场活化烧结中场特点、影响和作用

场活化烧结技术是一种在电场、应力场和温度场作用下实现快速致密化的粉末活化烧结技术.场活化烧结的特殊致密化过程和活化机理,源自于其特有的电场、应力场以及温度场作用.本文就各种场在场活化烧结过程中的特点、作用和影响的研究进展进行介绍.对于各种场在场活化烧结中的特点、作用和影响的认识,仍存在较多问题和分歧.各场间交互作用显著.从多场耦合的角度研究场活化烧结过程,有助于更准确、全面掌握各种场的特点、作用和影响,深入揭示场活化烧结的特殊致密化过程和活化机理.通过外加磁场提高场活化烧结的均匀性,进一步赋予材料特殊性能,具有良好的研究开发前景.     

放电等离子烧结温度对W-9.8Ni-4.2Fe合金摩擦磨损特性的影响

本文研究了放电等离子烧结温度对W-9.8Ni-4.2Fe合金摩擦磨损特性的影响。结果表明:在脉冲电流峰值、基值、频率和初始加载平均电流分别为3000A、360A、50Hz和1200A的条件下,保温6min时,随着烧结温度的升高,烧结试样的摩擦系数与磨损量逐渐降低,材料的耐磨性能越来越好。分析磨痕形貌可知,低温烧结钨合金的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损,随着烧结温度的升高,磨损机制逐渐变为粘着磨损。     

电流烧结制备W-4Ni-2Co-1Fe合金

对W-4Ni-2Co-1Fe高能球磨粉末,分别采用脉冲电流烧结 恒流电流烧结和恒流电流烧结两种工艺进行制备,研究电流烧结工艺对W-4Ni-2Co-1Fe合金性能的影响.结果表明:在脉冲电流基值、峰值、频率和占空比分别为360 A、3 000 A、50 Hz和50%,以及恒流电流为1.5 kA、总烧结时间为6 min、烧结压力为30 MPa的条件下,采用2min脉冲 4min恒流电流烧结工艺,合金的密度、硬度和抗弯强度分别达到最大值16.79g/cm3、HRA84和484 MPa;与此烧结工艺相比,采用单一的恒流电流烧结时,通过增大恒流强度可进一步提高烧结密度,但同时合金的硬度和横向断裂强度均相对降低.     

WC-6Co-1.5Al合金高能球磨-电场活化烧结工艺的研究

采用高能球磨-电场活化烧结工艺制备了WC-6Co-1.5Al超细晶硬质合金块体,并对球磨粉末特性,以及合金的微观组织进行了分析测试。研究结果表明,WC-6Co-1.5Al复合粉末的球磨过程是一个晶粒逐渐细化、晶格畸变逐渐增加、粉末体系能量逐渐增大的过程;利用电场活化烧结技术能在电流为1 560 A,压力为30 MPa,烧结时间为6 min的情况下获得较为致密的硬质合金块体;合金中WC晶粒分布均匀,且没有出现异常长大现象。     

中厚板控冷过程热 应力 组织耦合模拟分析

利用有限元模拟技术,建立了钢板冷却过程的热、力和组织耦合的有限元模型,计算了在控冷输出辊道上3种不同冷却模式下的温度场、应力场和组织场。分析表明,采用稀疏冷却方式能提高厚度方向上的冷却均匀性;上下表面冷却均匀有利于减小钢板的翘曲;采用不同冷却路径可获得不同的组织和性能。其分析可为中厚钢板控冷获得理想的板形、组织和性能提供理论依据。     

电场活化烧结制备Cu-10Cr-0.5Al_2O_3复合材料

对Cu-10Cr-0.5Al2O3(质量分数,%)混合粉末及球磨复合粉末,采用电场活化烧结技术制备高强高导电铜基块体材料,并研究脉冲峰值电流和通电烧结时间对烧结材料组织和性能的影响。结果表明,随着脉冲峰值电流增大,烧结材料的相对密度和导电率均提高,相对密度最高可达99%,硬度和抗弯强度则先上升后下降。当脉冲电流峰值为2.94 kA时,烧结材料具有较好的综合性能,相对密度、硬度、抗弯强度和电导率分别为97.5%、285HV、911MPa和50IACS%;随着通电烧结时间延长,烧结材料的密度、硬度、抗弯强度和导电率均逐渐上升,但烧结时间过长会引起硬度轻微下降;对Cu-10Cr-0.5Al2O3混合粉末进行球磨虽导致烧结材料的电导率下降,但可显著提高材料的硬度和抗弯强度。     

电磁场对旋转铝液阴极法制备铝镁中间合金作用行为的研究

以MgO为电解原料,在Na_3PO_3-MgF_2体系中采用旋转铝液阴极法制备铝镁中间合金。采用熔盐电解监控仪和Teslameter测量电解过程中的反电动势、电流强度及磁场强度等工艺参数,并利用SEM及XRD技术分析了合金产物的微观结构,探讨了旋转铝液阴极合金化过程中反电动势、电流效率及合金中镁浓度的变化规律。结果表明,旋转铝液阴极化过程可有效降低反电动势,并提高电流效率及合金中镁的质量浓度。在950℃、电流5 A、外加40 mT磁场的条件下,电解3 h可制取镁含量24.5%的铝镁合金,电流效率可达83%。所得合金样品组织致密,各元素在合金中的分布较均匀,合金物相主要为Al_(12)Mg_(17)。     

微粒在力场中的受力分析及细粒物质的分选与分级

分析了微细的固态粒子在力场中（电场、磁场和重力场）的受力行为，从理论上阐述了电场，磁场与电晕场的结合对有粒度差异的氧化物微粉有明显的分级作用：不均匀电场对有介电特性差异的微粒混合物有分选作用；平板梯度电场对有电性差异的微粉混合物有分选作用。用计算机模拟了微粉在力场中的受力行为，结果显示，能利用外加力场的技术，对细粒矿物和工业氧化物产品进行分选或分级。     

半固态法制备A390高硅铝合金干摩擦磨损性能研究

采用传统铸造技术和半固态过流冷却技术分别制备了A390铝合金铸棒。在MVF-1A摩擦磨损试验机上研究了显微组织、外加载荷和温度对A390铝合金干滑动摩擦磨损性能的影响,对磨环材料为45^#钢。采用SEM对A390铝合金磨损面形貌进行了分析。结果表明：相同载荷和温度下,经半固态处理的A390铝合金材料耐磨性能更优异。随着外加载荷的增加,A390的摩擦系数和磨损率呈现先降低和增加的趋势;载荷为80 N时,A390的摩擦系数最稳定,磨损率最小。A390的摩擦系数和磨损率对温度变化较敏感,在100℃以下,磨损率变化较小,以磨粒磨损机制为主;当温度超过100℃时,摩擦系数波动明显,磨损面塑性变形严重,此时同时发生磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。     

500kA铝电解槽物理场优化研究

介绍了500kA电解槽物理场优化研究开发,包括电场和磁场、流动场、热场、应力场的平衡设计,500kA电解槽基本参数、生产技术条件及主要生产技术指标情况。     

钛质量分数对LF2合金微观组织与性能的影响

 采用热力学计算软件对LF2合金中的析出相进行计算,采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、微细相分析以及拉伸试验,对不同钛质量分数的LF2合金的微观组织和力学性能进行了研究,结果表明：LF2合金中γ′相以近球形在晶内弥散析出,尺寸约为20 nm,Laves相在晶界以纤维状和块状析出;随钛质量分数增加,γ′相数量增加,钛质量分数增加了0.92%,γ′相的质量分数是原来的1.35倍;Laves相数量增多,由纤维状变为短棒状。随钛质量分数增加,LF2强度增加,γ′相强化效果相对减弱,但γ′相仍然是最主要的强化相。     

Microstructure and Properties of Fe-Cr-C Hardfacing Alloys Reinforced with TiC-NbC

The hypereutectic Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys with different contents of TiB2 and Nb were prepared by selfshielded flux cored arc welding.The microstructure of a series of hypereutectic Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys added with various TiB2 and Nb contents was investigated by using optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).In addition,their Rockwell hardness,microhardness and resistance to abrasive wear were tested.The results showed that the microstructure of a series of hypereutectic Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys consisted mainly of martensite,austenite,primary M7C3 carbides and eutectic M7C3 carbides.With the addition of TiB2,a new hard-phase TiC was produced in the hardfacing alloys.And in the alloys added with TiB2 and Nb,a new hard composite phase TiC-NbC was formed.The microhardness of the matrix was improved by adding TiB2 and Nb,but the effect on the Rockwell hardness of Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys was insignificant.The addition of TiB2 and Nb can also decrease the size of the primary M7C3 carbides and make the primary M7C3 homogeneous.As a result,the reinforced matrix,the more homogeneous primary M7C3 carbides,and the new hard-phase TiC-NbC all improved the wear resistance of Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys.     

Effect of erbium on properties and microstructure of Al-Si eutectic alloy

Eutectic Al-12.6 wt.%Si alloys with various contents of the rare earth dement Er were prepared by the conventional casting technique.The effect of Er on the microstructure and properties of the eutectic Al-Si alloys was investigated using optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy as well as the friction and wear tests.It was found that the addition of Er obviously improved the anti-wear properties,and reduced the friction coefficient of the alloys.The appropriate addition of Er would change the size and shape of the eutectic silicon,and thereby refine the microstructure of the Al-Si alloys.The refinement mechanism was also discussed.     

Alloy phase analysis from measurements of bulk magnetic properties

Measurements of bulk magnetic properties were investigated to evaluate whether they can be used to reveal the microstructure and phase stability of alloys. Specifically, phase transformations in aluminum-copper alloys were followed with magnetic susceptibility measurements. The results suggest that bulk magnetic measurements can be used to predict microstructure and, thus, properties of alloys. The ability to characterize alloy properties and phase stability through correlation with electromagnetic measurements may allow significant improvements in the nondestructive evaluation of advanced alloy properties and the prediction of service life.     

Y2O3含量对钼合金组织和性能的影响

采用粉末冶金方法制备含Y2O3的稀土钼合金,利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、能谱分析(EDS)等手段对钼合金的断裂特征和组织结构进行对比分析,研究稀土氧化物Y2O3含量对钼合金组织和性能的影响.研究表明:添加Y2O3能细化晶粒、改善钼合金的晶粒均匀性和致密度、提高钼合金的性能:拉伸强度和屈服强度随Y2O3含量的增加呈现先增高后降低的趋势,在Y2O3含量为1％时,抗拉强度达511.43MPa,屈服强度456.99MPa,分别是纯钼材料的1.31倍和1.57倍,综合力学性能最佳;在烧结坯中,Y2O3颗粒分布均匀,主要以球形和等轴状形式存在于晶界上.     

The mechanism of formation of a fine duplex microstructure in Ti-48Al-2Mn-2Nb alloys

The mechanism of formation of the fine duplex microstructure resulting from the α → γ transformation in water-quenched Ti-48Al-2Mn-2Nb alloys was studied using transmission and analytical electron microscopy. As-cast Ti-48Al-2Mn-2Nb alloys were heat treated in the α phase field and water quenched to room temperature. The resulting microstructure (referred to as a fine duplex microstructure) consisted of equiaxed grains and abutting lath colonies. Both the colonies and the grains were composed of the γ phase, twinned γ laths, and α₂ laths. It was found that the transformation from α to γ in the fine duplex microstructure took place through long range diffusional processes, and compctitive growth between the equiaxed and lath morphology occurred. Nucleation of they phase from the α matrix can occur through nucleation on stacking faults, followed by growth through the sympathetic nucleation and growth of new γ laths on a substrate lath. The observed misorientations and the interfacial structures between the laths were found to be consistent with such a mechanism. Compctition between such nucleation and growth mechanisms for the equiaxed and lath morphologies of γ leads to the formation of lath colonies (of γ and α₂) interspersed with equiaxed grains in these alloys. Formerly Visiting Scientist, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory This article is based on a presentation made during TMS/ASM Materials Week in the symposium entitled “Atomistic Mechanisms of Nucleation and Growth in Solids,” organized in honor of H.I. Aaronson’s 70th Anniversary and given October 3–5, 1994, in Rosemont, Illinois.     

Compressive strength and creep properties of Ir-Nb-Zr alloys between 1473 and 2073 K

The microstructure and strength at 1473 and 2073 K and creep properties at 2073 K were investigated in three Ir-Nb-Zr alloys with the fcc and L1₂ two-phase structure. The microstructure and lattice misfit were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Compression and creep tests were performed, and their deformation structures were observed using SEM and TEM. At 1473 K, the strength of the Ir-Nb-Zr alloys was higher than that of the binary Ir-Nb and Ir-Zr alloys, but they were almost equivalent at 2073 K. However, the ternary alloys showed great improvement on creep at 2073 K. The time for the 2 pct creep strain of the Ir-Nb-Zr alloy was about 100 hours, while it was 1 hour for the binary alloys. The deformation mechanisms for compressive strength and creep resistance in these Ir-Nb-Zr alloys are discussed in terms of the deformation structure. This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium entitled “Fundamentals of Structural Intermetallics,” presented at the 2002 TMS Annual Meeting, February 21–27, 2002, in Seattle, Washington, under the auspices of the ASM and TMS Joint Committee on Mechanical Behavior of Materials.     

Al-4.9Zn-1.6Mg-0.4Mn-0.1Zr-xEr合金时效行为研究

采用金相(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)及能谱分析(EDS)、硬度测试的方法研究了单级与双级时效热处理制度对Al-4.9Zn-1.6Mg-0.4Mn-0.1Zr-xEr合金板材硬度和显微组织的影响.结果表明,添加Er元素后合金中形成了纳米级的A13(Zr,Er)相,可以强烈地钉扎位错,细化再结晶晶粒.无论单级时效还是双级时效,Er元素的添加均可以提高合金的硬度,加快合金的时效硬化速率,使合金达到硬度峰值的时间缩短,但Er含量对提高合金硬度的影响不大.同时,晶界处出现的第二相颗粒析出带得到消除,合金中存在明显的沉淀无析出带.此外,Er元素可以促进Zn,Mg元素的固溶,而析出的A13(Zr,Er)颗粒又可以促进MgZn2相的析出.     

固相烧结低钨含量W-Ni-Fe合金的微观结构与力学性能

采用固相烧结工艺(1 300℃保温1 h)制备低钨含量(质量分数为60%~80%)的W-Ni-Fe合金,测定合金的抗拉强度、抗压强度和伸长率,利用金相显微镜观察合金的显微组织,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察合金断口形貌,研究钨含量对固相烧结W-Ni-Fe合金力学性能与微观结构的影响。结果表明:随钨含量降低,合金的孔隙率和平均孔径减小,抗拉强度增大,伸长率显著提高,抗压强度变化不大。W含量为60%~80%的W-Ni-Fe合金,其孔隙率为17.8%~21.4%,抗拉强度为231~262 MPa,抗压强度2 450~2 550 MPa,伸长率为0.3%~2.3%,压拉比为9.45~11.04,都能满足易碎型穿甲弹弹芯材料的性能要求。     

稀土元素Y对粉末冶金2A12铝合金组织和力学性能的影响

在铝合金粉末中添加质量分数为0、0.2%、0.4%及0.6%的稀土元素Y, 利用粉末冶金法制备2A12铝合金。通过金相组织观察、X射线衍射分析、扫描电子显微形貌表征、能谱分析及力学性能测试等手段, 研究了稀土元素Y对粉末冶金2A12铝合金组织和性能的影响, 总结了Y在铝合金中的分布特征。结果表明, 当稀土元素Y的质量分数为0.2%时, 2A12铝合金抗拉强度最高, 塑性最好; 添加Y可以抑制铝合金晶粒在烧结过程中的长大; 稀土元素Y主要以YAl相、Cu₂Y相和YAl₂相的形式分布在基体晶界处, 少量Y固溶在铝基体中。