YCbCr空间分治的双分支低照度图像增强网络

目的 现有的低照度图像增强算法通常在RGB颜色空间采用先增强后去噪的方式提升对比度并抑制噪声,由于亮度失真和噪声在RGB颜色空间存在复杂的耦合关系,往往导致增强结果不理想。先增强后去噪的方式也放大了原本隐藏在黑暗中的噪声,使去噪变得困难。为有效处理亮度失真并抑制噪声,提出了一个基于YCbCr颜色空间的双分支低照度图像增强网络,以获得正常亮度和具有低噪声水平的增强图像。方法 由于YCbCr颜色空间可以分离亮度信息与色度信息,实现亮度失真和噪声的解耦,首先将低照度图像由RGB颜色空间变换至YCbCr颜色空间,然后设计一个双分支增强网络,该网络包含亮度增强模块和噪声去除模块,分别对亮度信息和色度信息进行对比度增强和噪声去除,最后使用亮度监督模块和色度监督模块强化亮度增强模块和噪声去除模块的功能,确保有效地提升对比度和去除噪声。结果 在多个公开可用的低照度图像增强数据集上测试本文方法的有效性,对比经典的低照度图像增强算法,本文方法生成的增强图像细节更加丰富、颜色更加真实,并且含有更少噪声,在LOL（low-light dataset）数据集上,相比经典的KinD++（kindling the darkness）,峰值信噪比（peak signal-to-noise ratio,PSNR）提高了3.09 dB,相比URetinex（Retinex-based deep unfolding network）,PSNR提高了2.74 dB。结论 本文提出的空间解耦方法能够有效地分离亮度失真与噪声,设计的双分支网络分别用于增强亮度和去除噪声,能够有效地解决低照度图像中亮度与噪声的复杂耦合问题,获取低噪声水平的亮度增强图像。     

改进的曲率滤波强噪声图像去噪方法

目的 医学影像获取和视频监控过程中会出现一些恶劣环境,导致图像有许多强噪声斑点,质量较差。在处理强噪声图像时,传统的基于变分模型的算法,因需要计算高阶偏微分方程,计算复杂且收敛较慢;而隐式使用图像曲率信息的曲率滤波模型,在处理强噪声图像时,又存在去噪不完全的缺陷。为了克服这些缺陷,在保持图像边缘和细节特征的同时去除图像的强噪声,实现快速去噪,提出了一种改进的曲率滤波算法。方法 本文算法在隐式计算曲率时,通过半窗三角切平面和最小三角切平面的组合,用投影算子代替传统曲率滤波的最小三角切平面投影算子,并根据强噪声图像存在强噪声斑点的特征,修正正则能量函数,增添局部方差的正则能量,使得正则项的约束更加合理,提高了算法的去噪性能,从而达到增强去噪能力和保护图像边缘与细节的目的。结果 针对多种不同强度的混合噪声图像对本文算法性能进行测试,并与传统的基于变分法的去噪算法（ROF）和曲率滤波去噪等算法进行去噪效果对比,同时使用峰值信噪比（PSNR）和结构相似性（SSIM）作为滤波算法性能的客观评价指标。本文算法在对强噪声图像去噪处理时,能够有效地保持图像的边缘和细节特征,具备较好的PSNR和SSIM,在PSNR上比ROF模型和曲率滤波算法分别平均提高1.67 dB和2.93 dB,SSIM分别平均提高0.29和0.26。由于采用了隐式计算图像曲率,算法的处理速度与曲率滤波算法相近。结论 根据强噪声图像噪声特征对曲率滤波算法进行优化,改进投影算子和能量函数正则项,使得曲率滤波算法能够更好地适用于强噪声图像,实验结果表明,该方法与传统的变分法相比,对强噪声图像去噪效果显著。     

自适应残差图像的分数阶全变分去噪算法

目的 全变分（TV）去噪模型具有较好的去噪效果,但对于图像的弱边缘和纹理细节的保持不够理想。自适应分数阶全变分（AFTV）模型根据图像局部信息,区分图像的纹理区域和非纹理区域,自适应计算投影算法中的软阈值,可较好地保持图像的弱边缘和纹理细节,但该方法当噪声增大时“阶梯”效应比较明显,弱边缘和纹理细节保持效果不够理想。针对该问题,提出一种改进的分数阶全变分去噪算法。方法 该算法在计算残差图像时,用分数阶全变分模型替代整数一阶全变分模型,并根据较精确的残差图像的局部方差区分图像纹理区域和平坦区域,使保真项参数的自适应选取更加合理,提高了算法的去噪性能。结果 针对3种不同类型的噪声图像,将本文模型与TV模型和AFTV模型进行对比实验,并采用峰值信噪比（PSNR）和结构相似性（SSIM）评定去噪效果和纹理保持能力。对于高斯噪声图像,本文算法在PSNR方面比TV模型和AFTV模型分别可平均提高2.72 dB和1.38 dB,SSIM分别可平均提高0.047和0.020。对于椒盐噪声图像,本文算法结合中值滤波算法在PSNR和SSIM方面比传统中值滤波算法分别可平均提高1.308 dB和0.011。对于泊松噪声图像,本文算法在PSNR、SSIM方面与AFTV较接近,比TV分别可提高1.59 dB和0.005。结论 通过对添加不同类型的噪声图像进行实验,结果表明提出的算法在去噪性能上与TV和AFTV相比均有较大提高,尤其对于噪声较大的图像效果更为显著,在去噪效率上与AFTV的时间复杂度相当,时耗接近略有降低。且本文算法普适性较好,能有效去除多种典型类型的噪声。     

结合深度残差学习和感知损失的图像去噪

目的 现存的去噪算法中很多在去除噪声的同时都存在边缘信息过光滑、易产生彩色伪影的问题,为了解决这些缺点,本文提出了一种基于联合感知损失的深度残差去噪网络。方法 首先利用低通滤波器将噪声图片分解成高频层和低频层,然后将包含噪声和边缘信息的高频层输入设计好的残差网络中,通过常规逐像素损失方法学习端到端的残差映射预测出噪声残差图片,再由一个从输入直接通往输出的全局跳跃连接处理得到初始较模糊的去噪结果,最后级联一个预训练好的语义分割网络用来定义感知损失,指导前面的去噪模型学习更多语义特征信息来增强被模糊的边缘细节,得到更清晰真实的去噪结果。结果 本文从定性和定量两个方面进行对比实验。以峰值信噪比（PSNR）作为量化指标来评价算法性能,结果表明所提出的网络在同其他对比方法一样使用逐像素损失训练时能产生最好的指标结果,在Set5、Set14和BSD100测试集25噪声级别时的结果分别为30.51 dB、30.60 dB和29.38 dB。在视觉定性分析上,本文提出的感知损失模型明显取得了更清晰的去噪结果,相比其他方法产生的模糊区域该方法保留了更多的边缘信息和纹理细节。此外还进行了盲去噪测试实验,对一张含有不同噪声级别的图片进行去噪处理,结果表明本文训练好的算法模型可以一次性处理多种未知级别的噪声并产生满意的去噪输出而且没有多余伪影。结论 基于边缘增强的感知损失残差网络的图像去噪算法在去除噪声的同时可以保留更多容易被模糊的边缘细节,改善去噪结果过平滑的问题,提高图像视觉效果。     

改进权值非局部均值超声图像去噪

目的 超声图像斑点噪声会影响诊断的准确性和可靠性。通过分析超声图像斑点噪声统计模型,结合非局部均值滤波算法,提出一种基于超声斑点噪声模型的改进权值非局部均值（NLM）滤波算法。方法 算法针对超声图像灰度信息对图像进行预处理,利用超声图像斑点噪声模型改进传统NLM算法的权值计算函数,基于图像特征确定最优采样间隔进行下采样,利用改进后的权值计算函数对图像进行NLM去噪处理。结果 分别采用人工合成与真实超声图像对本文算法性能进行测试,并与传统非局部均值滤波算法、非局部总变分（NLTV）等算法进行去噪效果比较,同时采用均方误差、峰值信噪比和平均结构相似性作为滤波算法性能的客观评价指标。本文算法能快速完成超声图像的去噪处理,峰值信噪比较其他算法可以提高0.2 dB以上,可以降低均方误差,提高平均结构相似性,缩短处理时间,并得到较好的图像质量和视觉效果。结论 根据超声图像斑点噪声模型对NLM算法的权值计算函数进行优化,使得NLM图像滤波算法能更好地适用于超声图像的去噪,基于超声斑点噪声模型的改进权值NLM算法相较于其他算法,滤波效果更佳,适合超声图像去噪。     

双树复小波域的MRI图像去噪

目的 噪声会降低磁共振图像(MRI)的质量,影响视觉效果和计算机辅助诊断,针对MRI噪声的莱斯(Rician)分布特性,设计一种有效的MRI去噪算法. 方法 在双树复小波(DT-CWT)域结合双边滤波器(BF)和基于Stein无偏误差估计的邻域收缩法(NeighShrinkSURE)、二变量收缩法(BivariateShrink)设计一种有效的磁共振图像MRI去噪算法.所设计的算法充分考虑了MRI的噪声分布特性以及小波系数的层间和层内相关性,其性能优劣主要取决于平方MRI的双树复小波系数的噪声标准差估计的准确程度,其次和双边滤波器的参数以及两种收缩方法的占比有关.为了使各算法的协同发挥最好的性能,以均方误差(MSE)、峰值信噪比(PSNR)和结构相似度(SSIM)作为图像质量评价指标,修正DT-CWT系数的噪声标准差,确定最佳双边滤波参数以及两种收缩方法的占比.在双树复小波域结合3种方法设计了一种有效的MRI去噪算法.结果 与现有几种算法进行图像去噪比较实验.在视觉效果、去噪指标PSNR和SSIM以及耗时方面,本文算法综合性能优于现有的几种MRI去噪算法,PSNR提高了约0.51~1dB,SSIM提高了约5%~10%.结论 双树复小波域的去噪优于基本小波去噪,利用层内和层间相关性的去噪算法很好去除了噪声,双边滤波器的使用增强了低频部分的图像,使得本文算法在MRI莱斯噪声的去除上获得了较好的表现,在去噪的同时能够保留边缘和细节信息.     

用噪声检测算法改进理想低通滤波器

针对图像去噪算法存在滤除噪声与保留图像边缘细节之间的矛盾,提出了一种使用基于分数阶微分梯度的随机噪声检测算法来提高理想低通滤波器的去噪性能的方法。首先,使用不同方向的分数阶微分梯度模板与含噪声图像进行卷积,计算出图像在不同方向上的分数阶微分梯度;然后,依据预先设定的阈值获得不同方向的分数阶微分梯度检测图,将在所有选定方向上梯度都发生跳变的像素点判定为噪声点;最后,只对图像中被检测出的噪声点用理想低通滤波器进行滤波,可使图像在去除噪声和保留图像细节两方面同时获得较优的效果。实验结果表明,所提算法不仅可以获得更好的视觉效果,而且去噪后图像的峰值性噪比(PSNR)表明去噪后的图像更接近原始图像,使用理想低通滤波器获得的最大PSNR为29.0893dB,所提算法获得的最PSNR为34.7027dB。将分数阶微积分用于图像去噪,为提高图像去噪性能提供了一个新的研究方向。     

基于近似U型网络结构的图像去噪模型

针对图像去噪中的去噪效果差、训练周期长的问题,提出一种基于近似U型网络结构的图像去噪模型。首先,使用不同步长的卷积层将原有的线性网络结构修改为近似U型的网络结构;然后,将不同感受野的图像信息叠加以尽可能地保留图像的原有信息;最后,引入反卷积网络层进行图像恢复和噪声的进一步去除。在Set12与BSD68测试集上与去噪卷积神经网络（DnCNN）模型相比,所提模型的峰值信噪比（PSNR）平均提升了0.04~0.14 dB,训练时长平均缩短了41%。实验结果表明,所提模型具有更好地去噪效果和更短的训练时长。     

基于改进切尾均值的矿井图像去噪算法

现有矿井图像去噪算法对于复杂噪声的去除效果有限,且处理速度不能满足实时监控需求。针对该问题,提出一种基于改进切尾均值的矿井图像去噪算法。首先,采用切尾均值滤波器对图像噪声进行初步滤除,同时引入二次检验机制处理残留的噪声点,通过引入离散系数提升算法对不同像素的区分能力,增强去噪性能;其次,采用基于极值数量的分类处理及再次检验机制,有效减少残留噪声问题;然后,在小波函数中引入新的控制变量优化软阈值函数和硬阈值函数,构建双阈值函数,结合Radon变换增强对线性特征的处理,增强对矿井图像的检测能力;最后,采用均方误差（MSE）与峰值信噪比（PSNR）进行图像质量评价。实验结果表明：相较于切尾均值算法、硬阈值算法、软阈值算法,基于改进切尾均值的矿井图像去噪算法处理的图像的MSE增长相对缓慢,MSE最小,图像去噪效果最好;引入离散系数后,去噪图像的MSE相较于引入前低300 dB左右,PSNR相较于引入前高20 dB左右,引入离散系数能有效减少噪声点对算法的影响;相较于卡尔曼遗传优化算法、变换域图像去噪算法、交叉分支卷积去噪网络,基于改进切尾均值的矿井图像去噪算法处理的图像MSE分别降低了27,2...     

基于真实场景图像下的卷积神经网络去噪算法

为了有效地去除实际图像中的噪声,提出了一种基于真实场景图像下卷积神经网络去噪算法,通过构建新的无噪图像数据集,输入至卷积神经网络中进行训练,并结合模拟退火算法提高训练率,建立去噪网络模型,实现真实场景图像去噪.实验结果表明:含噪的灰度图像与相机拍摄图像均取得明显的平滑效果,算法信号-噪音功率比(PSNR)值较高,图像边缘和细节也得到了较好的保留.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.