Review of agglomeration in ferrofluids

Ideally, magnetic colloids have sufficient surfactant and thermal agitation to prevent the agglomeration of the particles. However, agglomeration has been observed in light scattering, light microscope observations, pulsed magnetization measurements, and gravitational settling experiments. Agglomerate sizes have ranged from a chain of a few particles to ellipsoidal clumps of more than 10¹⁰particles. The agglomeration appears to be reversible and strongly dependent upon the applied magnetic field and the particular ferrofluid. Theoretical approaches are based either on equilibrium statistical mechanics (for small agglomerates) or on a) minimizing the energy per particle and b) calculating a critical hydrodynamic shear stress (for large agglomerates under gravitational settling). We review the experiments, the theories, and some areas for future research.     

50-nm fully depleted SOI CMOS technology with HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectric and TiN gate

In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time CMOS thin-film metal gate FDSOI devices using HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectric at the 50-nm physical gate length. Symmetric V/sub T/ is achieved for long-channel nMOS and pMOS devices using midgap TiN single metal gate with undoped channel and high-k dielectric. The devices show excellent performance with a I/sub on/=500 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m and I/sub off/=10 nA//spl mu/m at V/sub DD/=1.2 V for nMOSFET and I/sub on/=212 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m and I/sub off/=44 pA//spl mu/m at V/sub DD/=-1.2 V for pMOSFET, with a CET=30 /spl Aring/ and a gate length of 50 nm. DIBL and SS values as low as 70 mV/V nand 77 mV/dec, respectively, are obtained with a silicon film thickness of 14 nm. Ring oscillators with 15 ps stage delay at V/sub DD/=1.2 V are also realized.     

Unified inversion scheme that uses light scattering for morphological parameters and optical properties of aggregated aerosols

A robust scheme for characterizing chainlike aggregated aerosols by use of nonintrusive light-scattering measurements is presented. This scheme entails the selection of suitable scattering quantities and their optimal measurement angles; the development of an inversion algorithm to yield the complex refractive index of agglomerates m = n + ik, the primary particle diameter d(p), the number of primary particles per agglomerate N(p), the number density of agglomerates n(A), and the volume fraction of agglomerates f(v); and evaluation of the uncertainties of the inferred parameters that correspond to measuring uncertainties. The data-inversion algorithm is based on the exact formulation of light scattering for agglomerates that consist of primary particles in the Rayleigh limit and therefore has solid theoretical foundations. In addition, this approach yields all the desired parameters of the aggregated aerosols by using in situ light-scattering measurements with a minimum of possible uncertainties. Furthermore, the methodology developed here can be extended to aerosols with other types of morphology and optical property.     

Design and fabrication of a novel crystal SiGeC far infrared sensor with wavelength 8-14 micrometer

In this paper, we report the design, fabrication, and performance of a novel crystal SiGeC infrared sensor with wavelength 8-14 /spl mu/m by bulk micromachining technology for portable far infrared ray (FIR) in rehabilitation system application. The working principle of the sensor is based on the change of thermistor's resistance under the irradiation FIR light. The thermistor in the IR detector is made of Si/sub 0.68/Ge/sub 0.31/C/sub 0.01/ thin films for its large activation energy of 0.21 ev and the temperature coefficient (TCR) of -2.74%, respectively. Finite element method package ANSYS has been employed for analyze of the thermal isolation and stress distribution in the IR detector. The dimension of the microbridge fabricated by anisotropic wet etching is 2000 /spl times/ 2000 /spl times/ 25 /spl mu/m/sup 3/. The developed FIR sensor exhibits the thermal conductance of 1.85 /spl times/ 10/sup -1/ WK/sup -1/ and the heat capacity as 7.4 /spl times/ 10/sup -7/ JK/sup -1/ under air ambient at room temperature. The responsivity is 523 VW/sup -1/ in the waveband 8-14 /spl mu/m with nickel absorber under a bias voltage 1.5 V.     

Estimation of agglomerate size of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in fluidized beds

The objective of this study was to determine hydrodynamic characteristics of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) agglomerates and examine their sizes. The bed collapsing process of MWCNTs agglomerates was found to be closer to that of Geldart group C particles than group A particles. Median diameters of MWCNTs agglomerates determined by sedimentation method at initial superficial gas velocity of 0.120 and 0.190 m/s were 157 and 221 μm, respectively. The size of these MWCNTs agglomerates in fluidization state was measured by image analysis using a high speed camera. Median diameters of these MWCNTs agglomerates in freeboard were increased from 138 to 189 μm as superficial gas velocity was increased from 0.088 to 0.190 m/s at static bed height of 0.16 m. Median diameter and size distribution determined by sedimentation method fitted well with those measured using image analysis. Results were reasonable at superficial gas velocity up to 0.190 m/s.     

Microchip flow cytometry using electrokinetic focusing

Flow cytometry of fluorescently labeled and unlabeled latex particles is demonstrated on a microfabricated device. The latex particles were detected and counted using laser light scattering and fluorescence coincidence measurements. Sample confinement was accomplished using electrokinetic focusing at a cross intersection, and detection occurred 50 μm downstream from the intersection. Particles with diameters of 1 and 2 μm were analyzed and distinguished from each other based on their light scattering intensity and fluorescence. A maximum sample throughput of 34 particles/s was achieved. Sample mixtures with varying proportions of fluorescently labeled and unlabeled particles were also analyzed and found to be within experimental error of the expected ratios.     

CO-sensing properties of In/sub 2/O/sub 3/-doped SnO/sub 2/ thick-film sensors: effect of doping concentration and grain size

In/sub 2/O/sub 3/-doped SnO/sub 2/ nanoparticles were prepared using sol-gel technique from 0.1-M solutions of both stannic chloride (SnCl/sub 4/ 5H/sub 2/O) and indium nitrate. The doping concentration was varied from 7.718/spl times/10/sup -5/ to 3.859/spl times/10/sup -4/ moles. The average particle size, as measured from XRD, SEM, and TEM analyses, varies from 34-130 nm as a result of powder calcination at different temperatures ranging from 300/spl deg/C-900/spl deg/C. Thick-film samples with a thickness of /spl sim/15 /spl mu/m, were tested for low concentration (15-1000 ppm) of CO in air ambient. The optimal temperature for CO sensing is found to be 220/spl deg/C-240/spl deg/C. A blue shift in the sensing temperature and increase in sensitivity factor (S/sub f/) is observed with increasing doping concentration of indium oxide. Maximum sensitivity factor of /spl sim/5 is found for the highest doping concentration (3.859/spl times/10/sup -4/ moles) at 1000 ppm of CO concentration. The morphological and elemental studies of the film are carried out using SEM, TEM, XRD, and EDAX techniques. The results are discussed based on elemental analyses and available theories.     

微米级ZnS-Qds@聚硅氧烷核-壳型光扩散杂化微球的制备与应用

在液晶背光模组中通常使用扩散膜来提高光的散射效果,提高光的利用率。光散射粒子是影响光散射材料透光率和雾度的主要因素。有机硅微球由于热稳定性好,尺寸稳定性佳,粒径和折射率可以通过反应调控的特点,作为光扩散粒子应用于光扩散材料具有十分广阔的应用前景。本文通过在溶胶-凝胶法制备的聚硅氧烷微球上面沉淀一层被巯基聚硅氧烷包裹的硫化锌量子点(ZnS-Qds),制得微米级ZnS-Qds@聚硅氧烷核-壳型光扩散杂化微球,并制备了添加不同质量分数的杂化微球的光扩散膜。采用TEM、TEM映射分析、荧光光度计等测试手段对所制备的杂化材料进行了表征,并对用该杂化粒子制备得到的光扩散膜进行了光学性能测试。结果表明,ZnS-Qds@聚硅氧烷光扩散杂化微球具有核壳结构,平均粒径约3.6μm,壳层平均厚度为87.4 nm,平均粒径为2 nm的ZnS-Qds均匀地分散在壳层中。将该粒子添加到丙烯酸树脂中并涂覆在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜上以制成光扩散膜,实验结果表明,当杂化粒子添加量从0wt%增加到20wt%时,光扩散膜的雾度从1.67%提高到91.11%,而光扩散膜的透光率仅从90.10%降低到82.57%。     

The enhancement of Q factor for patterned ground shield inductors at high temperatures

We report on an effective way of using a patterned ground shield (PGS) to enhance the Q factor of on-chip spiral inductors. We fabricated PGS inductors using both 0.18 /spl mu/m and 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS processes, with M1 and poly strip PGSs, respectively. The strip width and spacing of the PGSs are W/sub g/=0.8 /spl mu/m and S/sub g/=0.45 /spl mu/m, with metal thicknesses of t/sub p/={0.54,0.2} /spl mu/m in the 0.18 /spl mu/m process, and t/sub p/={0.6,0.3} /spl mu/m in the 0.35 /spl mu/m process. The separation distance D between PGS and top metal layer is different in both processes. We found that the Q factor degradation of inductors at high temperatures can be effectively compensated by using PGS. Among all geometric parameters of a PGS in the 0.18 /spl mu/m process, the parameter D is the critical factor for the shielding effectiveness, and M1 PGS is much more efficient than poly strip PGS in improving the inductor performance over the temperature range of 298 K to 358 K. However, in the 0.35 /spl mu/m process the latter is better than the former.     

Distance measurement sensor with PIN-photodiode and bridge circuit

The presented integrated optical distance measurement sensor works on the time-of-flight principle. The distance information is obtained from the correlation of received light and the transmitted signal. The PIN-bridge circuit concept ensures suppression of background light by equally charging and discharging the capacitor within one period, while integrating the wanted signal. The advantages of the included PIN-photodiode are high bandwidth f/sub 3 dB/>1.35 GHz together with high responsivity R=0.36 A/W at 660 nm. A single distance measurement is performed in 2 ms. With averaging, an accuracy of better than 1% is achieved for distances up to 3.7 m. Effective pixel size is 250/spl times/200 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ having a fill-factor of /spl sim/16%. The sensor was manufactured in a 0.6-/spl mu/m BiCMOS process.     

Synthetic ferrimagnetic media: effects of thermally assisted writing

Thermally assisted writing on high-coercivity synthetic ferrimagnetic media (SFM) was demonstrated using a conventional spin stand equipped with an optical head for commercial magnetooptical drives. The laser light (/spl lambda/ = 685 nm) was focused through a glass substrate onto a recording layer. The optical spot size was 1.1 /spl mu/m and a commercial magnetic head had a writer width of /spl sim/0.25 /spl mu/m. The recording properties were measured as a function of the writing current (I/sub w/) and the laser power (P/sub w/). For the thermally stable medium with H/sub c/ = 6 kOe, a laser irradiation with an optimum power significantly improved the overwrite performance and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values. The SNR values were improved by optimizing P/sub w/ over a wide writing current range. The improvements with the assist were found in both the signal and the noise. The media with a large dynamic coercivity value or with thick magnetic layers clearly showed the advantages with thermal assist.     

Spin-transfer switching current distribution and reduction in magnetic tunneling junction-based structures

Spin transfer switching current distribution within a cell and switching current reduction were studied at room temperature for magnetic tunnel junction-based structures with resistance area product (RA) ranged from 10 to 30 /spl Omega/-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ and TMR of 15%-30%. These were patterned into current perpendicular to plane configured nanopillars having elliptical cross sections of area /spl sim/0.02 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. The width of the critical current distribution (sigma/average of distribution), measured using 30 ms current pulse, was found to be 3% for cells with thermal factor (KuV/k/sub B/T) of 65. An analytical expression for probability density function p(I/I/sub c0/) was derived considering a thermally activated spin transfer model, which supports the experimental observation that the thermal factor is the most significant parameter in determining the within-cell critical current distribution. Spin-transfer switching current reduction was investigated through enhancing effective spin polarization factor /spl eta//sub eff/ in magnetic tunnel junction-based dual spin filter (DSF) structures. The intrinsic switching current density (J/sub c0/) was estimated by extrapolating experimental data of critical current density (J/sub c/) versus pulse width (/spl tau/), to a pulse width of 1 ns. A reduction in intrinsic switching current density for a dual spin filter (DSF: Ta/PtMn/CoFe/Ru/CoFeB/Al2O3/CoFeB/spacer/CoFe/PtMn/Ta) was observed compared to single magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ: Ta/PtMn/CoFe/Ru/CoFeB/Al2O3/CoFeB/Ta). J/sub c/ at /spl tau/ of 1 ns (/spl sim/J/sub c0/) for the MTJ and DSF samples were 7/spl times/10/sup 6/ and 2.2/spl times/10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/, respectively, for identical free layers. Thus, a significant enhancement of the spin transfer switching efficiency is seen for DSF structure compared to the single MTJ case.     

Manipulation and tracking of superparamagnetic nanoparticles using MRI

The use of magnetic fields in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the tracking and delivery of chemotherapeutics bound to superparamagnetic nanoparticles offers a promising method for the non-invasive treatment of inoperable tumours. Here we demonstrate that superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles fabricated by an easily scalable method can be driven and tracked in real time at high velocities in vitro using MRI hardware. Force balance calculations are consistent with the magnetic properties of individual 10 nm diameter particles that move collectively as micron sized agglomerates with hydrodynamic diameter similar to that inferred from zero-magnetic-field dynamic light scattering measurements.     

Influence of the cohesive behaviour of small particles on the solid-state photolytic degradation of furosemide

The effect of the cohesive behaviour of small particles on the solid-state photochemical degradation of furosemide is reported. Samples of agglomerated and recrystallised separated particles were exposed to direct sunlight for up to 240 hours, and the furosemide content measured with time. The solid-state photolytic degradation of furosemide proceeds from a nucleation period, through a growth period and eventual deceleration of the reaction. The kinetic process was best described by a power law dependence of the fraction degraded on time for the nucleation period and first order kinetics with asymptote, Prout-Tompkins equation, for the growth of the nuclei. The first order rate constants for the degradation of the agglomerated and the separated particles were 1.20 × 10^-2 hour^-1 and 1.48 × 10^-2 hour^-1 respectively for the nucleation period and 2.85 × 10² hour^-1 and 2.45 × 10^-2 hour^-1 for the growth period. Although the mean particle size of the particles which made up the agglomerates was significantly smaller (2.5 μm) than the separated particles (22 μm), the separated particles degraded more than the agglomerates. The maximum, infinite, fraction degraded ($aL∞,) was 0.450 for the agglomerates and 0.660 for the separated particles. It seemed as though nucleation depended on the surface area exposed to irradiation. Agglomeration decreased the surface area available and therefore nucleation was less. Degradation during the growth period appeared to occur inside the particles and was limited by the extent of nucleation.     

Effect of calcination on the microstructures of titania nanoparticles prepared in W/O microemulsions

Monodispersed titania nanoparticles were prepared from reacting TiOCl₂ with NH₄OH in water/Triton X-100/n-hexanol/cyclohexane microemulsions. The effect of calcination on the microstructures of the particles was investigated. The particles synthesized were amorphous, transformed into the anatase phase at 300°C, and further into the rutile phase at 850°C. The crystallite size of the particles was 9.7 to 35.6 nm in the temperature range between 300 and 900°C. Secondary particles, agglomerates of finer primary particles, were about 20 nm in size at 200°C and increased markedly by a factor of 10 to 20 at 900°C due to a significant interagglomerate densification. With increasing calcination temperature from 300 to 900°C, the specific surface area of the particles decreased rapidly from 317.5 to 8.4 m²/g, whereas the average pore radius increased considerably from 2.9 to 31.8 nm as the result of shrinkage of the agglomerates, destruction of the minute intercrystallite pores, and interagglomerate densification.     

Development of an algorithm for the calculation of the scattering properties of agglomerates

A new, improved, and more efficient algorithm for calculation of the scattering, extinction, and absorption characteristics of agglomerates consisting of Rayleigh-size primary particles is presented. The computer code is based on a new formulation of the light scattering for such agglomerates and is more than 10 times faster than the codes based on previous formulations. The computational times required by the old and the new algorithms, run on VAX 7000, IBM 3090, and UNIX RS6000 mainframe computers, are compared for different agglomerate configurations, such as straight chains, clusters, and randomly branched chains. A distributed-parallel-computing scheme was used to run the new algorithm on four UNIX RS6000 processors concurrently, resulting in computational times 47 times faster than required for the calculations. Furthermore, the robustness and convenience of the algorithm are assessed.     

光散射法颗粒物监测仪粒径识别检测装置的搭建及方法研究

设计并搭建了粒径识别法光散射粉尘仪检测装置,以柴田LD-5型光散射粉尘仪作为参考粉尘仪(TSP),采用不同粒径(0.6,2.0,2.3,2.5,2.7,3.0,3.2,3.4,3.7 μm)的单分散聚苯乙烯小球对某台具有粒径识别功能的PM2.5传感器的粒径识别误差进行检测.如果传感器粒径识别功能是准确的,当粒径＞2.5...     

Plasma spraying of nanostructured partially yttria stabilized zirconia powders

Nanosized partially yttria stabilized zirconia particles, prepared using a co-precipitation method, were reprocessed into agglomerate powders using two methods for plasma spraying. The first method was to make micrometer-sized agglomerates directly following the grinding of the calcined yttria–zirconia agglomerates. The second method was to reconstitute the nanosized particles into micrometer agglomerates using spray drying. The deposition efficiency, porosity, microhardness and average grain size of the deposits made from these two reprocessed powders were studied. Distinct results related to the process parameters were obtained for the two types of powders. The second type of powder was more suitable for plasma spraying than the first one. Using the second type of powder, some unique results distinguished from those of the conventional partially yttria stabilized zirconia powders were observed and an optimized coating with a porosity of 3.8%, Hv_0.3 of 953 and mainly consisting of 1–3 μm columnar grains in the columnar direction and smaller than 100 nm in their cross-sections was achieved.     

Reciprocity theorem for the calculation of average scattering properties of agglomerated particles

The reciprocity theorem in light scattering is a general theorem that is verified theoretically and experimentally. However, violation of the reciprocity theorem has been encountered in previous investigations for simulation of light scattering from agglomerates. We demonstrate that the violations of the reciprocity theorem are due to inappropriate orientation averaging or the incorrect formulation of light-scattering quantities. In situ optical diagnostics of aggregated aerosols requires the calculation of the orientation averages of scattering quantities. Thus it is imperative to establish a criterion that can be used to determine a sufficient number of orientations for the reliable calculation of averages for the scattering quantities. It is demonstrated that the reciprocity theorem may serve as such a criterion for typical sizes of agglomerates such as flame soot with fractal dimensions D(f) = 1.8, primary particle size parameter x 相似文献   

Influence of spinel substrate and over-layer for enhanced SAW and AO properties with KNbO3 thin film

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) propagation characteristics have been studied using modeling calculations for a potassium niobate (KNbO/sub 3/) thin film-layered structure with [001] and [110] orientation on a single crystal spinel (MgAl/sub 2/O/sub 4/) substrate, and a spinel buffer layer on silicon. Variation in the electromechanical coupling and acoustic attenuation has been compared. A significantly high value of coupling factor (k/sub max//sup 2/=23%) is obtained for the [001]KNbO/sub 3//spinel structure by introducing an optimum thickness of spinel over-layer for potential wide bandwidth SAW device applications. The dispersion characteristics with the [110] KNbO/sub 3/ orientation indicate an initial peak in the coupling coefficient value (k/sub max//sup 2/=8.8%) at a relatively low KNbO/sub 3/ film thickness that appears attractive for fabricating devices with thinner films. The KNbO/sub 3/ film with [001] orientation is found attractive for efficient acousto-optic (AO) device application with the formation of a symmetric waveguide structure (spinel(0.5 /spl mu/m)/KNbO/sub 3/(1.0 /spl mu/m)/spinel). A high value of k/sup 2/=23.5% with 50% diffraction efficiency has been obtained for the spinel(0.5 /spl mu/m)/KNbO/sub 3/(1.0 /spl mu/m)/spinel structure at 1 GHz SAW frequency and 633 nm optical wavelength at a very low input drive power of 15.4 mW.