信道模型,并推导出了信道的时间自相关函数、空间互相关函数。基于5G频段,仿真并分析了无线信道的自相关和互相关特性;研究了不同大小的莱斯因子对无线信道特性的影响。上述仿真结果表明了5G终端在变电站的可用性,拓宽了变电站场景下可移动终端运用5G通信技术的研究。     

Fairness-aware radio resource management for medical interoperability between WBAN and WLAN

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands have been increasingly adopted for various medical applications. Due to the shared nature of the ISM bands, when a WBAN coexists with a wireless local area network (WLAN), performance of WBAN may significantly degrade because of asymmetric attributes between WBAN and WLAN such as transmit power and response time. In this paper, we propose a novel channel access protocol for achieving effective channel sharing in the aspect of efficiency and fairness, which adaptively controls the contention window size of WLAN based on the delay information of WBAN. Our extensive simulation results for real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring show that the proposed scheme can guarantee the required quality of service of WBAN while insignificant degradation of WLAN performance.     

人体阻抗模型与人体域通信信道特性分析

基于人体柱体模型分析了输入阻抗与人体形状大小的关系,就人体信道的频率传输特性进行了讨论,在3～5GHz 的频率范围内,人体对传输信号具有良好的响应。考虑到多径传输环境下的信噪比和误码率,采用二相相移键控(BPSK)的调制方式,对人体域无线传输信道具有更好的性能。     

Frame and carrier frequency synchronization algorithm for wireless body area network

A wireless body area network (WBAN) is a radio‐frequency‐based wireless communication technology that consists of a number of different sensor and actuator nodes interconnected with a body gateway. Considering the constrained resources in WBAN devices, simple and noise‐robust synchronization algorithms are required. Frame synchronization and frequency offset estimation are extremely important in the design of a robust WBAN receiver. In this paper, a detection strategy such as frame synchronization and frequency estimation is described in the WBAN system, which can improve the receiver performance. In doing so, algorithms are designed or chosen for the frame detection, carrier frequency offset synchronization, and joint fine‐time and phase‐offset estimation by exploiting the spike‐like property of the physical layer convergence protocol preamble and the frame structure in the WBAN system. The performance of the WBAN synchronization receiver is verified by computer simulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A survey of wireless technologies coexistence in WBAN: analysis and open research issues

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is the most convenient, cost-effective, accurate, and non-invasive technology for e-health monitoring. The performance of WBAN may be disturbed when coexisting with other wireless networks. Accordingly, this paper provides a comprehensive study and in-depth analysis of coexistence issues and interference mitigation solutions in WBAN technologies. A thorough survey of state-of-the art research in WBAN coexistence issues is conducted. The survey classified, discussed, and compared the studies according to the parameters used to analyze the coexistence problem. Solutions suggested by the studies are then classified according to the followed techniques and concomitant shortcomings are identified. Moreover, the coexistence problem in WBAN technologies is mathematically analyzed and formulas are derived for the probability of successful channel access for different wireless technologies with the coexistence of an interfering network. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted using OPNET with several real-life scenarios to evaluate the impact of coexistence interference on different WBAN technologies. In particular, three main WBAN wireless technologies are considered: IEEE 802.15.6, IEEE 802.15.4, and low-power WiFi. The mathematical analysis and the simulation results are discussed and the impact of interfering network on the different wireless technologies is compared and analyzed. The results show that an interfering network (e.g., standard WiFi) has an impact on the performance of WBAN and may disrupt its operation. In addition, using low-power WiFi for WBANs is investigated and proved to be a feasible option compared to other wireless technologies.     

A Practical Traffic Scheduling Scheme for Differentiated Services of Healthcare Systems on Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks have recently been extensively researched due to the flexibility and cost savings they provide. One of the most promising applications of sensor networks is human health monitoring: wireless sensors are placed on the human body to form a wireless body network where the sensor node can continuously monitor real-time physiological parameters or human activities (motion detection). However, along with the flexibility, many problems arise due to a number of factors, including the bad quality of transmission media and the scarcity of resources. Moreover, sensor networks have different characteristics such as a variety of devices, different generated data, etc. From a quality of service (QoS) point of view, the healthcare domain can be seen as a real-time application demand to consider application requirements. Healthcare domains principally have stringent delay and loss requirements. Thus, considering different capabilities and ensuring time data delivery become necessary. Because wireless body area networks (WBAN) deal with human life, any delayed or lost data can endanger the user’s life. This paper proposes a differentiated traffic and scheduling scheme for WBAN. It is based on patients’ data classification and prioritization according to their current status and diseases. Through queue scheduling and path choice issues, the urgent data are delivered on time to provide a QoS guarantee for WBAN. Finally, it is shown that the proposed scheme is efficient for timely data transfer in WBAN.     

Performance of IR-UWB cross-layer ranging protocols under on-body channel models with body area networks

This paper deals with the positioning performance of the 3-Way ranging protocol (3-WR) in a wireless body area network (WBAN). The purpose is to propose a new cooperative algorithm to improve the number of estimated positions with a conditional permutation of the on-body anchors. To do so, we first evaluate and analyze the positioning success rate under a realistic mobility scenario and using two scheduling strategies: Broadcast single node localization (P2P-B) and aggregated and broadcast (A&B)) with a medium access control (MAC) layer based on time division multiple access (TDMA). The 3-WR estimates the distance between two nodes placed on the body with the transmission of three packets. The wireless transmission is based on impulse radio ultra wideband (IR-UWB). However, these transactions can be lost through the WBAN channel leading into a “bad positioning service.” We consider a physical layer based on IR-UWB with three different channels: (1) an empirical theoretical model based on the on-body CM3 path loss channel (Anechoic chamber), (2) a simulated channel calculated by ray-tracing with the PyLayers simulator, and (3) an experimental channel model obtained by measurements. Our results show that the channel affects the positioning success rate that decreases as a function of the sensitivity threshold at the receiver. This can be solved with long and short term analysis for the choice of virtual anchors to increase the positioning performance.     

Impact of priority differentiation on the bridged WBAN/WLAN healthcare networks

In this work, we develop a prioritized bridging mechanism between the IEEE 802.15.6‐based wireless body area networks (WBANs) and the IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA)‐based wireless local area network (WLAN) to convey the medical data to the medical center. We map the eight WBAN user priorities (UPs) into the four WLAN access categories (ACs) to provide the required quality of service and prioritization for the health variables generated by the WBAN nodes. By assignment of WBAN UPs with default medium access control parameters to eight different medical data streams and under the presence of ordinary nodes, we investigate the impact of WLAN AC differentiation by arbitrary inter‐frame space (AIFS) and contention window (CW) on performance of medical and regular nodes’ data streams. The results of this work indicate that the AC differentiation by AIFS outperforms the differentiation by CW in the sense that it does not deteriorate the end‐to‐end delay of relayed WBAN traffic and ordinary WLAN traffic.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Improved Pillar K-Means Based Protocol for Privacy-Preserving Location Monitoring in Wireless Sensor Network

A number of tiny sensor nodes are strategically placed in and around the human body to obtain physiological information. The sensor nodes are connected to a coordinator or a data collector to form a wireless body area network (WBAN). WBAN consists of variety of medical and non-medical applications with aggregate data rate requirement ranging from few bytes per second to 10 Mbps. These applications are having relatively different energy saving, reliability and quality of service (QoS) requirements. For example, emergency medical data are highly erratic but should be transferred with high reliability and minimum delay, whereas electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram applications are constant bit rate traffic which need to be transferred with moderate reliability. Additionally, non-medical applications include variable bit rate traffic and their jitter and delay requirements must also be met. On the above, a sensor node should spend minimum energy and conserve power to increase its life time in the network. The existing media access control (MAC) protocols present in various short and medium range wireless technologies such as 802.11 and 802.15.4 have been designed for specific purposes, and therefore, do not fulfill the diverse performance requirements across all WBAN applications. In this paper, we propose a poll-based MAC protocol, PMAC for WBAN, which can meet such diversified functional requirements of various WBAN applications. In particular, we introduce few concepts in polling based channel access mechanism to make an energy efficient and QoS aware MAC protocol. The design has been validated by obtaining the performance of proposed PMAC protocol through simulation.     

Energy Efficiency Optimization for Wireless Body Area Networks Under 802.15.6 Standard

Wireless Personal Communications - With the attractive applications in e-Health, a booming interest is granted to wireless body area network (WBAN). Through WBAN, healthcare professionals can...     

Improving the MAC Layer of Multi-Hop Networks

Ad hoc and multi-hop networks will probably be a part of the fourth generation of wireless networks, which will integrate networks of several sizes and capacities with heterogeneous coverage: cellular networks (3G), WLAN hot spots, wireless personal area networks (WPAN) and wireless body area networks (WBAN). In this context, MAC protocols play a deciding role for a high utilization of the wireless channel. In this paper, several issues of the MAC layer and concepts for the definition of a new MAC protocol are presented. These concepts include synchronization, multi-user diversity, and multi-packet reception. It is shown that all these techniques can drastically increase the capacity of the MAC layer for multi-hop networks.