论美国绿道规划经验：成功与失败，战略与创新

在规划绿道之前,设计师需要从优秀的规划师前辈学习成功经验并吸取失败的教训,并需要制定明确的策略、采取适宜的手法,思考联系人与绿色空间的创新方法。绿道通过演绎重要文化特征、保护和改善生态功能以及为社区居民提供休闲娱乐,来体现场所的本质。回顾早期绿道规划者的一些重要经验,概述绿道规划的4个关键策略原则,强调新荚格兰绿道网络规划中提出的多功能规划方法,着眼于一些在美圈逐渐发展成熟的创新型绿道。一个稳固的绿道是多用途的,使人愉悦并结合生态功能。     

上海市绿道网络规划研究初探

绿道是一种具有生态、娱乐、文化、审美等多种功能,可持续发展的绿色线性开敞公共活动空间网络。结合城市发展目标,本文研究了上海市绿道的功能定位,以游憩、交通、生态等功能为主,兼具文化保护功能。绿道网络规划思路依据分区特点采用差异化规划策略,以资源布局为引导要素进行路径识别,利用“反规划”途径选择绿道线路。根据功能定位、资源布局特点以及需求特征,绿道分为区域、市级、社区三级和生态型、滨水型、保护型和交通型4类,并且结合不同的分区特点,研究各分区内绿道适宜的网络模式。     

Greenway Planning Context in Istanbul-Haliç: A Compulsory Intervention into the Historical Green Corridors of Golden Horn

In the last two decades, planners and landscape architects have been concerned with the open space planning concept called ‘greenway planning’. This approach aims at nature protection that balances both conservation and growth, creating livable environments and maintaining open spaces. In Istanbul, the functional and spatial connectivity of greenways can protect the local landscape against urbanization and population growth problems. This study aimed to emphasize the natural and cultural heritage in an ecologically based planning approach. After taking into consideration the current greenway planning process in Europe and America, a planning strategy was determined for Haliç reflecting all characteristics of Istanbul and possibly representing the first greenway example in the city. Haliç was degraded by industrialization, urbanization, migration and inappropriate land use plans through the ages and existing greenway corridors had disappeared. As a result, current greenway planning strategies were foreseen as a solution to prevent threats to heritage and re-emphasize the lost identity of Haliç. It was emphasized as the starting point of a greenway plan that could be applied for Istanbul in general.     

美国绿道网络规划的发展与启示

19世纪是城市公园运动的世纪,20世纪则是开敞空间规划占了主导地位,20世纪末绿道规划在美国的兴起,已开始表明绿道网络规划将成为21世纪的主题。本文从绿道的概念及其发展历史阶段入手,着重介绍了美国新英格兰地区的绿道网络规划,并分析了绿道网络规划对我国现阶段建设的启示。     

北京城市副中心交通发展策略浅析

北京城市副中心综合交通规划是深化落实《北京城市总体规划(2016年-2035年)》的重要工作,也是《北京城市副中心控制性详细现划(街区层面)(2016年-2035年)》的重要专项之一。本文对城市副中心交通规划理念、思路、目标和策略进行了总结和提炼,从交通与区域统筹、交通与城市发展、交通与活动空间、交通与文化传承四个方面阐述了城市副中心交通发展策略中重点关注的问题。     

深圳市绿道网专项规划解析

绿道网建设是促进宜居城乡建设的重要举措,对推动区域生态环境保护、实现生活休闲一体化和增强可持续发展能力均具有重要意义。以深圳市绿道网专项规划实践为例,着重分析了绿道网规划原则、总体规划策略、总体布局结构等内容,率先将绿道理论运用到规划实践中,以期为我国正在兴起的绿道建设提供一点启示。     

游客体验与资源保护技术框架对广东绿道建设的借鉴与启示

广东绿道网络系统担负着自然和文化资源保护以及为公众提供游憩机会的双重功能。绿道管理者要从资源使用中平衡资源保护和游憩质量、游客体验和绿道经济收益等方面的要求。游客体验与资源保护技术框架对此提供了合理解决问题的办法,并对改善区域绿道总体规划和运营管理起到重要的作用。通过深入探讨该框架的主要研究方法与特色,结合广东区域绿道资源条件与游客对绿道满意度调查研究,总结出游客体验与资源保护技术对绿道环境与游憩管理规划可供借鉴的思路与方法。     

A comprehensive conservation strategy for Georgia's greenways

In 1976 the State of Georgia published the Environmental Corridor Study (K. Dawson, W. Munnikhuysen and R. Roark, 1976. Georgia Environmental Corridor Study. Office of Planning and Research, Dept. Natural Resources, Atlanta, GA). The study is a survey of greenway potential, focusing on a statewide interconnected system. The study process combined intrinsic values (natural resources, environmental quality and aesthetics) with extrinsic values (human use, accessibility, market demand and land use) and endangeredness to provide priorities for greenway conservation. In coordination with a unique program titled Heritage Trust, initiated by then-Governor Jimmy Carter to explore conservation easements, zoning and direct acquisition, the corridor study became recognized as an excellent source of information for greenway implementation. Under Heritage Trust, over 40 000 ha of land were acquired. The current governor, Zell Miller, established Preservation 2000, a program which is continuing the work of Heritage Trust for the 1990s. To quote from the recent Preservation 2000 brochure (H. Young, 1993. Preservation 2000 Program: Summary of Program and Progress. Dept. Natural Resources, Atlanta, GA). ‘By the end of 1994, the state will acquire [an additional 40 000 hectares] of natural areas, parks, greenways and other wild lands.’ The State of Georgia has also updated the corridor study in the Georgia Trails and Greenways Plan (A. Soriano, 1992. Georgia Trails and Greenways Plan. Dept. Natural Resources, Atlanta, GA), which provides technical assistance to local communities on issues of greenway planning including outdoor recreation planning process, land and water conservation programs, management issues and agency action plans. Unique to all of the planning and acquisition programs has been the hypothesis that, when site nominations are made for conservation purchase on a statewide basis irrespective of greenways, most priority conservation areas are found to be within greenway boundaries. This is certainly due to the substantial conservation potential of greenways. Of Heritage Trust nominations, 90% were within greenway corridors. This percentage has increased to 93% with the Preservation 2000 program. Greenways are increasing rapidly in importance as an overall conservation strategy in many areas throughout the world.     

International greenways: a Red River Valley case study

Building and preserving a network of greenways can be an intricate activity requiring interdisciplinary collaboration. Greenway segments often require local input and participation. In addition, greenways are not necessarily generic open spaces, but can be managed structurally to fulfill specific spatial and temporal requirements. This paper describes local activities in the Fargo (North Dakota)-Moorhead (Minnesota) metropolitan area related to preserving and embellishing the greenway focused around the Red River Valley of the North. This greenway is part of a larger Western Hemisphere greenway, composed of riparian corridors operating as wildlife habitat migration flyways and as resident wildlife habitat. Local activities include demonstration gardens, comprehensive corridor planning, habitat analysis, and revegetation studies. From 1985 to 1990, four spatial treatment investigations were completed, one spatial planning study was prepared, and five demonstration gardens were built. The spatial treatment investigations revealed that the wildlife occupying the greenway could be divided into four habitat-use dimensions, suggesting four important habitat associations for the greenway. The study also revealed three distinct vegetation zones for re-establishing herbaceous vegetation in non-wooded planting conditions. In addition, one experiment indicated that replanting the disturbed woodland corridor was not influenced by seedling size and that Fraxinus pennsylvanica seedlings were highly successful at surviving in a gap opening within the forest corridor. In the last experiment, a seeding application rate study indicated that seeding rates three times higher than recommended rates resulted in improved vegetation cover of non-wooded herbaceous vegetation planting sites. The spatial planning study illustrated landscape patterns for the greenway composed of a continuous tree canopy corridor, augmented by herbaceous vegetation patches, food plots, and snags. To build and manage the greenway, this investigation reaffirms the importance of multi-disciplinary collaboration, local participation, and the potential individualistic structure of a greenway. The study suggests that both broad landscape planning visions and detailed site endeavors are necessary to understand and manage the greenway successfully.     

景观规划的杰作：从“翡翠项圈”到新英格兰地区的绿色通道规划

本文详细介绍波士顿的“翡翠项圈”和波士顿都会的开放空间系统,以及刚刚完成新英格兰地区的绿色通道规划,旨在介绍一些国外先进的景观规划思想如公园道、开放空间、绿色通道等,同时让大家认识到规划是一个长期坚持不懈的过程。     

以提升空间热度为导向的上海花木-龙阳路绿道选线及优化研究

通过对2018年一周内(3月26—31日)上海市中心城区百度热力图进行分时段统计分析发现:同一规划级别的城市中心在城市空间热度上存在着巨大差异,这与上海市现行城市规划中强化城市中央活动区、城市副中心以及地区中心的建设目标存在一定差距。为缩小同级别城市中心的空间热度差异,以提升空间热度为导向,选取空间热度较低的代表性地区——上海市浦东新区花木-龙阳路副中心,以公共设施类POI(Point of Interest)核密度分布为基础、道路与交通设施类POI核密度分布为补充,进行绿道选线与优化结果分析。同时,根据人群空间热度,从绿地类型、使用时间2个维度,以及主轴线规划、副轴线规划、绿地斑块规划和夜间灯光设计4个方面提出花木-龙阳路副中心区绿道优化策略,在实现区域绿道覆盖率目标的基础上,通过绿道构建提升区域内部的连通性,进而提升空间热度。     

Planning an ecological network of Xiamen Island (China) using landscape metrics and network analysis

Most Chinese municipal governments and urban planners have attempted to conserve and create urban greenspace in response to rapid urbanization. It is a major task for urban landscape planners to construct an effective and harmonious urban ecological network and maintain a sustainable urban development environment. In this paper, the present situation and a recent greenway augment plan of Xiamen Island were assessed using a series of landscape metrics. The results showed that the recent greenway augment plan could improve the present greenway system considerably. The improvements were indicated by decrease in patch density, and increase in total class area and edge density on the patch level, landscape diversity, landscape evenness and landscape connectivity on the landscape level. On the basis of these analyses, a number of alternative planning scenarios were designed by using network analysis methods for improving the ecological network of Xiamen Island. An alternative planning scenario was proposed to decrease the degree of landscape fragmentation, increase the shape complexity of greenway patches and enhance the landscape connectivity. The results indicated that methods which integrate landscape metrics with network analyses could not only quantitatively assess the present situation and the rationality of planning for urban greenway systems, but also facilitate the design of planning scenarios for urban ecological networks, enabling them to meet the principles of conformity, harmony, circulation, safety, diversity and sustainability. The principles and methods of landscape ecology, and the greenway concepts that have originated in the West can be useful for Chinese landscape planning and can be applied to greenway development in China.     

Cultural Insights for Planners: Understanding the Terms Hispanic,Latino, and Latinx

Abstract

Planners use various terms—Hispanic, Latino, and Latinx—to refer to people of Latin American descent and from Spanish-speaking countries. Understanding the differences among these terms is relevant to planning given that Hispanics/Latin/o/a/x are a fast-growing group in the United States and terms have evolved over time and differ between users. I ask three questions: Why do planners need to better understand the ethnonyms Hispanic/Latin/o/a/x? How can planners understand the evolution of Hispanic, Latino, and Latinx terminology? Which strategies can help planners to decide which terms to use? Recommendations for practicing planners include hiring more diverse planners; developing a context-specific manual of style; organizing conversations with local organizations, their state APA chapter, or planning school about ethno-racial identity; mapping identities; and creating equity plans at the department or city level. By becoming more culturally competent, planners can plan for and with the Hispanic/Latin/o/a/x community more effectively.     

高密度城市的多目标绿道网络——新加坡公园连接道系统

多功能的公园连接道系统是新加坡应对人口剧增和城市化加剧、建设"花园里的城市"的重要规划举措。该绿道网络规划着眼于充分利用排水道缓冲区、车行道保留区等低效土地,增进公园、自然保护区等绿色开敞空间的可达性和生物多样性,提升环境宜居品质及热带花园城市形象。采用土地划拨和借用两种方式,强调实用性及灵活性。通过成立跨部门合作的专门工作委员会,高效解决技术及执法问题。绿道规划及景观设计注重寻求休闲娱乐、自然生态保护、公众教育和社会凝聚力等多目标的平衡。在实施中,加强同各方利益相关者和社区居民的合作,通过先期试验性工程发现问题并不断改进,形成良性循环。这些经验可供我国高密度城市规划和建设绿道借鉴。     

Building greenway policies within a participatory democracy framework

Institutional arrangements which promote collaborative policy outcomes are critical to greenway protection within a participatory democracy framework. An example of greenway protection at the local level where coordinated land use policy efforts are under way is investigated to demonstrate how various kinds of existing cooperative arrangements between communities and governments may facilitate greenway protection. Personal interviews are conducted with three groups of greenway policy participants in the Tug Hill region of upstate New York. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify and describe available opportunities for collaboration, and (2) describe the implications of these opportunities in terms of their contribution to the development of greenway policies in a participatory democracy context. The case study findings show that opportunities for cooperative discourse are described by all three groups as specific roles played by individuals, or as objects, occasions, processes, or organizations which encourage talk about public issues among citizens and people representing different organizations. A large portion of the opportunities described by study participants are organizations which function as communication linkages, and to a lesser extent, roles assumed by individuals in the community or society. Opportunities for discussion of public issues tend to be described by the three groups in terms of two organizational attributes: authority level and degree of formality. Cooperative discourse occurs between study participants and five different levels of authority: federal, state, local, private, and citizen. Although each group can identify formal-impersonal linkages with most other levels of authority, a portion of the study participants prefer to rely on informal-personal linkages when discussing public issues with local governments and landowners. Linkages described by study participants encourage either simple or complex forms of public deliberation, with the former being more common. Simple forms are superficial communicative exchanges about public issues between citizens and private or public organizations. More complex forms are closely aligned with theoretical definitions of participatory democracy, where policy participants come to a shared understanding during the course of policy deliberation. The potential for building greenway policies in a participatory democracy context by focusing on local authority levels and informal-personal linkages among relevant organizations is discussed.     

规划决策的主体冲突与调和

从分析规划决策的四个主体（规划师、领导者、业主、社会公众）在决策行为过程中的职责和作用入手,剖析了四个主体之间矛盾和冲突的具体表现,指出解决途径在于实现城市规划的公众参与和公众决策,并提出了公众参与和决策规划的阶段、形式、机制、保障手段。     

The Actions of Discontent: Tea Party and Property Rights Activists Pushing Back Against Regional Planning

Problem, research strategy, and findings: The Tea Party's effects on local and regional planning efforts, given the movement's fierce support of property rights and equally fierce opposition to sustainability goals in regional planning efforts, have received little study. I wanted to understand how Tea Party and fellow property rights advocates became involved in regional planning efforts in the San Francisco Bay Area and Atlanta, GA, and how planners perceived and dealt with their objections and tactics. Interactions between the two groups were marked by philosophical differences over the role of government and the necessity and value of regional planning. However, these actors were also deeply divided on plan content and the authenticity of the public outreach process. Tea Party and property rights activists were not the only ones with substantive and procedural concerns about regional planning efforts; tactical -coalitions of unexpected allies emerged, aligning on plan viability, finance methods and funding, project costs, impacts, and process. My research shows that common ground can be negotiated between -opposing groups on matters of content and process. The concerns of the various stakeholders involved parallel questions often addressed by scholarly planning research, providing evidence of continuing challenges and flaws in planning.

Takeaway for practice: The planning community should not dismiss the opposition of Tea Party and property rights advocates; these activists could catalyze new coalitions of opponents if planners do not attend to the substantive and procedural concerns of participants.     

A greenway network for singapore

The greenway movement in Singapore began in the late 1980's as a proposal for an island-wide network of green corridors. The paper traces the conceptualization, planning strategy and implementation of this greenway network. The capitalization of under-utilized land along drainage channels and beside carriageways for pilot greenway projects ensured government backing for the projects. The challenges faced in implementing the projects and the solutions taken to advance the greenway concept are discussed. Garnering public support for the completed sections generated resources and conferred additional flexibility to the land allocation process, allowing the concept to evolve. Strategic partnership with key land-use agencies and the overview of a national Garden City Action Committee for conflict resolution facilitated the process. Lessons are drawn from the implementation of the pilot projects to inform subsequent greenway development efforts, enhancing the usage and multi-functional capacity of the greenways. The Singapore experience provides a model for greenway planning and implementation for other rapidly urbanizing cities in Asia.     

Planning the Green New Deal: Climate Justice and the Politics of Sites and Scales

Abstract

Climate change and the rise of a grassroots–legislative political–environmental movement in the United States should change how urban planners think and act on spatial change and social justice. After the 2018?U.S. elections, organizing movements and progressive legislators endorsed the Green New Deal. In this Viewpoint I look at the Green New Deal’s potential implications for urban planning. I analyze it in reference to the 1930s’ New Deal inspirations and current climate and urban challenges, and illustrate the contradictions between large-scale spatial change and community-scale social justice. I explain how the imperatives of the Green New Deal, in conjunction with the shifting sites, scales, and politics of planning for climate change, should encourage planners to reframe their spaces and politics of practice toward a reconceptualized urban regional scale and a new politics of more public participation.     

欧洲绿道建设的理论与实践

与北美相比,欧洲的绿道建设具有很多自身的特点。总结了欧洲绿道的理念缘起、内涵以及理论与实践的发展历程,着重分析了其绿道规划的生态稳定性原则。欧洲在大型的区域性绿道生态网络与中小型城市和社区层面的综合性绿道建设方面均有相当多的探索性实践,列出了欧洲主要的大型绿道网络项目的情况,而对于中小型综合性绿道,则以伦敦东南绿链为例作了重点介绍。最后对欧洲绿道的发展趋势作了展望。