Volatile compounds captured through purge and trap technique in caja-umbu (Spondias sp.) fruits during maturation

This work identifies the volatile compounds present in the pulp of caja-umbu (Spondias sp.) fruits harvested at two different stages (half-ripe and ripe) of maturation. The volatiles were captured through purge and trap technique. The half-ripe caja-umbu fruit pulp contained 67 components among which the principal compounds, representing an area of 71.7% of chromatogram, were identified as β-caryophyllene (22.2%), 2-methyl butanal (19.3%), 2-hexanol (18.6%), ethyl butyrate (7.6%) and α-caryophyllene (3.9%). However, in the ripe caja-umbu fruit pulp, 70 compounds were detected among which 2-methyl butanal (28.4%), 2-hexanol (15.0%), β-caryophyllene (14.1%), ethyl butyrate (6.1%) and α-caryophyllene (2.4%) were prominent compounds. There were notable quantitative differences in prominent compounds such as β-caryophyllene and 2-hexanol which were quantitatively higher in half-ripe fruits while 2-methyl butanal known to possess characteristic pungent fresh fruit aroma increased with maturation, being relatively higher in its content in ripe fruits.     

Evolution of aroma compounds of murtilla fruits (Ugni molinae Turcz) during storage

BACKGROUND: ‘Murtilla’, ‘mutilla’ or ‘murta’ (Ugni molinae Turcz) is a native Chilean species that produces a small berry fruit with a special aroma, whose volatile compounds have not yet been identified. The fruit may be consumed raw and also as jams, juice, canned products, confections and liquor. RESULTS: At the beginning and end of the storage, 24 volatile compounds were identified in murtilla fruit aroma and the concentration of these compounds in murtilla fruit ranged from 1.2 to 250.5 µg kg^?1 fresh weight. Methyl 2‐methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2‐methyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, ethyl hexanoate, methyl benzoate and ethyl benzoate were the major components, all of which have been reported as potent odors in other aromatic fruits. Based on estimated odor activity value, the most potent compound in the murtilla fruit aroma were ethyl hexanoate and 4‐methoxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐furan‐3‐one. The statistical analysis showed that the storage produced a distinct effect on the same volatile compounds released from the murtilla ecotypes. CONCLUSION: The volatile compounds identified in murtilla fruit aroma, which may be described as fruity, sweet and floral, have been found in other aromatic fruits. Concerning the aroma, the murtilla fruit from ecotype 19‐1 was shown to be the best in cooled storage. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

HS-SPME-GC-MS结合HPLC分析5种食用菌鲜品中的风味成分

挥发性香气成分和非挥发性滋味成分是食用菌品质的重要指标,为探究平菇、香菇、双孢蘑菇、金针菇和杏鲍菇等5种食用菌鲜品中的风味成分,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)等方法对5种食用菌鲜品中的风味物质进行分析,通过相对气味活度值(Relative odor activity value,ROAV)研究了不同组分对整体风味的贡献,并测定了5种食用菌的总游离氨基酸和5'-核苷酸的含量。结果显示:5种食用菌中共鉴定出35种挥发性化合物,包括醛类5种、酮类5种、醇类9种、烷烃类8种、杂环和硫化物6种、酯类1种和含氮化合物1种;其中共有成分8种,分别为苯甲醛、3-辛酮、1-辛烯-3-酮、3-辛醇、2-乙基己醇、5-甲基-2-乙酰基呋喃、2-戊基呋喃和甲氧基苯肟。平菇鲜品中主体挥发性香气成分(ROAV≥1)为1-辛烯-3-酮、1-辛烯-3-醇和3-辛酮;香菇鲜品中主体挥发性香气成分为二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚、1-辛烯-3-酮和甲硫醇;双孢蘑菇和金针菇鲜品中主体挥发性香气成分为1-辛烯-3-酮、3-辛酮和3-辛醇;而杏鲍菇鲜品中的主体挥发性香气成分是1-辛烯-3-酮和1-辛烯-3-醇。5种食用菌中总游离氨基酸含量为2.72~3.65 mg/g,总呈味核苷酸含量为154.40~1013.60 μg/g,不同品种间总游离氨基酸和呈味核苷酸含量差别较大。本研究有助于深入了解食用菌风味特征,对食用菌品种的改良、定向培育及食用菌的加工应用具有指导作用。     

板栗及其膨化制品的挥发性香气成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对生板栗粉、煮板栗和3种膨化板栗制品的挥发性香气成分进行分离鉴定。共鉴定出68种挥发性物质,初步认定吡嗪类物质中的甲基吡嗪、2,3-二甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪、2,6-二甲基吡嗪;呋喃类物质中的2-戊基呋喃、γ-丁内酯、2-糠醇、2,5-二氢-3,5-二甲基-2-呋喃酮和γ-辛内酯及芳香族类物质中的苯甲醛是板栗的特征风味物质。煮制可提升板栗的香气。膨化板栗片的膨化加工方式对其香气成分影响显著,挤压膨化板栗片的香气物质组成和煮板栗比较相似,微波膨化板栗片中易产生具有枯焦气息的2,4-二叔丁基苯酚,油炸膨化板栗片的挥发性成分最复杂,醛类物质较多。     

SPME-GC-MS与SPME-GC-O协同鉴定菇娘果关键香气成分

运用顶空固相微萃取、气相色谱-质谱联用、气相色谱-嗅闻（gas chromatography-olfactometry,GC-O）技术,结合气味活性值（odor active value,OAV）对菇娘果挥发性成分和香气活性成分进行鉴定,综合评价单个挥发性组分对整体香气贡献程度,确定关键香气成分。结果表明,菇娘果中有43 种挥发性组分,其中有10 种主要香气活性物质（OAV＞1）,主要包括4 种醛酮类化合物（正己醛、甲硫基丙醛、反-2-顺-6-壬二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-酮）,其香气分别描述为青草味、薯片味、黄瓜味、蘑菇味;5 种酯类化合物（甲基-2-甲基丙酸酯、丁酸甲酯、2-甲基丁酸甲酯、丁酸甲基乙基酯、癸酸甲酯）,其香气分别描述为花香、果香、苹果香、刺激果香、葡萄酒香;1 种呋喃类化合物（2-戊基呋喃）,其香气描述为焦糖味。GC-O法中,4 名嗅闻人员主要鉴定出“苹果味”2-甲基丁酸甲酯、“薯片味”甲硫基丙醛和“青草味”己醛。通过香气定性和感官定量描述性分析发现,2-甲基丁酸甲酯、甲硫基丙醛和己醛是菇娘果的主要香气成分。     

SDE/GC-MS测定南美白对虾的挥发性香气成分

基于感官品评与仪器分析相结合,优化并采用同时蒸馏萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用（SDE/GC-MS）方法对南美白对虾挥发性香气成分进行了分析,对特征性香气组分进行鉴定,并对其挥发性香气成分指纹图谱进行了初步探讨。GC-MS分析结果表明,同时蒸馏萃取法可以较好地提取南美白对虾的挥发性香气成分,优化后的SDE提取方法为：南美白对虾100 g,料液比1:3,有机溶剂为乙醚30 mL和二氯甲烷30 mL混合,蒸馏时间3 h;GC-MS检测的挥发性香气成分中,含有烃类、醇类、酮类、脂类、萘类类等;烃类含量65%以上,其中二十烷大于15%,烃类化合物赋予对虾清甜气味,但阈值较高;1-戊烯-3-醇、(顺,反)3, 5-辛二烯-2-酮和(反,反)3,3-辛二烯-2-酮以及酯类化合物都具有较低的阈值,赋予对虾良好风味,是南美白对虾中重要的特征性香气成分。     

基于气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术分析不同包装条件对黄瓜风味的影响

为了研究在（13±2）℃下不同包装材料对黄瓜采后风味品质的影响,对厚度为0.03 mm的打孔聚乙烯包装袋、厚度为0.07 mm的打孔聚乙烯包装袋和无包装三种不同处理进行了评价。黄瓜中的挥发性有机化合物（volatile organic compounds,VOCs）通过使用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法（GC-IMS）进行分析,然后进行多变量分析。结果表明,黄瓜样品中共鉴定出60种挥发性物质,大致可分为2种烯类、14种醇类、13种醛类、13种酮类、8种酯类、5种酸类、3种醚类、1种吡嗪类和1种呋喃类。在多变量分析中,实验组之间实现了明显的分离。建议将由P<0.05且VIP得分>1的19种挥发性化合物组成的小组作为区分用不同包装材料处理的黄瓜的潜在标志,这19种挥发性化合物分别为丙酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、3-戊酮、2,3-丁二酮、甲乙酮、甲基异丁酮、2-戊酮、2-己酮、异丁醛、丁醛、戊醛、3-甲基丁醛、1-丙醇、3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇、2-甲基-1-丁醇、异丁醇、1-戊醇、正丁醇和乙酸乙酯。在贮藏过程中,无包装黄瓜主要呈香的醛类减少更加明显,并产生一些酮类、酯类、醚类等挥发性代谢物,表明无包装中黄瓜特有的香气流失严重,而打孔自发气调包装中黄瓜主体呈香的醛类物质下降缓慢,且由于微生物滋生而产生的3-羟基-2-丁酮等物质增加也较少,总的说来,厚度为0.07 mm的打孔聚乙烯,建议作为相对有效的材料来保持黄瓜的味道质量。这些发现有望促进这些包装材料在黄瓜的大规模储存中的开发和应用。     

花生饼粕及花生壳烘烤风味分析

采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对不同花生饼粕和花生壳的烘烤风味进行分析,比较不同原料的烘烤风味强弱,并对鉴定出的挥发性风味成分进行主成分分析,明确不同原料烘烤风味的主要风味物质。结果表明:从不同花生饼粕、花生壳的烘烤风味中共鉴定出119种挥发性物质,包括醛类、酮类、烃类、吡嗪类、呋喃类、吡咯类、吡啶类、胺类和其他共9类化合物。根据不同原料烘烤风味的总峰面积进行风味强度对比,低温饼2的烘烤风味强度最高,花生壳烘烤风味强度最弱。其中,花生饼粕中的主要风味物质为吡嗪类、吡咯类、呋喃类和吡啶类等氮氧杂环化合物,而醛类和呋喃类化合物是花生壳中主要的风味物质。通过主成分分析,2,5-二甲基吡嗪、甲基吡嗪、2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-3-甲基吡嗪和N-甲基吡咯等化合物是烘烤花生饼粕中的主要风味物质,2-戊基呋喃、壬醛、5-甲基呋喃醛、正己醛和癸醛等化合物是烘烤花生壳中的主要风味物质。     

不同品种浓香亚麻籽油的呈香特征解析

目的 选取全国不同产区的28个主栽品种为对象制备浓香亚麻籽油,并对其风味特征进行分类。方法 运用评估适合项目法(rate-all-that-apply method, RATA)建立亚麻籽油感官描述词并进行感官评价,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析浓香亚麻籽油挥发性风味物质,使用正交偏最小二乘法(orthogonal projections to latent structures, OPLS)将关键挥发性风味物质与感官评价结果进行关联。结果 浓香亚麻籽油主要呈现出焦糊味、油脂味、烤香味、海鲜味和香油味,从28种浓香亚麻籽油中共检测出86种挥发性物质,其中48种物质具有香气贡献,关键挥发性风味物质有29种[气味活性值(odor activity value,OAV)>1],不同的香气属性与不同的关键挥发性风味物质具有一定的关联性。结论 基于风味导向可以将28种浓香亚麻籽油大致分为3类,第1类(晋...     

白菜挥发性组分的气相色谱-质谱分析

利用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用分析技术,对‘五月慢’、‘京冠’、‘苏州青’3个白菜品种进行风味物质成分分析,分别检测出42、41种和38种挥发性成分,主要为醛类、酮类、醇类、腈类、酯类、杂环类等化合物。其中2-己烯醛、2,4-庚二烯醛(E,E)、2,4-山梨醛(E,E)、2(5H)-5-乙基-呋喃酮、1-戊烯-3-酮、3-己烯-1-醇、2-戊烯-1-醇、苯丙腈、3-戊腈、苯乙基异硫氰酸酯是白菜的主要风味物质。     

Characterization of different fruit wines made from cacao, cupuassu, gabiroba, jaboticaba and umbu

The main aim of this work was to produce fruit wines from pulp of gabiroba, cacao, umbu, cupuassu and jaboticaba and characterize them using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for determination of minor compounds and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection for major compounds. Ninety-nine compounds (C₆ compounds, alcohols, monoterpenic alcohols, monoterpenic oxides, ethyl esters, acetates, volatile phenols, acids, carbonyl compounds, sulfur compounds and sugars) were identified in fruit wines. The typical composition for each fruit wine was evidenced by principal component analysis and Tukey test. The yeast UFLA CA 1162 was efficient in the fermentation of the fruit pulp used in this work. The identification and quantification of the compounds allowed a good characterization of the fruit wines. With our results, we conclude that the use of tropical fruits in the production of fruit wines is a viable alternative that allows the use of harvest surpluses and other underused fruits, resulting in the introduction of new products into the market.     

模式体系Maillard反应合成热加工肉类(牛肉)风味料的研究

以牛肉酶解物、L 半胱氨酸盐酸盐、DL 丙氨酸、D 木糖、盐酸硫胺素等为模式体系反应制备热加工肉类风味料 ,采用固相微萃取 (SPME) GC MS对反应产物进行分析 ,共分离鉴定出 71种挥发性化合物 ,尤其是分离鉴定出 2 ,5 二甲基 4 羟基 3 (2H) 呋喃酮、2 乙基 4 羟基 5 甲基 3(2H)呋喃酮、甲基吡嗪、2 ,5 二甲基吡嗪、2 ,6 二甲基吡嗪、4,5 二甲基噻唑、2 乙酰基 3 氨基噻吩、3 甲基 2 噻吩羰基醛、甲基 (2 甲基 -3 呋喃基 )二硫醚、反式茴香醚、5 乙烯基 4 甲基噻唑、四氢 3 甲基 1 ,3 二硫醇 (4 ,5 b)呋喃、十六醛等肉香或特征性牛肉风味化合物。     

Volatile Constituents of Jambolan (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Syzygium cumini</Emphasis> L.) Fruits at Three Maturation Stages and Optimization of HS-SPME GC-MS Method Using a Central Composite Design

The volatile compounds of jambolan (Syzygium cumini L.) fruit were determined at three different maturity stages (unripe, half-ripe, and ripe) by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique using five different fibers (Fused silica PDMS/DVB, DVB/CAR/PDMS, PEG, Stable flex PDMS/DVB, and PDMS). The optimal extraction conditions were evaluated using different variables such as adsorption temperature (minimum 25 °C, maximum 55 °C), salt quantity (minimum 0, maximum 30.0%), and extraction time (min 10, max 30 min). The major classes of compounds identified were ester, terpene, alcohol, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid. Ninety volatile compounds with characteristics aroma attributes were identified, and the primary compounds linked with development of characteristics aroma of ripe jambolan fruit pulp were trans-β-ocimene, β-ocimene, caryophyllene, humulene, D-α-pinene, L-β-pinene, β-pinene, D-limonene, α-terpineol, neo-allo-ocimene, 2-hexenal (E), δ-cadinene, 3-hexen-1-ol, (Z) β-linalool, terpinolene, eremophilene, valencene, 1-hexanol, longipinene, γ-terpinene, γ-muurolene, endo-borneol, o-cymene, nonanal, terpinen-4-ol, β-terpineol, α-muurolene, fenchol, α-fenchene, β-thujene, benzaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal, β-cadinene, and decanal.     

14 种侧耳属食用菌干品挥发性香味成分分析

挥发性香味成分是影响食用菌品质的重要指标。为探究不同侧耳属食用菌挥发性香味物质的组成和相对含量,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用方法对14 种侧耳属食用菌干品中的挥发性香味物质进行分析,并通过相对气味活度值（relative odor activity value,ROAV）和共有成分分析研究不同组分对整体风味的贡献。结果显示：14?种侧耳属食用菌干品中共鉴定出41?种挥发性化合物,主要包括醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类、羧酸类和呋喃类等;其中共有成分8?种,分别为正己醛、2-丁基-2-辛烯醛、1-己醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、正辛醇、2-辛烯-1-醇、3-辛酮和1-辛烯-3-酮;此外,醇类化合物在14?种侧耳属食用菌中相对含量远高于其他类化合物。除佛罗里达侧耳PF6中主体挥发性香气成分为1-辛烯-3-酮、1-辛烯-3-醇和正辛醛外,其他13?种侧耳属食用菌中主体挥发性香气成分均为1-辛烯-3-酮和1-辛烯-3-醇。共有香气物质主成分分析显示前3?个主成分方差累计贡献率达到83.627%,主要代表性成分为1-己醇、正己醛、2-丁基-2-辛烯醛、正辛醇、2-辛烯-1-醇、1-辛烯-3-酮和3-辛酮等,它们是影响食用菌风味的关键性香味成分。     

Changes in volatile compounds of palm sap (Arenga pinnata) during the heating process for production of palm sugar

This study was carried out to determine the changes of volatile compounds composition during palm sugar production. The samples were collected at every 30 min interval for 4 h of heating process at 150 °C from a local traditional manufacturer in Kuala Pilah, Malaysia. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after headspace solid phase micro extraction. The results showed that N-heterocyclic chemical class possessed the highest relative percentage area (RPA) 83.69%, followed by O-heterocyclic group with RPA of 14.5%. Main volatile compounds the determined were 5-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta pyrazine and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H) furanone which were responsible for roasty and sweet caramel-like aroma notes, respectively. The pyrazine compounds increase exponentially with heating time but furan derivatives compounds were formed at a later stage, i.e. at 180 min of heating time and above 105 °C.     

金枪鱼油脱臭过程中脂肪酸含量和挥发性风味成分解析

为探讨金枪鱼油脱臭过程中挥发性物质和脂肪酸含量随温度的变化,运用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对加热脱臭鱼油的挥发性成分和脂肪酸含量进行分析。结果表明,鱼油中脂肪酸组成从C14～C22的饱和脂肪酸的含量有所降低,不饱和脂肪酸的含量有所增加。电子鼻能够灵敏地检测到鱼油在加热脱臭过程中气味的变化。利用气相色谱-质谱从原料鱼油、加热150 ℃和200 ℃的脱臭鱼油中分别检出50、38 种和21 种挥发性化合物,包括醇类、醛类、酯类、酮类、烃类、酸类、杂环化合物等。原料鱼油中的辛醛、壬醛、（E）-2-辛烯醛、1-戊烯-3-醇、2-十一烷酮使鱼油具有浓重的腥臭味、土腥味、不愉快脂肪味;150 ℃脱臭鱼油的主要挥发性风味物质是辛醛、壬醛、（E）-2-辛烯醛,其含量有所减少,使得鱼油的腥臭味有所减弱,10-十二碳炔-1-醇、2-丁基-1-辛醇增加了清香、木香和脂肪香;200 ℃脱臭鱼油中辛醛、（E,E）-2,4-庚二烯醛、（E）-2-癸烯醛含量降低,使鱼油呈现较弱的鱼腥味。四氢-2H-吡喃-2-甲醇、2-乙基呋喃、2-戊基呋喃使鱼油呈现一定的油脂气息、青草味、蔬菜香味。     

同时蒸馏萃取和固相微萃取对双孢蘑菇风味物质的提取分析

采用同时蒸馏萃取法和固相微萃取法对双孢蘑菇的挥发性风味物质进行提取,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用分析及鉴定。采用同时蒸馏萃取法鉴定出36种化合物,采用固相微萃取法鉴定出34种风味化合物,2种方法分析出蘑菇的特征风味物质为1-辛烯-3-醇、1-辛烯-3-酮、2-辛烯-1-醇、2,6-二甲基吡嗪、2-戊基呋喃、甲基吡嗪、1-辛醇等,均以1-辛烯-3-醇含量最高。2种提取方式相互补充相互验证。     

基于相对气味活度值法的新疆大盘鸡中主要挥发性风味物质分析

采用固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对新疆大盘鸡中的挥发性风味物质进行萃取和分离鉴定,采用相对气味活度值法确定对新疆大盘鸡香气具有主要贡献作用和修饰作用的香气物质。结果表明：共检测出64 种挥发性风味物质,醇类和醛类物质含量所占比例较高,分别为26.9%、36.4%;柠檬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、壬醛、己醛、β-紫罗兰酮、桉树醇、苯甲醛、D-柠檬烯、芳樟醇、β-月桂烯、辛醛、1-庚醇、庚醛及2-戊基呋喃14 种物质对新疆大盘鸡香气贡献较大;苯乙醇、苯乙醛、正己酸乙烯酯、苯甲醇、(E)-2-辛烯醛、戊醛、乙酸芳樟酯、α-蒎烯、茴香烯、β-罗勒烯、二烯丙基二硫、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、乙酸庚酯、正辛醇、3-辛酮、正己醇、1-壬醇、松油醇及苯乙烯对新疆大盘鸡的香气起修饰作用。     

广式烧鸭不同加工阶段挥发性风味成分研究

为研究不同加工阶段对广式烧鸭风味成分的影响,采用HS-SPME-GC-MS技术对烧鸭的生料段、烤制Ⅰ段、Ⅱ段和Ⅲ段的挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明,广式烧鸭共检测出95种挥发性风味成分,主要为烃类、醇类、醛类、含硫含氮杂环类、酮类、醚类、脂类和酸类。随着烤制的进行,烧鸭的挥发物种类从生料段55种增加至Ⅲ段69种;挥发物含量从生料段的21.51 μg·g-1增加至Ⅲ段的79.75 μg·g-1。对已检出的挥发性成分进行气味活性值分析得出,随着烤制的进行,活性化合物的种类从生料段的16种增加至Ⅲ段的30种,同时烃类、醇类、醛类、酮类、含氮含硫化合物、酯类以及呋喃类化合物的OAV值均呈增加趋势,且在Ⅲ段达最大值,其OAV总值也是生料段的24.48倍。由主成分分析可知,烧鸭的生料段和Ⅰ段的风味较为接近,Ⅱ段和Ⅲ段风味各不相同,其中(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、己醛、戊醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、1-辛烯-3-酮、辛醛、(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇是广式烧鸭Ⅱ段的特征性风味活性组分;1-庚醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、苯甲醛、庚醛、2-甲基吡嗪、1-辛醇、2,3-辛二酮、2-戊基呋喃、对二甲苯是广式烧鸭Ⅲ段的特征性风味活性组分。