基于水力层析法的渗漏通道反演研究

渗漏通道反演研究对探测堤坝渗漏起着非常重要的作用。通过数值抽水试验,运用水力层析法对含水层渗漏通道进行了反演研究。建立了一个二维垂直饱和渗漏含水层,含水层大小为18 m×18 m,渗漏含水层布设3口斜井。通过非稳定流抽水试验,在监测点监测不同时刻的水头响应数据,运用连续线性估计方法(SSLE)对含水层储水系数进行反演,结果表明:通过非稳定流抽水试验刻画渗漏含水层储水系数的详细分布,能够有效识别渗漏通道分布情况;斜井多的情况下,可以揭露更多的含水层信息,获得更多的水头响应数据,最终的识别效果好于斜井少的情况;地质资料齐全的情况下,非稳定流水力层析法能够准确探明渗漏通道的位置。     

一种基于MATLAB的渗透系数确定方法

地下水资源评价与地下水可开采量计算需要对地下含水层参数进行分析确定。结合托克托县地区抽水试验,运用MATLAB软件优化传统的Jacob直线图解法和标准曲线配线法,在单孔非稳定流抽水试验中确定承压含水层导水系数T和渗透系数K,计算结果符合当地水文地质条件,且比传统方法精确可靠。     

抽水试验反演水文地质参数的多线全程加权法

抽水试验是反演场地水文地质参数的重要依据,针对多观测井全程抽水试验的水文地质参数反演问题,提出了描述观测井数据可靠性的权重概念,构建了利用多个观测井的抽水阶段与水位恢复阶段实测数据、反映观测井数据可靠性的多线全程加权法,并利用遗传算法杂交策略改进的杂交粒子群算法,实现了多线全程加权目标函数的最优求解。在此基础上,以南京江北新区现场抽水试验为背景,基于场地水文地质条件概化的越流承压含水层计算模型,反演了场地含水层的导水系数、贮水系数和越流因数,分析了多观测井抽水试验反演水文地质参数问题引入观测井权重的必要性,验证了多线全程加权法反演水文地质参数的合理性,探讨了杂交粒子群算法求解多线全程加权目标函数的有效性。研究表明,多线全程加权法与杂交粒子群算法结合,为利用多观测井现场抽水试验合理反演水文地质参数提供了一条新的途径。     

基于井水位潮汐响应探讨含水层的水力特征及其变化

为了科学地认识应力荷载对地下水渗流运动规律的影响,揭示井孔-含水层系统与地震活动的响应关系,以华蓥山断裂带附近的大足井和北碚井为例,基于潮汐响应推求观测段含水层水力特征参数,探讨汶川地震对含水层水力特征及地下水流运动状态的影响,并对其变化机制进行解释。结果表明：大足井附近含水层中地下水运动以径向流为主,利用潮汐径向流模型计算出含水层水平渗透系数与以往抽水试验的结果基本一致;北碚井孔-含水层系统中地下水垂向流和径向流并存,引入越流含水层系统模型得到越流系数范围为1.5×10-8~2.5×10-8 s-1;汶川地震后,北碚和大足井水位均发生了阶降变化且含水层中地下水垂向流运动增强,分析认为原因是该区域侏罗系砂岩含水层在较大范围内存在着统一的水力联系,且局部裂隙发育,倾角较大,地震导致含水层发生膨胀变形和裂隙疏通,在重力作用下地下水顺层或沿裂隙通道流动。研究结果有助于提高对含水层受力变形与渗流相互作用的认识,进一步深化井孔-含水层系统对地震活动响应机制的研究     

双孔干扰非稳定流抽水试验确定承压含水层水文地质参数

在大型地下水资源论证开发过程中,常通过群孔抽水试验以确定目标含水层相应水文地质参数,从而进一步探求地下水储量。而该方法对于一些小型地下水资源的开发而言其钻孔成本较高。为控制项目,采用双孔干扰抽水试验以获得目标含水层渗透系数。通过抽水试验数据以及水位恢复数据计算得到目标承压含水层导水系数为20.5~41.4 m~2/d。该结果表明双井干扰抽水试验既能有效获取目标含水层水文地质参数,也能大幅降低项目成本,较适用于小型地下水资源的论证及开发。     

阶梯状抽水试验水文地质参数确定

针对传统阶梯状抽水试验参数计算过程中,通常只选择抽水阶段的部分试验数据等问题,应用Theis公式及叠加原理,利用抽水试验所有降深数据(抽水和水位恢复阶段全部资料)求解水文地质参数,利用承压含水层抽水试验数据计算得出导水系数、储水系数,利用潜水含水层抽水试验数据计算得出渗透系数和给水度,此外在低效率抽水井中利用抽水试验数据计算得出井损系数和井流量指数。计算过程中,利用Excel计算并绘制计算水位降深和观测水位降深的拟合曲线,计算过程简单快捷。整个抽水试验过程中,不必再分别提出抽水、水位恢复期的计算公式,可以避免人为选择单个水位降深数据对参数求解带来的影响。     

基于抽水试验的渗流问题摄动随机反演方法

针对地下水渗流随机参数反演问题,在正演随机模拟方法的基础上,结合非平稳随机过程变量的一阶Taylor展开式和随机参数的摄动方程,讨论了多随机参数反演问题,提出了基于抽水试验的渗流问题摄动随机反演方法,给出一阶均值反演准则,得到多随机变量的均值和方差的近似表示方法。该方法在计算均值时采用改进的遗传算法,在计算方差时采用分组统计的方法。最后给出了一个基于Thies模型反演导水系数和贮水系数的例子,计算结果表明,该方法可以较好的求取参数的均值,近似地求取参数方差。     

锅称子抽水试验及地下水可采资源的评价

抽水试验是目前各种水文地质勘察中经常用来确定含水层水文地质参数的一种主要手段,在详细勘察阶段,更是其工作的主要内容。通过抽水试验来确定含水层的钻孔涌水量及其与水位降深之间的关系；含水层的水文地质参数；影响半径的大小、降落漏斗的形状及其扩展情况；含水层与含水层之间及其含水层与地表水之间的水力联系等。并通过多孔抽水试验及历年降雨和地下水动态观测与分析,初步对我地区地下水可开采资源做出评价,指导工农韭生产中的地下水开发利用,制定合理的灌溉制度,扩大灌溉面积。     

基于VBA和群井叠加原理的水文地质参数反演和降深预测

在基坑排水和水源地开采时多为群井抽水,一般采用数值模拟的方法能够准确地反演水文地质参数及预测抽水后的降深,但数值模拟的方法对水文地质资料要求较高,建模和调参的过程繁琐,工作量较大。文章基于群井叠加原理提出一种水文地质参数反演的方法,结合VBA程序可预测抽水后任意时刻的流场。该方法适用于抽水孔距离较近、水文地质参数差异不大的承压含水层地区。将此方法应用于乌鲁木齐市地铁2号线某试验场地的群井抽水试验中,对比了试验的观测数据与计算结果,表明此方法能够有效地反演水文地质参数并能预测水源地开采后的地下水流场,为水文地质参数获取及计算提供了新方法,也为解决地下工程排水问题提供了新思路。     

基于MCMC和ES-MDA方法的地下水数值模型非均 质参数场及开采量的反演研究

马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗方法(MCMC)和多重数据同化集合平滑器方法(ES-MDA)近年来在地下水参数反演得到广泛应用，但对三维多层非均质含水层参数反演精度和计算效率还缺乏对比分析。本文构建了含有基于Karhunen-Loève展开的非均质参数场的潜水和多层承压水含水层案例，并建立了地下水数值模型和基于Kriging方法的替代模型，模拟含水层分层水头变化，探讨了基于替代模型的MCMC、替代模型和数值模型相结合的两阶段MCMC以及ES-MDA方法反演的含水层渗透系数以及开采量。结果表明，针对本文算例，在非均质参数和开采量的反演中，相比而言，两阶段MCMC反演参数精度更高，ES-MDA方法计算效率更高。本研究为地下水数值模型参数反演方法选择提供参考依据。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.