High temperature deformation of a commercial aluminum alloy

A study of high temperature deformation of a commercial aluminum alloy has been undertaken through tensile tests at strain rates ranging from 5.6 × 10_-5 s_-1 to 5.6 × 10_-2 s_-1 and load relaxation testing in the temperature range 473 to 873 K. Experiments have established that maximum ductility is reached at about 623 K and at maximum strain rates. Maximum fracture ductility corresponds to minimum uniform elongation. The deformation and fracture mechanisms operating in the temperature range 473 to 573 K seem to differ from those between 623 K and 823 K; different strain rate sensitivities are also observed. Dynamic recovery is the dominant softening mechanism in high temperature plastic deformation—that is, a thermally activated process whose kinetics can be suitably described by an empirical power relation.     

BT25钛合金高温变形行为

对BT25钛合金在温度为950~1 100 ℃,应变速率为0.001~10 s-1条件下的高温变形行为进行了研究,分析了热力学参数对流变应力和微观组织的影响,并以Arrhenius方程为基础,构建了本构方程,最后进行了验证.结果表明:BT25合金在相同温度和应变速率下变形,变形量越大,动态再结晶越充分并细化了晶粒.相同变形量,变形温度越低,应变速率越高,动态再结晶晶粒尺寸越细小;流变应力随应变速率的增加而增加,随变形温度的升高而减小;BT25合金在α+β两相区（950~1 010 ℃）Q=763.51 kJ/mol,β相区（1 040~1 100 ℃）Q=231.36 kJ/mol.      

5A01铝合金高温压缩流变行为

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机高温压缩试验,研究5A01铝合金在应变速牢为0.01～1s-1、变形温度为350～450℃条件下的流变行为,并利用光学显微镜分析合金在不同压缩条件下的组织形貌特征.结果表明:应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈影响合金流变应力的大小,流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大.采用双曲正弦形式ARRHENIUS的关系来描述5A01铝合金高温压缩变形时的流变应力行为,获得的材料常数A、α、n和Q分别为0.068 31 s-1、0.009 4 MPa-1、2.708 9和161.14 kJ/mol:在应变速率为0.01 s-1及变形温度低于400℃条件下变形时,5A01铝合金组织为纤维组织,而当变形温度升高到450℃时,再结晶程度很高,出现大量等轴晶.     

Some observations on cyclic deformation structures in the high-strength commercial aluminum alloy AA 7150

Load-controlled fatigue testing of the aluminum alloy AA 7150 has been conducted using four-point bending with an R ratio of +0.1 over a range of maximum stress levels from 60 to 120 pct of the 0.2 pct proof stress. The alloy, in the form of 12.5-mm rolled plate, was investigated in underaged (UA), peak-aged (PA), and overaged (OA) conditions, corresponding to a change in average precipitate sizes from 5 nm in the UA condition to 21 nm in the OA condition. Three orientations of the plate were investigated. Orientation and aging condition influenced the degree of surface topographical development but not fatigue life. Detailed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the fatigued surface indicated that deformation in all aging conditions occurred by planar slip. Slip was generally restricted to a single slip system within each grain, and subgrain boundaries offered little resistance to dislocation movement facilitating long slip line lengths (measured up to 310 μm) between adjacent high-angle grain boundaries. Planar slip observed in the OA condition is attributed to shearing of large strengthening precipitates, which is promoted by long slip line lengths. No evidence of surface specific changes in slip character was observed.     

High temperature deformation and fracture mechanisms in a dendritic Ni3Al alloy

The mechanisms that control high temperature deformation and rupture were studied in a Ni₃Al alloy that was thermo-mechanically treated to produce a non-porous dendritic grain structure. Comparisons of data corresponding to the dendritic grain morphology with that for the equiaxed grain structures indicate that the dendritic morphology results in significantly lower creep rates as well as substantially greater times to rupture. Comparison of the data with numerical calculations suggests that this difference in creep strength is due to an inherent resistance to grain boundary sliding by the dendritic grain structure. A constrained cavity growth model was adapted based on microstructural observations to account for cavitation within the dendritic microstructure. The success of the model indicates that rupture time is primarily determined by constrained cavity growth on isolated dendrite boundary segments.     

Cu-Ni-Ti合金高温热变形行为及热加工图

采用MMS-100热力模拟机对Cu-Ni-Ti合金进行了温度为700～850℃、变形速率为0.01～10 s-1的等温压缩试验.研究表明,流变应力随应变程度增加快速上升至极限值后逐渐转变为平缓曲线,随温度增加而降低,随应变速率增加而上升.基于应力与变形速率和应变温度之间的关系,构建了Cu-Ni-Ti合金的本构方程和热加...     

High-pressure,laser-driven deformation of an aluminum alloy

Recent development of a laser-based experimental platform allows loading materials to high pressures in the solid state while controlling both strain rate and peak pressure. The drive utilizes momentum transfer from a plasma generated by the introduction of a strong shock in a reservoir of low-Z material. This study looks at the response of a commercial aluminum alloy (6061-T6) subjected to pressures of 18 and 40 GPa at strain rates of 10⁷/s and 5 × 10⁷/s, respectively. It was found that the depth of the crater formed on the sample surface is a good indicator of the general yield behavior of the material and that a relatively simple strength model prevails under the loading conditions considered here. Metallographic examination of recovered samples showed no evidence of shear-band formation or significant melting due to plasma-surface interactions. Crystal plasticity-based calculations were used to assess the effects of material texture. Lack of shear-band formation during the laser-based drive is rationalized by considering the strain gradient as compared to grain size and texture. This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium “Dynamic Deformation: Constitutive Modeling, Grain Size, and Other Effects: In Honor of Prof. Ronald W. Armstrong,” March 2–6, 2003, at the 2003 TMS/ASM Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, under the auspices of the TMS/ASM Joint Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee.     

7085铝合金的高温压缩流变应力及软化行为

对均匀化炉冷态7085铝合金进行高温压缩实验,研究该合金在变形温度为350~450℃、变形速率为0.001~0.1 s 1和应变量为0~0.6条件下的流变应力及软化行为。结果表明:流变应力在变形初期随着应变的增加而迅速增大,出现峰值后逐渐软化进入稳态流变;随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,峰值流变应力降低。采用包含Zener-Hollomon参数的Arrhenius双曲正弦关系描述合金的流变行为。分析和建立了应变量与本构方程参数(激活能、应力指数和结构因子)的关系,研究发现本构方程参数随应变量的增加而减少。合金的流变行为差异与动态回复再结晶和第二相粒子相关。     

Large self-thermal-plastic deformation in a NiTi shape-memory alloy fiber-actuated aluminum metal-matrix composite

The present work reports macroscopic thermal-mechanical and in-situ neutron diffraction measurements from a NiTi fiber-actuated aluminum-matrix composite and homogeneous aluminum control materials. Test specimens were subjected to an initial room-temperature, 5 pct tensile elongation and a subsequent room-temperature-to-393 K unconstrained (external-stress-free) heating process. During the unconstrained heating process, the composite material exhibited a very large (2.2 pct), nonlinear, apparent thermal contraction, while the homogeneous control sample exhibited the expected linear thermal expansion. The large-deformation, self-thermal-plastic behavior of the composite material was clearly the result of a powerful shape-memory response in the NiTi composite fiber actuators.     

6069铝合金的热变形行为和加工图

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机在温度为300～450℃,应变速率为0.01～10 s?1条件下对6069铝合金进行热压缩实验,研究该合金的热变形行为及热加工特征,建立热变形本构方程和加工图。结果表明,6069铝合金热变形过程中的流变行为可用双曲正弦模型来描述,在实验条件下的平均变形激活能为289.36 kJ/mol。真应变为0.7的加工图表明合金在高温变形时存在2个安全加工区域,即变形温度为300～350℃、应变速率为1～10 s?1的区域和变形温度为380～450℃、应变速率为0.01～0.3 s?1的区域。适合加工的条件是变形温度为350℃,应变速率0.01 s?1。     

高Nb-TiAl合金的高温循环变形机制

在750℃下对近片层Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.1Y合金进行了静拉伸和循环变形,观察和分析变形后试样的微观组织.合金在750℃时的循环应力-应变曲线位于静拉伸应力-应变曲线之上,显示出明显的循环硬化特征;在循环变形过程中呈现先硬化后稳定.透射电镜观察显示,在750℃下循环变形和拉伸的合金试样中均发现有大量的位错钉扎、塞积及缠结存在,而形变孪晶仅在循环变形后的合金试样中存在.合金在750℃下的循环变形中孪生起重要作用.     

Holographic detection of fatigue-induced surface deformation and crack growth in a high-strength aluminum alloy

Changes in optical correlation intensity (I)_c are observed during fatigue cycling of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. TheI _c measurements are made by transmitting light scattered from the specimen surface through a holographic filter containing information about the surface topography at an earlier time. Topographic changes such as slip band development, microcracking, and crack propagation are observed and recordedin situ during fatigue cycling of individual specimens and cause corresponding changes in correlation intensity. A three-stage curve log (I)_c vs number of fatigue cycles is observed for both unnotched and notched specimens. The overall shape of the curve is not affected by the applied stress levels in constant amplitude tests. Thein situ metallographic observations confirm that region A of the correlation intensity curve corresponds to progressive roughening of the specimen surface caused by slip during the early part of the fatigue life, together with a rapid increase in the number of microcracks of the order of a few micrometers in length. Few metallographic changes are observed during region B of the curve, where the correlation intensity remains relatively constant. The accelerating loss of correlation intensity in region C of the curve arises from the elastic and plastic displacements which occur as a crack or cracks grow beyond about 10 μm in length. The metallographic observations also show that for both notched and unnotched specimens, the correlation intensity readings in region C are sensitive to factors such as crack branching, crack-tip plasticity, and changes in crack growth direction as well as to the overall increase in crack length. The total loss of correlation intensity from the beginning of fatigue cycling to the development of a crack about 800 μm in length can be more than eight orders of magnitude at the present sensitivity of our experiments. The optical correlation technique is an extremely sensitive method of detecting remotely, in air, fatigue damage, and the propagation of fatigue cracks from ten to several hundred micrometers in length. The correlation intensity curve provides an indication of developing fatigue damage and impending fatigue failure in individual specimens, and detects the onset of crack propagation with no prior knowledge of the presence or precise location of particular flaws or cracks.     

新型Cr-Co-Mo-Ni合金的高温蠕变损伤

摘要：对500℃/950MPa条件下经845-8 h蠕变断裂的一种新型Cr-Co-Mo-Ni合金的蠕变损伤进行了分析,并且对蠕变孔洞的形成进行了研究。结果表明,蠕变断裂后,基体中呈链状分布的M6C相显著粗化,平均等效直径达到3.0μm,体积分数达到3.85%;马氏体板条上析出大量弥散细小的Laves相,尺寸在10～25nm之间,面积比达20%;蠕变孔洞在密集分布的链状M6C型析出相与基体结合界面上产生,其形成与M6C相的链状聚集和显著粗化有关;并且与高密度Laves相的析出有关;因此,控制链状M6C相的析出、聚集和长大能够提高该新型合金的抗高温蠕变性能。