Changes in phenolic compounds and colour in pale Sherry wines subjected to fining treatments

 Changes in the concentrations of hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and their esters, monomeric and dimeric derivatives of flavan-3-ol, and flavonols, as well as in the UV-visible absorbances of pale Sherry wines were studied. The wines were subjected to four different fining treatments: casein + bentonite, casein + bentonite + activated charcoal, casein + bentonite + polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP) and casein + bentonite + Riduxhigh. Based on the results, the treatments including activated charcoal and PVPP were the most effective at decreasing the overall concentration phenolic compounds, with no significant difference between them. Likewise, these treatments provided the best results in relation to wine colour in the visible spectral region, and particularly at 420 nm, at which wavelength browning compounds are usually measured. Received: 24 March 1997 / Revised version: 11 June 1997     

Changes in phenolic compounds and colour in pale Sherry wines subjected to fining treatments

 Changes in the concentrations of hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and their esters, monomeric and dimeric derivatives of flavan-3-ol, and flavonols, as well as in the UV-visible absorbances of pale Sherry wines were studied. The wines were subjected to four different fining treatments: casein + bentonite, casein + bentonite + activated charcoal, casein + bentonite + polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP) and casein + bentonite + Riduxhigh. Based on the results, the treatments including activated charcoal and PVPP were the most effective at decreasing the overall concentration phenolic compounds, with no significant difference between them. Likewise, these treatments provided the best results in relation to wine colour in the visible spectral region, and particularly at 420 nm, at which wavelength browning compounds are usually measured. Received: 24 March 1997 / Revised version: 11 June 1997     

应用香气化合物多维统计分析方法建立赤霞珠葡萄酒原产地模型

以烟台、新疆、宁夏与北京四大产区32款赤霞珠葡萄酒作为实验样本,采用搅拌棒吸附萃取(SBSE)与气相色谱-质谱联(GC-MS)、液液微萃取技术(LLME)与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)定量分析了葡萄酒中59种挥发性香气成分。定量数据运用多维统计方法进行分析,通过方差分析(ANOVA)与主成分分析(PCA)选出13种代表性化合物作为葡萄酒产地判别的自变量(4-萜品醇、1-壬醇、2-苯乙醇、乙酸2-苯乙酯、3-甲硫基-1-丙醇、苯甲酸、4-甲基苯酚、α-萜品醇、癸酸、辛酸乙酯、3-辛醇、2-壬醇、棕榈酸乙酯),用这13种物质进行判别分析(DA)并建立了赤霞珠葡萄酒的原产地鉴定模型。该模型对32款不同产区的葡萄酒进行了正确的分类,交叉验证的结果显示,对未知样品归类的准确率到达100%,充分肯定了此模型对赤霞珠葡萄酒原产地鉴别的能力。     

Molecular identification of Brettanomyces bruxellensis strains isolated from red wines and volatile phenol production

The spoilage yeast Brettanomyces/Dekkera can persist throughout the winemaking process and has the potential to produce off-flavours that affect the sensory quality of wine. The main objective of this study was to select different strains of Brettanomyces bruxellensis isolated from red wines and to compare their volatile phenol production. From a collection of 63 strains, eight strains of B. bruxellensis were selected for volatile phenol production after the application of molecular techniques such as ISS–PCR, PCR–DGGE and REA–PFGE. All strains showed three large chromosomes of similar size with PFGE. However, unique restriction profiles of the chromosomes were visible after NotI digestion that clearly distinguished the strains. All strains were capable of producing large quantities of 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol from p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, respectively in synthetic media. However, the diversity among strains for volatile phenol production differed between synthetic media and wine with regard to the maximum production levels of 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol. This study illustrated the diversity of B. bruxellensis strains that occur during winemaking.     

Extraction of phenolic compounds from red grape marc for use as food lipid antioxidants

Grape marc resulting from red winemaking was extracted with a mixture of ethyl acetate and water in order to obtain its phenolic compounds with a view to their use as food lipid antioxidants. Crushed and uncrushed marcs were extracted for 5, 10, 20 and 30 min in order to determine the minimum time required for ensuring maximal extraction of phenols. The results reveal a higher extraction of these compounds by the ethyl acetate acting on crushed marc, so the cost of this last operation can be largely compensated. The antioxidant lipid activity of the phenolic compounds of this extract was determined by using the Rancimat method on refined olive oil, and compared with the induction periods of BHT, BHA, propyl gallate and pure standards of those phenols identified in the above mentioned organic extract. In this test, the phenols of the extract show a lower antioxidant activity than the synthetic food antioxidants, although close to that of BHT, mostly as a result of its catechin content. ©     

不同产区赤霞珠葡萄酒酚类物质特征性分析

目的 探究赤霞珠葡萄酒酚类物质的产区差异性。方法 利用高效液相色谱,分析了新疆天山北麓产区、焉耆盆地产区与山东半岛产区赤霞珠葡萄酒中酚类物质组成与含量,结合多元统计方法进行评价。结果 新疆天山北麓产区、焉耆盆地产区与山东半岛产区赤霞珠葡萄酒的酚类物质含量差异较大,其中新疆两产区的原花青素B1、儿茶素、表儿茶素、对香豆酸、总黄烷醇类、总黄酮醇类、总类黄酮及总酚含量显着高于山东半岛产区(P<0.05),焉耆盆地产区芦丁、槲皮苷、白藜芦醇含量显着高于山东半岛产区(P<0.05)。基于酚类物质的聚类分析结果显示,当欧氏距离超过15时,山东半岛产区样品聚为一类,新疆两个产区葡萄酒样品聚在一起;基于酚类物质的Fisher判别分析能区分山东半岛产区样品,对新疆两个产区个别样品有误判,回代检验与交叉验证合计正确率分别为91.30%和86.96%。结论 新疆天山北麓、焉耆盆地与山东半岛产区赤霞珠葡萄酒酚类物质具有明显的产地差异性。     

Changes in contents of phenolic compounds during maturing of barrique red wines

Concentrations of derivatives of benzoic and cinnamic acids and furaldehyde were studied during maturing of a red wine (a mixture of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot) in barrique barrels (Quercus robur). Samples were taken at three-week intervals over 6 months. The influence of degree of toasting of the wood on the amount of phenolic compounds in barrique wine was also investigated. The samples were pre-separated using a solid-phase extraction on an RP 105 polymeric sorbent and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-DAD detection. Gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, benzoic and ellagic acids and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, 2-furaldehyde, 5-methoxy-2-furaldehyde and 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde were identified in the extracts of natural and toasted wood chips and in the extracts of the wine. Syringaldehyde was identified only in the extracts of the toasted wood chips. Ellagic acid can be regarded as a characteristic compound of barrique wine ageing and its constant level during some periods could become a marker of maturity of barrique wines. Due to the absence of furaldehydes in natural wines, these compounds can be considered as typical components of barrique wines and so they can serve as a marker of authenticity of barrique wines.     

Analysis of phenolic compounds in Spanish red wines by capillary zone electrophoresis

A simple technique for the routine capillary electrophoretic analysis of phenolic compounds in red wines from different Spanish regions, is described. Separation was achieved using a fused-silica capillary column with a borate buffer at pH 9.5, and UV detection at 280 nm. The compounds identified were: (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, syringic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, 3,4 dihydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and the hydroxycinnamic tartaric acid esterscis- andtrans-coumamyl tartaric acid andcis-caffeoyl tartaric acid. Different wines showed very similar electrophoretic profiles, but significant quantitative differences were observed.     

Colour and phenolic compounds in sweet red wines from Merlot and Tempranillo grapes chamber-dried under controlled conditions

Chamber drying under controlled temperature and humidity conditions of the red grape varieties Merlot and Tempranillo grown in Andalusia (Spain), and the fortification and maceration of the musts in the presence of skin from both types of grapes, to obtain sweet red wines, has been studied. Changes in colour and in monomeric and polymeric phenols during the vinification process were examined. Chamber drying increased the sugar content to about 31.4 °Brix within 48 h in Merlot grapes and 72 h in Tempranillo grapes. This drying process also causes skin rupture, facilitating the access of phenolic compounds to the pulp. The resulting musts exhibited slight browning and increased red hues, due to a high concentration of anthocyanins; maceration in the presence of grape skins for 24 h provided the best results. The end-product contained highly acceptable tannin, colour and phenolic compounds for marketing as a high quality sweet red wine, in comparison with other commercial sweet red wines.     

Determination of phenolic compounds in wines: Influence of bottle storage of young red wines on their evolution

Various analytical methods based on the HPLC-DAD technique were used to determine 38 phenolic compounds in red wines. While anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids were determined by direct injection of wine samples, hydroxybenzoic acids, catechins, procyanidins and flavonols required an analytical pretreatment involving liquid–liquid partitioning with ethyl ether followed by solid-phase extraction on C₁₈ mini-columns. The proposed analytical methods were used to establish the phenol composition of Mencía and Brancellao, two varietal young red wines, and its influence on colour stability during storage in bottles for one year. At the end of malolactic fermentation, Mencía wine was found to contain much greater amounts of anthocyan pigments than was Brancellao wine. This resulted in a higher colour density but a weaker hue in Mencía wine than in Brancellao wine. Phenolic compounds evolved similarly in both wines during storage; changes in such compounds involved a decrease in the levels of monomeric anthocyanins, phenolic acids, epicatechin and flavonols, and an increase in those of procyanidins. The absence of a relationship between the changes in colour density and monomeric anthocyanins in both wines suggests that copigmentation and polymerization with other phenolic compounds (viz. phenolic acids, catechins and/or flavonols) prevail over degradation of the pigments.     

磁场对新鲜干红葡萄酒酚类物质影响的研究

为了缩短葡萄酒陈酿时间,使其品质在较短时间内得到改善,本文将磁场处理后的新鲜干红葡萄酒采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其黄烷-3-醇和酚酸两种酚类物质的含量,然后将这两种酚类物质含量的变化与其经自然陈酿后的变化相比较.研究结果表明,随着磁场处理时间的延长,5种黄烷-3-醇和11种酚酸的含量都发生了复杂的变化,且变化趋势基本符合自然陈酿效果.因此,磁场处理对于加速葡萄酒陈酿、提高葡萄酒品质是具有一定效果的.     

Varietal and geographic classification of French red wines in terms of pigments and flavonoid compounds

Thirty-four French red wines originating from six different grape varieties and three different production areas were analysed in duplicate for 15 anthocyanins, ten flavonoids and three colour parameters, F-statistics, principal component analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis were used to identify and to explain differences among samples. Clear difference between wines made from different varieties were mainly related to anthocyanin 3-acylglucosides. Malvidin and peonidin 3-acetylglucosides were found in increasing concentrations in wines made respectively from Grenache, Carignan, Cinsault, Merlot, Carbernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes; the concentrations of peonidin and malvidin 3-p-coumarylglucosides were higher in the Cinsault wines studied. Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines made near Bordeaux had a less intense colour and a higher malvidin 3-glucoside content than wines from the same varieties produced near Narbonne. Wines made from Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes contained more catechin, epicatechin and myricetin when produced in the south than in the north (Narbonne, Bordeaux, Angers). Of the samples analysed, 96%, and all of the nine extra wines, were correctly classified according to the variety of the grapes using four anthocyanins and catechin selected by step wise discriminant analyses.     

利用核磁共振技术和电子舌技术分析2个产区干红葡萄酒代谢产物的差异

利用核磁共振(NMR)技术和电子舌技术并结合多元统计分析方法对河北沙城产区和宁夏贺兰山东麓产区2010年份的梅鹿辄和赤霞珠干红葡萄酒进行检测分析,从而探讨出我国具有代表性的2个葡萄酒产区干红葡萄酒间代谢产物的差异。核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)结合模式识别分析,判别出2个产区2010年份的梅鹿辄和赤霞珠干红葡萄酒之间的代谢产物存在显著的差异性。通过偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)的载荷图可以得到:与河北沙城产区相比,宁夏贺兰山东麓产区的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中缬氨酸、琥珀酸、甘油含量较高,而2,3-丁二醇、脯氨酸、乳酸、乙酸、乙酸乙酯、胆碱、没食子酸的含量较低;梅鹿辄干红葡萄酒中缬氨酸、脯氨酸、琥珀酸、乙酸、甘油含量较高,而乳酸、2,3-丁二醇、胆碱、没食子酸、乙酸乙酯的含量较低。应用电子舌技术对2个产区的葡萄酒样品进行区别辨识,对检测数据进行主成分分析(PCA),所得的得分图对2个不同产区的干红葡萄酒有很好的区分效果。结果表明:2种方法相互验证,得出2个不同产区干红葡萄酒之间的代谢产物有明显的差异。     

Determination of fermentative volatile compounds in aged red wines by near infrared spectroscopy

The purpose of this work was to study the possibility of determination of fermentative volatile compounds in aged red wines using NIR spectroscopy. To achieve this, 240 wines belonging to different geographic zones and elaborated with one or two varieties were analyzed. The volatile compounds were quantified by SBSE-GC–MS. Spectra obtained by NIR were co-related with these values using partial least square (PLS) regression. Calibration and validation statistics showed the quality of the model, after all when is done separately for each of the four geographic zones, and in the case of wines elaborated with two varieties. Consequently, near infrared spectroscopy can be used as an easy and rapid tool to determine fermentative volatile compounds in aged red wines.     

Characterization of wines from grape varieties through multivariate statistical analysis of H NMR spectroscopic data

¹H NMR spectroscopic analysis coupled with multivariate statistical data was used to characterize wines vinified from four grape varieties: Muscat Bailey A (Vitis labrusca), Campbell Early (V. labrusca B.), Kyoho (V. labrusca L.) and Meoru (Vitis coignetiae). Pattern recognition methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), showed clear differentiation between wines made from these grape varieties. Metabolites responsible for the differentiation were identified as 2,3-butanediol, glycerol, malate, citrate, tartrate, succinate, lactate, proline, alanine, choline and trigonelline. The PCA score plot of quantitative analysis of targeted profiling data also showed clear separation between the wines. The highest levels of glycerol, 2,3-butanediol, succinate and alcohol were found in Kyoho wines, suggesting higher sugar content in the Kyoho grape berry compared to other grape varieties. Higher contents of citrate and trigonelline in Muscat Bailey A wines, alanine in Campbell Early wines and proline, malate and choline in Meoru wines demonstrated that the metabolites of the wines vary with the grape variety. This study provides insight into the relationship between grape variety and its wine through global and targeted analysis of ¹H NMR spectral data.     

刺葡萄酒发酵过程中几类多酚成分的含量变化分析

该文以两种湖南刺葡萄品种（米葡萄和甜葡萄）为原料酿造的干红葡萄酒为研究对象,并利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC-MS）技术分析在其酿造过程中酚类物质的含量变化。结果显示,在刺葡萄干红葡萄酒样品中共检测到六大类酚类物质共33种,其中包括7种黄酮醇类物质、5种黄烷-3-醇类物质、3种羟基苯甲酸类物质、3种羟基肉桂酸类物质、7种非酰化花色苷类物质、8种酰化花色苷类物质。在整个酿造过程中,两种刺葡萄酚类物质的变化基本一致,苹乳发酵结束后酚类物质均明显上升。其中米葡萄酒的黄酮醇、黄烷醇含量高于甜葡萄酒,而甜葡萄酒的其他四种酚类物质含量比米葡萄酒高。     

Free and bound volatile compounds as markers of aromatic typicalness of Moravia Dulce, Rojal and Tortosí red wines

Rojal, Moravia Dulce and Tortosí are three red minority grape varieties grown in La Mancha region (Spain). In this work, wines from these grape varieties were elaborated across four harvests (2006-2009). The aroma of wines was studied by instrumental and sensory analysis to determine their typicality and quality. Free and glycosidically-bound aroma compounds were isolated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS analysis of wines identified 75, 78 and 80 free aroma compounds and 59, 62 and 62 bound aroma compounds in Moravia Dulce, Rojal and Tortosí wines, respectively. C₆ and benzenic compounds were the major components of free varietal aroma. Bound aroma fraction was characterised by a larger concentration of benzenic and C₁₃-norisoprenoid compounds, which suggest that these wines possess a great aroma potential.     

天然玫瑰花红色素的提取及稳定性研究

以野生刺玫瑰花为原料，以柠檬酸水溶液提取天然玫瑰花红色素。研究了食品中常见几种食品添加剂对玫瑰花红色素稳定性的影响，及该色素的耐酸性、耐光性、耐热性、耐氧化还原性等。