公平的安全多方计算协议

公平性是安全多方计算中的一个重要性质,它保证所有参与者都能获得自己的输出,然而在大多数参与者不诚实的情况下,不可能实现完全公平性。为此,在恶意模型下,采用承诺方案及分割选择技术,提出一个基于混淆电路的安全多方计算协议。分析结果表明,该协议在诚实参与者人数t≥4的情形下满足多方计算的安全性,并且实现公平性。     

理性的安全两方计算协议

在传统的安全两方计算协议中,一方在得到计算结果后,可能会告诉另一方一个错误的结果,或者立即中断协议,这样不能保证协议的完全公平性.针对此问题,结合博弈论和密码学理论,提出一种理性的安全两方计算协议.首先假设理性的参与者最大的利益是得到计算结果,其次是越少的其他人得到结果越好.然后,研究了参与者遵守和背离协议的策略、效用和动机,构建了安全两方计算的博弈模型.在所设计的协议中,参与者遵守协议是参与者的最优策略,任何参与者的欺骗行为都能被检验,参与者背离协议,没有遵守协议的收益大,这样参与者有动机发送真实的数据,最终,每个参与者都能得到计算结果.分析表明,协议是安全和公平的.     

基于LWE两方数相等的保密计算协议

保密地比较两方数是否相等是安全多方计算（SMC）问题中重要的研究内容,其在数据挖掘、在线推荐服务、在线预定服务、医药数据库等领域有着重要应用。针对半诚实模型下两方保密比较协议无法抵抗恶意攻击的问题,提出一种恶意模型下两方数相等的保密计算协议,采用基于格上差错学习（LwE）困难性问题的公钥加密机制和Paillier加密方案,使得存在恶意攻击者的情况下能够阻止恶意攻击行为发生,同时证明协议在恶意模型下是安全的。分析结果表明,该协议执行完成后不会泄露通信双方的私有信息,与半诚实模型下两方保密比较协议相比,能有效抵抗恶意攻击者的攻击,为SMC通信提供了较好的解决方案。     

利用区块链构建公平的安全多方计算

针对安全多方计算（MPC）中大部分参与者不诚实情况下无法获得公平性这一问题,基于区块链智能合约构造惩罚机制,提出了公平的安全MPC协议。协议分为两个阶段,分别为基于可验证秘密共享的MPC阶段和公平的秘密重建阶段,参与方只要收集t+1个正确份额即可得到最终输出。协议利用同态承诺来验证秘密份额的正确性,使用超时机制来判别恶意参与方的提前终止行为,并对恶意方进行经济惩罚。安全性分析表明诚实参与方能够获得最终输出,否则将得到经济补偿;性能分析表明参与方只需缴纳一轮押金并且大量复杂的秘密份额验证工作都在链下,协议的执行效率得到保证。     

公平理性委托计算协议

传统委托计算的验证过程计算和通信开销较高,且参与者要么诚实,要么邪恶;理性委托计算是引入理性参与者,通过效用函数来保障计算结果的可靠性.本文首先在委托计算中引入博弈论,给出了唯一稳定均衡解.其次,基于比特币和Micali-Rabin的随机向量表示技术,设计一种新的理性委托计算协议.针对协议的公平性问题,参与双方分别提交特殊构造的比特币押金,保障参与者双方的利益;针对验证复杂问题,运用Micali-Rabin的随机向量表示技术,验证过程简单高效,且不会泄漏关于计算结果的任何信息.最后,安全性和性能分析结果表明,该协议不但解决了传统委托计算的验证复杂问题,同时保证了诚实者的利益.     

抗合谋理性多秘密共享方案

提出了一种可抗合谋的理性多秘密共享方案。分析了成员合谋行为及防范对策,设计了可计算防合谋均衡方法,构建了预防参与者合谋的博弈模型,使得参与者所采取的策略满足可计算防合谋均衡,合谋成员不清楚当前轮是真秘密所在轮,还是检验参与者诚实度的测试轮,参与者采取合谋策略的期望收益没有遵守算法的收益大,因此,理性的参与者没有动机 合谋攻击。另外,在方案中分发者不用为参与者分配秘密份额,在秘密重构阶段,无需可信者参与,也没有利用安全多方计算。最终,每位参与者可以得到多个秘密。解决了参与者合谋问题及理性单秘密共享效率低下的问题。     

一种基于反馈的信任生成算法

安全多方计算中一般合作计算者之间互不信任,为保护私有信息通常采用零信息泄漏的安全策略,从而增加了合作计算复杂性和通信复杂性.提出了一种基于反馈的信任生成算法,通过参与者的历史行为评估其信任度,将参与者的信任度量化表示.根据参与者的信任度采取相应级别的安全措施,可降低合作的计算复杂性和通信复杂性,隔离信任值低的恶意参与者.仿真实验结果表明,该算法在安全多方计算环境中可有效遏制恶意参与者,提高合作成功率.     

基于欧拉函数秘密分享的RSA私钥的理性分布计算(英文)

随着分布式计算的发展,分布式计算环境中的安全性问题变得越来越突出。基于RSA算法的分布式认证和分布式数据加密等安全性机制也取得了长足的发展。不过,这些机制中大部分是基于传统密码协议中参与者类型的假设:半诚实或恶意的。本文从假设参与者是理性的这一视角出发,设计了基于RSA欧拉函数秘密分享的RSA私钥的分布式计算协议。协议中所有的参与者均是理性的,他们以自我利益为驱动。所有的参与者均采取遵守协议的执行这一策略形成了纳什均衡,并且该策略是不能严格劣势剔除的。     

关于除法的安全双方计算协议

安全多方计算是现代密码学领域中一个非常重要的分支,也是信息安全方向一个重要的研究内容。利用安全多方计算协议,一方面可以充分实现网上的互连合作,另一方面又可保证秘密的安全性。近年来,很多学者在半诚实模型下给设计出了一些基础协议,但关于恶意模型的协议的研究相对较少,给出了有关除法的几个协议,并分别对半诚实模型和恶意模型都给出了具体的安全双方计算协议。     

同态加密方案及安全两点直线计算协议

近年来,安全多方计算一直是密码领域的一个研究热点,保密几何计算是其一个重要分支.过两私有点坐标安全地计算一条直线问题在空间信息安全方面有重要应用前景.本文首先提出一个由加密方计算（或选取）加密底数的Paillier变体同态加密方案,并证明了其在标准模型下对适应性选择明文攻击（adaptive chosen-plaintext attack,CPA）是安全的.然后在半诚实模型下,基于该变体同态加密方案设计了一个能够安全计算过两私有点直线的协议.还可以将此协议推广应用到那些可以归约为安全计算两私有点坐标差商的所有安全多方几何计算问题,从而解决了原有的基于同态加密体制的安全两方计算协议存在的信息泄露问题.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.