基于水力层析法的渗漏通道反演研究

渗漏通道反演研究对探测堤坝渗漏起着非常重要的作用。通过数值抽水试验,运用水力层析法对含水层渗漏通道进行了反演研究。建立了一个二维垂直饱和渗漏含水层,含水层大小为18 m×18 m,渗漏含水层布设3口斜井。通过非稳定流抽水试验,在监测点监测不同时刻的水头响应数据,运用连续线性估计方法(SSLE)对含水层储水系数进行反演,结果表明:通过非稳定流抽水试验刻画渗漏含水层储水系数的详细分布,能够有效识别渗漏通道分布情况;斜井多的情况下,可以揭露更多的含水层信息,获得更多的水头响应数据,最终的识别效果好于斜井少的情况;地质资料齐全的情况下,非稳定流水力层析法能够准确探明渗漏通道的位置。     

一种基于MATLAB的渗透系数确定方法

地下水资源评价与地下水可开采量计算需要对地下含水层参数进行分析确定。结合托克托县地区抽水试验,运用MATLAB软件优化传统的Jacob直线图解法和标准曲线配线法,在单孔非稳定流抽水试验中确定承压含水层导水系数T和渗透系数K,计算结果符合当地水文地质条件,且比传统方法精确可靠。     

基于井水位潮汐响应探讨含水层的水力特征及其变化

为了科学地认识应力荷载对地下水渗流运动规律的影响,揭示井孔-含水层系统与地震活动的响应关系,以华蓥山断裂带附近的大足井和北碚井为例,基于潮汐响应推求观测段含水层水力特征参数,探讨汶川地震对含水层水力特征及地下水流运动状态的影响,并对其变化机制进行解释。结果表明：大足井附近含水层中地下水运动以径向流为主,利用潮汐径向流模型计算出含水层水平渗透系数与以往抽水试验的结果基本一致;北碚井孔-含水层系统中地下水垂向流和径向流并存,引入越流含水层系统模型得到越流系数范围为1.5×10-8~2.5×10-8 s-1;汶川地震后,北碚和大足井水位均发生了阶降变化且含水层中地下水垂向流运动增强,分析认为原因是该区域侏罗系砂岩含水层在较大范围内存在着统一的水力联系,且局部裂隙发育,倾角较大,地震导致含水层发生膨胀变形和裂隙疏通,在重力作用下地下水顺层或沿裂隙通道流动。研究结果有助于提高对含水层受力变形与渗流相互作用的认识,进一步深化井孔-含水层系统对地震活动响应机制的研究     

抽水试验反演水文地质参数的多线全程加权法

抽水试验是反演场地水文地质参数的重要依据,针对多观测井全程抽水试验的水文地质参数反演问题,提出了描述观测井数据可靠性的权重概念,构建了利用多个观测井的抽水阶段与水位恢复阶段实测数据、反映观测井数据可靠性的多线全程加权法,并利用遗传算法杂交策略改进的杂交粒子群算法,实现了多线全程加权目标函数的最优求解。在此基础上,以南京江北新区现场抽水试验为背景,基于场地水文地质条件概化的越流承压含水层计算模型,反演了场地含水层的导水系数、贮水系数和越流因数,分析了多观测井抽水试验反演水文地质参数问题引入观测井权重的必要性,验证了多线全程加权法反演水文地质参数的合理性,探讨了杂交粒子群算法求解多线全程加权目标函数的有效性。研究表明,多线全程加权法与杂交粒子群算法结合,为利用多观测井现场抽水试验合理反演水文地质参数提供了一条新的途径。     

双孔干扰非稳定流抽水试验确定承压含水层水文地质参数

在大型地下水资源论证开发过程中,常通过群孔抽水试验以确定目标含水层相应水文地质参数,从而进一步探求地下水储量。而该方法对于一些小型地下水资源的开发而言其钻孔成本较高。为控制项目,采用双孔干扰抽水试验以获得目标含水层渗透系数。通过抽水试验数据以及水位恢复数据计算得到目标承压含水层导水系数为20.5~41.4 m~2/d。该结果表明双井干扰抽水试验既能有效获取目标含水层水文地质参数,也能大幅降低项目成本,较适用于小型地下水资源的论证及开发。     

阶梯状抽水试验水文地质参数确定

针对传统阶梯状抽水试验参数计算过程中,通常只选择抽水阶段的部分试验数据等问题,应用Theis公式及叠加原理,利用抽水试验所有降深数据(抽水和水位恢复阶段全部资料)求解水文地质参数,利用承压含水层抽水试验数据计算得出导水系数、储水系数,利用潜水含水层抽水试验数据计算得出渗透系数和给水度,此外在低效率抽水井中利用抽水试验数据计算得出井损系数和井流量指数。计算过程中,利用Excel计算并绘制计算水位降深和观测水位降深的拟合曲线,计算过程简单快捷。整个抽水试验过程中,不必再分别提出抽水、水位恢复期的计算公式,可以避免人为选择单个水位降深数据对参数求解带来的影响。     

锅称子抽水试验及地下水可采资源的评价

抽水试验是目前各种水文地质勘察中经常用来确定含水层水文地质参数的一种主要手段,在详细勘察阶段,更是其工作的主要内容。通过抽水试验来确定含水层的钻孔涌水量及其与水位降深之间的关系；含水层的水文地质参数；影响半径的大小、降落漏斗的形状及其扩展情况；含水层与含水层之间及其含水层与地表水之间的水力联系等。并通过多孔抽水试验及历年降雨和地下水动态观测与分析,初步对我地区地下水可开采资源做出评价,指导工农韭生产中的地下水开发利用,制定合理的灌溉制度,扩大灌溉面积。     

基于抽水试验的渗流问题摄动随机反演方法

针对地下水渗流随机参数反演问题，在正演随机模拟方法的基础上，结合非平稳随机过程变量的一阶Taylor展开式和随机参数的摄动方程，讨论了多随机参数反演问题，提出了基于抽水试验的渗流问题摄动随机反演方法，给出一阶均值反演准则，得到多随机变量的均值和方差的近似表示方法。该方法在计算均值时采用改进的遗传算法，在计算方差时采用分组统计的方法。最后给出了一个基于Thies模型反演导水系数和贮水系数的例子，计算结果表明，该方法可以较好的求取参数的均值，近似地求取参数方差。     

基于VBA和群井叠加原理的水文地质参数反演和降深预测

在基坑排水和水源地开采时多为群井抽水,一般采用数值模拟的方法能够准确地反演水文地质参数及预测抽水后的降深,但数值模拟的方法对水文地质资料要求较高,建模和调参的过程繁琐,工作量较大。文章基于群井叠加原理提出一种水文地质参数反演的方法,结合VBA程序可预测抽水后任意时刻的流场。该方法适用于抽水孔距离较近、水文地质参数差异不大的承压含水层地区。将此方法应用于乌鲁木齐市地铁2号线某试验场地的群井抽水试验中,对比了试验的观测数据与计算结果,表明此方法能够有效地反演水文地质参数并能预测水源地开采后的地下水流场,为水文地质参数获取及计算提供了新方法,也为解决地下工程排水问题提供了新思路。     

基于MCMC和ES-MDA方法的地下水数值模型非均 质参数场及开采量的反演研究

马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗方法(MCMC)和多重数据同化集合平滑器方法(ES-MDA)近年来在地下水参数反演得到广泛应用，但对三维多层非均质含水层参数反演精度和计算效率还缺乏对比分析。本文构建了含有基于Karhunen-Loève展开的非均质参数场的潜水和多层承压水含水层案例，并建立了地下水数值模型和基于Kriging方法的替代模型，模拟含水层分层水头变化，探讨了基于替代模型的MCMC、替代模型和数值模型相结合的两阶段MCMC以及ES-MDA方法反演的含水层渗透系数以及开采量。结果表明，针对本文算例，在非均质参数和开采量的反演中，相比而言，两阶段MCMC反演参数精度更高，ES-MDA方法计算效率更高。本研究为地下水数值模型参数反演方法选择提供参考依据。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.