黄河水资源适应气候变化的策略研究

针对气候变化背景下黄河水资源量显著减小、水资源供需矛盾进一步加剧的问题,分析黄河流域气候变化态势,量化评估了气候变化对黄河流域水资源供需影响的程度,分析了未来流域水资源供需形势,识别了流域水资源安全状况。将水资源常规调配与应急管理相结合,从实施最严格水资源管理、开展高效利用、合理配置、优化调度、加强保护、广泛开源、适时调水、科学管理等方面提出提升水资源管理能力和调控水平的策略措施,为黄河流域水资源管理有序适应气候变化提出了方向性建议。     

建立黄河水权制度和水市场实现黄河水资源的优化配置

在黄河水资源日益缺短和我国经济体制转型的今天，研究黄河水资源所有权、使用权和水市场问题是摆在我们面前的一个新课题，对依法加强黄河水资源统一管理，利用水市场调节功能优化配置水资源、保障黄河流域经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。基于水资源定义、民法物权理论和黄河水资源管理实践经验，提出黄河水权是准物权、黄河水市场是一个准市场的概念；提出建立黄河水市场、黄河水资源使用权审批制度、黄河水资源使用权有偿转让制度、实行黄河水资源有偿使用制度的基本原则和主要内容，以及管理体制和运行模式；同时，对实现黄河水资源优化配置提出见解。     

新形势下的水资源优化配置分析

<正>水资源优化配置和利用与人们日常生活有着密切的联系,对工业、农业生产也有积极作用。然而,近些年出现的洪涝灾害、旱灾、水资源污染等,不仅影响人们对水资源的有效利用,还对水资源作用的有效发挥带来不利影响。新形势下,如何优化水资源配置,让有限的水资源充分发挥作用,是需要关心的重要问题。现对新形势下水资源优化配置进行分析并提出思路。1.水资源优化配置的概念水资源优化配置是指在一定特定     

内陆干旱区最严格水资源管理关键技术体系研究

在内陆干旱区,水资源是制约经济社会发展和生态安全的关键因素,而气候变化和人类活动加剧了水资源的不确定性。因此,发展和构建适合于内陆干旱区的水资源管理制度和模式是一个亟待解决的问题。在分析影响内陆干旱区水资源管理基础上,提出了实施最严格水资源管理的关键技术框架,包括"自然—社会"水循环模式和水资源综合模拟技术、水资源优化配置方法和分配体系、地面监测优化结合3S的"天地一体化"监测技术及水资源综合评价模型和利用考核评价体系等关键技术。     

水资源优化配置研究现状及展望

本文在全球水资源短缺的背景下,指出了研究水资源优化配置的必要性。通过分析国内外水资源优化配置的研究现状,结合水资源的可持续发展,展望了水资源优化配置的发展趋势。主要包括基于可持续发展、生态需水量计算、新技术与新方法的水资源优化配置和水质水量联合优化配置以及气候变化情况下的水资源优化配置。     

“十五”期间黄河水资源开发利用工程规划意见

分析了黄河流域水资源开发利用工程建设存在的问题,预测了21世纪初期沿黄地区国民经济发展对黄河水资源的需求,在此基础上提出了“十五”期间黄河水资源开发利用工程建设的总体思路、布局以及工程建设安排的原则。为促进沿黄地区国民经济的发展和西部大开发战略的顺利实施,并保障黄河水资源的可持续利用,在充分考虑各省（区）国民经济发展需要的基础上,根据工程建设安排的原则,针对不同地区的情况,提出了“十五”期间各类水资源开发利用工程安排的规划意见,工程安排上突出了节水和水资源优化配置工程建设。     

流域水资源节约集约利用机制的完善——以《黄河保护法》为视角

流域水资源节约集约利用机制对水资源的有效利用具有重要作用。黄河流域在水资源节约集约利用方面面临水资源刚性约束不够、配置不合理、节水产业发展不完善、非常规水源利用不足等问题。为此，《黄河保护法》以专章的形式规定了加强黄河水资源节约集约利用的具体内容，包括优化水资源配置、强化水资源刚性约束、推动重点领域节水工作、重视非常规水源利用等。建议进一步健全工作机制，加强政策激励，优化监督评估机制，以期更好地发挥流域水资源节约集约利用机制的作用。     

新战略与规划工程下的黄河流域未来水资源配置格局研究

黄河流域人口聚集,生态、能源、粮食、矿产资源丰富,在中国战略地位显著.然而,黄河天然来水量不足,导致流域水资源供需情势严峻,黄河发展新战略与水利工程规划由此而生.厘清新形势下黄河流域未来水资源配置格局,对大型流域水资源管理和水量精细化调度具有重要意义.基于黄河流域现状水资源配置格局分析成果,解析黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展、流域相关城市群发展战略,探讨其对黄河水资源可能的影响;其次,分析黄河流域未来供需情势,提出全新的水资源配置思路,研究新战略与规划工程条件下的黄河流域未来水资源配置格局.研究成果可为全球其他流域在战略和规划工程影响下的水资源管理提供参考.     

实现黄河下游水资源可持续利用的有效途径

黄河水是黄河下游地区群众生产和生活的主要水源。如何合理利用有限的黄河水，使其产生最大的经济效益和社会效益就显得尤为重要。为应对水资源日益紧缺的严峻形势，提高水资源的利用率，优化配置水资源，主要结合黄河水资源开发利用的现状和存在的问题，从水资源可持续利用的角度，提出了4个合理利用水资源的模式。     

河南省水系网络建设规划研究

河南省地跨长江、淮河、黄河、海河四大流域,水系发达,是我国粮食生产大省,同时,也是我国水资源严重短缺的省份之一。为了实现水资源优化配置,保护和改善生态环境,支撑河南省社会经济可持续发展,对河南省水系网络和水资源优化配置进行研究。在对河南省流域水系分布特点和水资源利用条件进行分析的基础上,提出了在南水北调中线工程总干渠及淮河、黄河、沙河形成的“一纵三横”基本水系网络格局下,河南省南水北调、黄河-卫河、黄河-沙颍河、洪汝河-淮河水系、豫南盆地水系五大水系网络的建设规划。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.