连铸结晶器内渣膜形成及传热的研究现状

介绍了模拟结晶器内渣膜形成的实验方法, 综述了国内外学者在保护渣传热方面所做的研究工作, 包括固态渣膜的界面热阻、保护渣的导热系数、辐射传热以及渣膜的光学性质, 并提出了今后在渣膜形成及传热研究中有待进一步完善的内容和方向.现有的研究结果表明利用热丝法可以对渣膜的形成过程进行原位观察, 采用水冷铜探头法可以获取用于研究渣膜微观组织的固态渣膜样品.渣膜的界面热阻在0.0002~0.002 m2·K·W-1之间.在800℃以下, 保护渣的导热系数在1.0~2.0 W·m-1·K-1范围内, 且随温度的升高而逐渐增加.渣膜中的晶体一方面可以增加渣膜的界面热阻, 另一方面可以提高固态渣膜的反射率, 起到降低辐射热流的作用.此外, 过渡族金属氧化物的加入以及固态渣膜中弥散分布的微小颗粒也能改变渣膜的光学性质, 从而影响通过渣膜的辐射传热.      

碱度对高速薄板坯保护渣结晶性能的影响

为解决薄板坯连铸在高拉速下坯壳表面纵裂纹较多的问题,通过提高保护渣碱度(B)的方式,增强渣膜的结晶性能,进而降低铸坯向结晶器的传热,促进坯壳均匀生长。研究过程中采用单丝热电偶技术、FactSage热力学软件以及数学模型计算等手段分析了高碱度对薄板坯保护渣结晶行为的影响,并揭示了其影响机理。研究结果表明,当碱度从1.60增至1.80时,保护渣的结晶温度区间增大,临界冷却速率提高,结晶活化能降低,说明提高碱度会促进保护渣结晶。同时,在碱度提高过程中,保护渣中晶体的形核和长大机制存在2种情况,分别是B=1.60时形核速率减小、界面反应控制条件下、以二维长大方式生长,以及B=1.70、1.75和1.80时形核速率减小、界面反应控制条件下、以三维长大方式生长。     

Heat-Transfer Behavior of Mold Fluxes for Continuous Casting of Invar Alloy

The heat-transfer behavior across mold fluxes for Invar alloy Fe-36Ni would introduce significant influence on the slab surface quality. A study on the heat-transfer property of mold flux film for Invar alloy Fe-36Ni was carried out by an interaction between laboratory simulation and field trial. The study results indicate that great effect on heat transfer across flux film is caused by chemical compositions of mold fluxes. An increase of basicity and CaF₂ content suppresses heat transfer across flux film; heat transfer across flux film increases when the Al₂O₃ content increases from 4 pct to 8 pct but decreases when Al₂O₃ content is above 8 pct. The crystalline phases of both the conventional mold fluxes and the improved mold fluxes are all cuspidine phases. However, crystallization capability of the improved mold fluxes decreases as the result of the increase of basicity and CaF₂ content as well as the decrease of Al₂O₃ content. The average thickness of flux film taken from mold is about 1.6 mm, and the crystalline fraction is only 21.4 pct. All these promote heat transfer across the flux film. The field trial of the improved mold fluxes shows that the properties of liquid slag are steady during continuous casting; comprehensive heat transfer across flux film meets the needs of continuous casting of Fe-36Ni. Border solidification structures of solidified shell are refined remarkably, and hot cracking gets avoidance eventually.     

低碳钢薄板坯高速连铸保护渣研究与优化

 针对低碳钢薄板坯高速连铸过程中保护渣液渣层过薄、黏结报警频发、铸坯表面纵裂纹过多等问题,在充分考虑高拉速下低碳钢凝固收缩特性的基础上,确定了保护渣润滑与传热性能的优化方向并开展了工业试验。将保护渣碱度从1.10提高到1.30,Li₂O质量分数从0.57%提高到1.06%,Na₂O质量分数从5.48%提高到8.16%,碳质量分数由7.71%降低到6.72%。对2种保护渣的流变性能和渣膜3层结构进行了深入研究,发现优化后保护渣渣膜中的液渣层比例增加,渣膜润滑系数α增大;同时,渣膜中的结晶层比例也有一定程度的提高,渣膜热阻系数β增大,从而使保护渣的润滑性能和控制传热能力均得到改善。从矿相分析结果看出,保护渣碱度的提高在一定程度上会促进硅灰石的析出,导致渣膜结晶率提高、热阻增大,进而起到控制传热的目的。生产实践表明,在拉速提高后,使用新型保护渣基本避免了黏结和裂纹的产生,生产效率和铸坯质量均得到显著提高。     

The Effect of Basicity on the Radiative Heat Transfer and Interfacial Thermal Resistance in Continuous Casting

The basicity of mold flux has been recognized to have a significant influence on the mold flux crystallization in continuous casting, which would in turn affect the heat-transfer rate between the solidified shell and mold. The research regarding the mold flux crystallization as well as its effect on the heat transfer has been conducted intensively. However, few studies have been developed to specify the effect of basicity introduced mold flux crystallization on the radiative heat transfer and interfacial thermal resistance in continuous casting. By using an infrared radiation emitter, a radiative heat flux was applied to a copper mold covered with a solid mold flux disk to simulate the heat-transfer phenomena in continuous casting. The crystallization behaviors of mold fluxes with different basicities and their impact on the radiative heat transfer were investigated dynamically. The interfacial thermal resistance between the solid mold flux and copper mold was also studied in this article. The results suggested that the basicity tends to enhance the mold flux crystallization, leading to the reduction of radiative heat-transfer rate and enlargement of interfacial thermal resistance.     

影响高速浇铸亚包晶钢表面质量的因素研究

为改善亚包晶钢高速浇铸时的表面质量,从过热度、锰硫比、拉速、铜板温度、平均热流和保护渣几个方面进行讨论.浇铸亚包晶钢时钢水过热度高,在较强的冷却制度下会促进铸坯表面形成凹陷和纵裂.随着拉速的增加,凹陷的发生率呈上升趋势,在同一拉速条件下,铸坯内弧比外弧更易于生成凹陷.结晶器壁热流不均是纵裂纹产生的有利环境,铸坯表面产生裂纹和没有裂纹时,二者的平均热流和铜板温度存在明显的差异.与低碱度保护渣相比,使用高碱度保护渣时,结晶器热流量和铜板温度低,有利于实现弱冷却,均匀形成凝固坯壳,有助于获得良好表面质量的铸坯.     

含钛型连铸保护渣性能及应用研究进展

 随着钢铁技术的进步和社会发展需求,钢铁企业正在研发和生产强度高、韧性好、抗腐蚀性强等各种类型的高质量特殊钢种。如何有效控制特殊钢种连铸生产工艺的稳定性是当前保护渣开发面临的共性难题。设计研发合理的保护渣化学成分、稳定其物化性能,以保证特殊钢种良好的铸坯质量是钢铁冶金领域科研人员关注的热点问题。为此,有关科研人员开展了大量的保护渣基础理论及应用研究,取得了一定的成效。大多数学者研究认为,在传统保护渣中添加一定量的TiO₂可以改善保护渣物化性能、提高吸附夹杂物的能力、阻止钢-渣界面反应、减少铸坯质量问题的发生。保护渣中TiO₂质量分数为4%~8%、碱度为1.1~1.3时,可以有效改善保护渣的熔化温度、黏度以及热流密度等物化性能,对渣膜结晶也可以起到促进作用,能基本满足高钛钢、高铝钢等特殊钢种的要求;含钛保护渣渣膜中的钙钛矿可以代替传统保护渣渣膜中的枪晶石,对保护渣的传热起着决定性的作用;含钛保护渣吸收钢水中夹杂物后,保护渣的物理性能保持稳定,并可以防止特殊钢水中的钛与保护渣发生界面反应而引起的铸坯表面“结鱼”等问题的发生;含钛型保护渣在某些特殊钢种中已进行初步探索应用并取得阶段性成果。关于渣膜中钙钛矿及其他矿物对含钛型保护渣传热的影响机理,如何更好地协调保护渣的基础性能与润滑传热机制之间的矛盾,实现含钛型保护渣在连铸工艺中的广泛应用,以满足连铸工艺优质高效稳定的生产需要,仍是冶金工作者进一步研究的主要课题。     

含TiO2无氟保护渣的传热研究及生产实践

在对结晶器无氟保护渣熔粘特性研究的基础上,研究了结晶器无氟保护渣渣膜的传热.即在保护渣熔粘特性的基础上利用添加TiO2来降低和控制铸坯及结晶器之间的热传递.结果表明:采用碱度在0.95～1.05范围内、TiO2含量为2.5%的结晶器无氟保护渣,不仅可保证连铸生产所要求的正常渣耗和结晶器进出水温差,而且铸坯表面质量良好.     

唐钢中厚板厂连铸保护渣结晶器渣膜矿相分析

为改善唐钢中厚板厂船板钢的浇铸条件以及铸坯质量,将现场所用保护渣A进行调整形成保护渣B。基于相图平衡计算,采用光学显微镜对保护渣A和B在结晶器内的渣膜进行观察,研究渣膜结构对保护渣润滑和传热的影响机制。结果表明,保护渣A析晶温度和析晶率较高,析晶矿相主要为导热系数大的黄长石,渣膜中存在不均匀分布的气孔,使得铸坯向结晶器传热较快且不均匀,并恶化铸坯润滑,导致发生黏结漏钢,且铸坯出现裂纹,轧材合格率为98.73%。而保护渣B析晶温度和析晶率相应有所降低,渣膜结构分层明显,存在玻璃层,析晶矿相有适量导热系数小的枪晶石,有少量气孔,能有效控制铸坯向结晶器壁的均匀传热,并保证润滑铸坯,避免了黏结漏钢,且显著减少了铸坯裂纹率,轧材合格率为99.65%。     

Mold behavior and its influence on quality in the continuous casting of steel slabs: Part II. Mold heat transfer,mold flux behavior,formation of oscillation marks,longitudinal off-corner depressions,and subsurface cracks

Axial heat-flux profiles have been determined quantitatively from temperature measurements conducted on a slab mold under routine operating conditions. As in earlier studies, the heat flux was observed to have a maximum value at the meniscus and to decline with increasing distance down the mold. The mold heat flux increased with increasing casting speed and was greater with a mold powder having lower viscosity and melting point being applied as lubricant. The heat extraction was largest while casting 0.29 pet carbon steel and least for a 0.09 pet carbon grade; reducing the depth of the submerged entry nozzle increased the heat flux slightly in the upper region of the mold. Most significant was the higher heat flux observed at the meniscus of the outside-radius face, attributable to the locally greater copper plate thickness compared to that of the opposite broad face. All of the measurements can be explained straightforwardly by heat flow in the vicinity of the meniscus and the resulting behavior of the so-called slag rim adjacent to the mold wall. It is postulated that the difference in copper plate thickness between the two broad faces at the meniscus causes the slag rim to be smaller on the outside-radius face which gives rise to shallower oscillation marks, as observed, higher heat transfer, and a slightly thicker solid shell. The dissimilar behavior has implications for quality because the inside-radius shell, experiencing reduced heat extraction, cools and shrinks less than the outside-radius shell. Thus, for a given end-plate taper, the narrow face of the slab adjacent to the inside radius can push against the end plate, accelerating copper wear, and, owing to squeezing of the broad face, cause an off-corner depression and subsurface crack toward the mold exit. If this is correct, maintenance of the same copper plate thickness at the meniscus is fundamental to preventing such an occurrence. Moreover, adjustment of the heat extraction at the meniscus should be achievable by changing copper plate thickness, mold coating thickness/conductivity, cooling water velocity, cooling channel configuration, and mold flux composition for a given steel grade. Formerly Graduate Student, Centre for Metallurgical Process Engineering, The University of British Columbia,     

Crystallization features of solid slag films of ultrahigh- basicity mold fluxes for continuous casting

The ultrahigh- basicity mold flux for industrial application(binary basicity of 1. 74) was selected and solidified by an improved water- cooled copper probe. Different probe immersion times were adopted to analyze the solidification process of films. The growth speeds and closed porosities of solid films were measured. The crystallization processes by solidification and devitrification were also analyzed, respectively. The results indicate that the growth speed of the solid slag film during the initial solidification period (0-15s) is 79. 9??m/s. 2CaO??SiO2??NaF with small spherical shapes is the primary crystal which leads to devitrification. The average devitrification speed of the glassy film is 65??m/s, and the primary crystal in the outer layer of solid films is lathlike cuspidine(3CaO??2SiO2??CaF2). The growth of the lathlike cuspidine in the outer layer of films increases the closed porosity and decreases the effective thermal conductivity of solid slag films.     

Mold Simulator Study of Heat Transfer Phenomenon During the Initial Solidification in Continuous Casting Mold

In this paper, mold simulator trials were firstly carried out to study the phenomena of the initial shell solidification of molten steel and the heat transfer across the initial shell to the infiltrated mold/shell slag film and mold. Second, a one-dimensional inverse heat transfer problem for solidification (1DITPS) was built to determine the temperature distribution and the heat transfer behavior through the solidifying shell from the measured shell thickness. Third, the mold wall temperature field was recovered by a 2DIHCP mathematical model from the measured in-mold wall temperatures. Finally, coupled with the measured slag film thickness and the calculations of 1DITPS and 2DIHCP, the thermal resistance and the thickness of liquid slag film in the vicinity of the meniscus were evaluated. The experiment results show that: the total mold/shell thermal resistance, the mold/slag interfacial thermal resistance, the liquid film thermal resistance, and the solid film thermal resistance is 8.0 to 14.9 × 10^?4, 2.7 to 4.8 × 10^?4, 1.5 to 4.6 × 10^?4, and 3.9 to 6.8 × 10^?4 m² K/W, respectively. The percentage of mold/slag interfacial thermal resistance, liquid film thermal resistance, and solid film thermal resistance over the total mold/shell thermal resistance is 27.5 to 34.4, 17.2 to 34.0, and 38.5 to 48.8 pct, respectively. The ratio of radiation heat flux is around 14.1 to 51.9 pct in the liquid slag film.     

无氟连铸结晶器保护渣的结晶性能

 结晶器与连铸坯间的保护渣膜直接影响着连铸坯的润滑及传热,而保护渣的结晶性能是影响润滑和传热的重要因素。通过测定保护渣的结晶温度、结晶率和结晶体几何尺寸,研究了碱度和TiO2含量对含钛无氟保护渣结晶性能的影响规律。结果表明：加大碱度和增加TiO2含量都能明显提高保护渣的结晶倾向性。     

Characteristics of Heat Flux Through Slag Film of Mold slag Used for High Al-TRIP Steel Casting

 Due to its high content in the Al-TRIP steel, [Al] reacts with (SiO2) in the mold slag during the casting process, which results in the increase of w(Al2O3)/w(SiO2) ratio and the Al2O3 content, respectively, the characteristic of heat transfer through the slag film is then changed, which effects the smooth operation of the continuous casting process. In this paper, the mold slag simulator was used to study the change tendency of the heat flux density through slag film and the results were discussed, at the same time, the crystals in the 15# slag were characterized by BSE and XRD. The results obtained show that:(i) Heat flux density decreases with the increase of w(Al2O3)/w(SiO2) ratio; (ii) Heat flux density increases with the increase of Li2O and/or B2O3 content in the mold slag which contain 30% Al2O3; (iii) Compared with the heat flux density of common slag of peritectic steel, an appropriated mold slag contain 4% B2O3 and 4% Li2O is designed. The heat flux density is 0.645MW•m-2 when w(Al2O3)/w(SiO2)=1.46. (iv) In the equilibrium state, mold slag used for Al-TRIP steel precipitates CaF2 crystals.     

保护渣对430不锈钢铸坯边部凹陷缺陷的影响

针对太钢430不锈钢铸坯边部凹陷严重的问题,采用Gleeble 3800、高温原位分析仪、黏度分析仪等技术手段,系统研究430铸坯边部凹陷缺陷的产生机理和保护渣性能对边部凹陷的影响规律。研究结果表明,430铸坯边部凹陷缺陷的主要原因与保护渣的控制传热有关。保护渣碱度过小,结晶能力弱,坯壳在结晶器内冷却强度大,凝固收缩带来较大的角部扭动力而产生边部凹陷,此时铸坯边部凹陷主要发生在结晶器内;保护渣碱度过大,结晶能力强,铸坯冷却强度不够,出结晶器的坯壳厚度薄,在钢水静压力的作用下铸坯宽度产生延展效应,导致后续产生较大的凝固收缩而形成边部凹陷,此时铸坯边部凹陷主要发生在二冷阶段。保护渣碱度控制为1.00,保护渣的结晶能力适宜,既避免了结晶器内强冷带来的铸坯凹陷,又保证了出结晶器坯壳足够的厚度和强度,最终使铸坯边部凹陷深度由1.26 mm降低至0.30 mm,显著改变了铸坯表面质量。     

Effect of Titania Absorption into a Mold Flux on the Heat Transfer Between the Mold and the Slab in the Continuous Casting of Titanium-Stabilized Stainless Steel

The heat transfer behavior between mold and slab changes when titania is absorbed into the mold flux during the continuous casting of titanium-stabilized stainless steel. The trend and the extent of this effect were investigated in the laboratory. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of titania on heat transfer, the effect of titania on the crystallization properties of the mold flux was studied. The results showed that with an increasing titania content of mold fluxes, the heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux of the slag film increases, whereas the heat transfer resistance decreases; the effect is that the growth and crystallization temperature of the cuspidine crystallites in the slag are suppressed by the absorption of titania.     

Study of the Effects of the Mold Surface and Solid Mold Flux Crystallization on Radiative Heat Transfer Rates in Continuous Casting

Radiative heat transfer plays a crucial role in the meniscus area of a steel continuous casting machine. However, the study of radiation across the mold flux and copper molds is very difficult due to the harsh environment and highly transient nature of the phenomena in continuous casting molds. By using an infrared radiation emitter, a radiative heat flux was able to be applied to a copper mold with different top surfaces to observe their effects on the radiative heat transfer. The mold surface was covered with solid slag disk subjected to the radiative heat flux to simulate the radiative heat transfer phenomena in continuous casting. The solid slag disk could either be glass or a mixture of glass and precipitated crystals. The effect of full crystallization of a slag disk was to reduce the heat transfer rate by 20.5%, as compared with a completely glassy sample.     

Improvement of Castability and Surface Quality of Continuously Cast TWIP Slabs by Molten Mold Flux Feeding Technology

An innovative continuous casting process named POCAST (POSCO’s advanced CASting Technology) was developed based on molten mold flux feeding technology to improve both the productivity and the surface quality of cast slabs. In this process, molten mold flux is fed into the casting mold to enhance the thermal insulation of the meniscus and, hence, the lubrication between the solidifying steel shell and the copper mold. Enhancement of both the castability and the surface quality of high-aluminum advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) slabs is one of the most important advantages when the new process has been applied into the commercial continuous casting process. A trial cast of TWIP steel has been carried out using a 10-ton scale pilot caster and 100-ton scale and 250-ton scale commercial casters. The amount of mold flux consumption was more than 0.2 kg/m² in the new process, which is much larger than that in the conventional powder casting. Trial TWIP castings at both the pilot and the plant caster showed stable mold performances such as mold heat transfer. Also, cast slabs showed periodic/sound oscillation marks and little defects. The successful casting of TWIP steel has been attributed to the following characteristics of POCAST: dilution of the reactant by increasing the slag pool depth, enlargement of channel for slag film infiltration at meniscus by elimination of the slag bear, and decrease of apparent viscosity of the mold slag at meniscus by increasing the slag temperature.     

结晶器无氟保护渣渣膜的传热性和矿物结构

 结晶器和铸坯间的渣膜直接影响铸坯的润滑和传热,由于无氟保护渣特性不同于传统含氟渣,其传热特性以及它在结晶器内的热行为是研发的关键。因此,对结晶器无氟保护渣渣膜的传热和矿物结构进行了研究。研究结果表明：添加适当的Li2O、TiO2和Fe2O3,可使渣具有较好的流动性和较低的熔化温度,使渣膜的硅灰石相区缩小,黄长石相区扩大,从而减低渣膜的传热系数。     

Al2O3对超高碱度连铸保护渣理化性能的影响

Al₂O₃是一种两性氧化物,在高碱度条件下呈现酸性氧化物特征,而在低碱度条件下表现出碱性氧化物的行为,是冶金熔渣中常见的一种组元.以超高碱度保护渣(综合碱度R=1.75)为研究对象,分析了Al₂O₃对保护渣流动特性、熔化特性和凝固特性的影响规律.研究结果显示:渣中Al₂O₃质量分数每增加1%,熔化温度上升5℃左右,转折温度下降12℃左右,开始结晶温度平均下降11℃左右.平均结晶速率随渣中Al₂O₃质量分数的增加而减小.且随着Al₂O₃质量分数的增加,保护渣结晶矿相中晶体比例逐渐降低,但晶体保持枪晶石的种类不变.