基于双排队系统的软件可靠性增长模型

针对基于有限排队系统的软件可靠性增长模型(SRGM)忽略软件交付与检测之间的时间延迟问题,提出双排队系统建模技术,构建一个引入故障检测等待延迟和排错等待延迟的SRGM。建模中考虑测试工作量函数(TEF)参与构成的复合型故障检测率(FDR)和不完美排错现象,在4个公开发表的失效数据集上与5个经典SRGM进行比较与分析,验证建立模型的拟合能力和预测能力。实验结果表明,建立的模型在软件可靠性评估和预测方面具有良好性能。     

考虑不完美排错情况的NHPP 类软件可靠性增长模型

针对现有NHPP 类软件可靠性增长模型对故障排错过程中不完美排错情况考虑不完全的现状,提出了一 种新的软件可靠性增长模型.该模型全面考虑了不完美排错的两种情况:既考虑了排错过程中引入新错误的可能性, 又考虑了不完全排错的情况,并且引入了一种故障排除率随时间变化的故障排除率函数,使模型更符合实际情况.利 用公开发表的两组不同的软件失效数据对该模型进行验证的结果表明,与现有的对不完美排错情况考虑不完全的 模型相比,该模型能够取得更好的拟合结果和预测效果.     

考虑不完美排错情况的NHPP 类软件可靠性增长模型

针对现有NHPP类软件可靠性增长模型对故障排错过程中不完美排错情况考虑不完全的现状,提出了一种新的软件可靠性增长模型.该模型全面考虑了不完美排错的两种情况:既考虑了排错过程中引入新错误的可能性,又考虑了不完全排错的情况,并且引入了一种故障排除率随时间变化的故障排除率函数,使模型更符合实际情况.利用公开发表的两组不同的软件失效数据对该模型进行验证的结果表明,与现有的对不完美排错情况考虑不完全的模型相比,该模型能够取得更好的拟合结果和预测效果.     

基于排错等待延迟的广义动态集成神经网络模型

软件可靠性增长模型在可靠性评估与保障中具有重要作用,针对软件测试过程中的故障检测和排错等待延迟问题,提出了一种考虑故障排错等待延迟的广义动态集成神经网络模型(RWD-SRGM)。该模型考虑软件工程的多样性,利用神经网络方法构建广义动态集成模型,并考虑排错等待延迟现象完成故障检测和预测。通过2组真实失效数据集(DS1和DS2)的实验,将所提模型与现有的软件可靠性增长模型进行了比较,结果显示考虑故障排错等待延迟的神经网络模型拟合效果最优,表现出了更好的软件可靠性评估性能和模型通用性。     

不完美排错SRGM研究

软件可靠性增长模型SRGM可对测试与运行阶段的可靠性进行度量、预测与保证。不完美排错SRGM能够更加准确地建模实际测试过程,获得了广泛研究。首先介绍了随机过程类模型中的NHPP基本概念与假设。接着,从三个阶段全面回顾了不完美排错研究历程。进一步,给出了若干典型的不完美排错SRGM的建模与累计故障检测函数的求解形式。最后将从排错的不完全性,引入新故障的角度建立的不完美排错模型:IID-SRGM与现有的模型进行比较,优于其它模型。     

考虑排错过程引进故障的开源软件可靠性模型研究

近年来,开源软件在软件行业很受欢迎。但是,开源软件的可靠性却受到人们的广泛质疑。如何评估开源软件的可靠性是一个重要的问题。与传统的闭源软件相比,在建立开源软件可靠性模型时,必须考虑故障引入和故障检测与排错之间的延迟时间这两个因素。本文考虑了排错过程和不完美调试现象,提出了相应的开源软件可靠性模型。并且我们用两个开源软件故障数据集实来验证提出模型的拟合性能与预测性能。实验结果表明,提出的模型在开源软件可靠性评估中具有良好的拟合和预测性能。提出的模型可以用于开源软件在实际的开发过程中的可靠性评估。     

考虑测试工作量与覆盖率的软件可靠性模型

为了进一步提升现有非齐次泊松过程类软件可靠性增长模型的拟合与预计精度,首先,提出一个同时考虑测试工作量与测试覆盖率的NHPP类软件可靠性建模框架.在此基础上,将变形S型测试工作量函数(IS-TEF)以及Logistic测试覆盖率函数(LO-TCF)带入该建模框架,建立了一个新的软件可靠性增长模型,即IS-LO-SRGM.同时,还对利用该框架进行建模过程中的两个重要问题进行了描述与分析,即如何确定具体的TEF和TCF以及模型参数估计.然后,在两组真实的失效数据集上,利用该建模框架建立了最为合适的增长模型,即IS-LO-SRGM,并将该模型与8种经典NHPP模型进行对比.实例验证结果表明,所提出的IS-LO-SRGM模型具有最为优秀的拟合与预计性能,从而证明新建模框架的有效性和实用性.最后,对不完美排错情况进行了初步的讨论与建模分析.     

可靠性模型中故障检测率研究述评

故障检测率FDR（Fault Detection Rate）是可靠性研究的关键要素,对于测试环境构建、故障检测效率提升、可靠性建模和可靠性增长具有重要作用,对于提高系统可靠性与确定发布时间具有重要现实意义.首先,对基于NHPP（Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process,非齐次泊松过程）类的软件可靠性增长模型SRGM（Software Reliability Growth Mode）进行概述,给出了建模本质、功用与流程.基于此,引出可靠性建模与研究中的关键参数——FDR,给出定义,对测试环境描述能力进行分析,展示不同模型的差异.着重剖析了FDR与失效强度、冒险率（风险率）的区别,得出三者之间的关联性表述.全面梳理了FDR的大类模型,分别从测试覆盖函数视角、直接设定角度、测试工作量函数参与构成方式三个方面进行剖析,继而提出统一的FDR相关的可靠性模型.考虑到对真实测试环境描述能力需要,建立不完美排错框架模型,衍生出不完美排错下多个不同FDR参与的可靠性增长模型.进一步,在12个真实描述应用场景与公开发表的失效数据集上进行实验,验证不同FDR模型相关的可靠性模型效用,对差异性进行分析与讨论.结果表明,FDR模型自身的性能可以支撑可靠性模型性能的提升.最后,指出了未来研究趋势和需要解决的问题.     

SRGM下失效数据集效用与验证分析

针对软件可靠性增长模型SRGM研究中的参数拟合与性能评测对失效数据集FDS的依赖,对FDS在SRGM中的效用以及其对SRGM的影响进行深入研究,并给出FDS的不足与发布建议。首先给出了基于FDS的SRGM性能评测流程,提出一般化的不完美排错框架模型,对收集到的FDS进行结构化描述与归类分析。对7个典型的不完美排错相关的SRGM在公开发表的9个真实计算机工程系统FDSs上进行实验,从拟合与预测角度分析FDS与SRGM的关系及影响。从发布方与科研人员视角对当前FDS的不足进行分析,并据此给出了FDS的发布建议。研究结果表明,科研人员尚需要充分挖掘、分析FDS中待发布的更多测试信息,用以建立更为准确的SRGM。最后指出,描述新型软件结构以及含有更多数据量的FDS的缺乏已成为制约SRGM发展的主要客观事实。     

Weibull分布引进故障的软件可靠性增长模型

软件调试是复杂过程,可能会受到很多种因素的影响,例如调试资源分配、调试工具的使用情况、调试技巧等.在软件调试过程中,当检测到的故障被去除时,新的故障可能会被引进.因此,研究故障引进的现象对建立高质量的软件可靠性增长模型具有重要意义.但是到目前为止,模拟故障引进过程仍是一个复杂和困难的问题.虽然有许多研究者开发了一些不完美调试的软件可靠性增长模型,但是一般都是假设故障内容（总数）函数为线性、指数分布或者是与故障去除的数量成正比.这个假设与实际的软件调试过程中故障引进情况并不完全一致.提出一种基于Weibull分布引进故障的软件可靠性增长模型,考虑故障内容（总数）函数服从Weibull分布,并用相关的实验验证了提出的模型的拟合和预测性能.在用两个故障数据集进行的模拟实验中,实验结果指出：提出的模型和其他模型相比,有更好的拟合和预测性能以及更好的鲁棒性.     

A new fuzzy rule based algorithm for estimating software faults in early phase of development

Estimation of reliability and the number of faults present in software in its early development phase, i.e., requirement analysis or design phase is very beneficial for developing reliable software with optimal cost. Software reliability prediction in early phase of development is highly desirable to the stake holders, software developers, managers and end users. Since, the failure data are unavailable in early phase of software development, different reliability relevant software metrics and similar project data are used to develop models for early software fault prediction. The proposed model uses the linguistic values of software metrics in fuzzy inference system to predict the total number of faults present in software in its requirement analysis phase. Considering specific target reliability, weightage of each input software metrics and size of software, an algorithm has been proposed here for developing general fuzzy rule base. For model validation of the proposed model, 20 real software project data have been used here. The linguistic values from four software metrics related to requirement analysis phase have been considered as model inputs. The performance of the proposed model has been compared with two existing early software fault prediction models.     

Considering the fault dependency concept with debugging time lag in software reliability growth modeling using a power function of testing time

Since the early 1970s tremendous growth has been seen in the research of software reliability growth modeling.In general, software reliability growth models (SRGMs) are applicable to the late stages of testing in software development and they can provide useful information about how to improve the reliability of software products.A number of SRGMs have been proposed in the literature to represent time-dependent fault identification/removal phenomenon;still new models are being proposed that could fit a greater number of reliability growth curves.Often,it is assumed that detected faults axe immediately corrected when mathematical models are developed.This assumption may not be realistic in practice because the time to remove a detected fault depends on the complexity of the fault,the skill and experience of the personnel,the size of the debugging team,the technique,and so on.Thus,the detected fault need not be immediately removed,and it may lag the fault detection process by a delay effect factor.In this paper,we first review how different software reliability growth models have been developed,where fault detection process is dependent not only on the number of residual fault content but also on the testing time,and see how these models can be reinterpreted as the delayed fault detection model by using a delay effect factor.Based on the power function of the testing time concept,we propose four new SRGMs that assume the presence of two types of faults in the software:leading and dependent faults.Leading faults are those that can be removed upon a failure being observed.However,dependent faults are masked by leading faults and can only be removed after the corresponding leading fault has been removed with a debugging time lag.These models have been tested on real software error data to show its goodness of fit,predictive validity and applicability.     

Imperfect debugging models with fault introduction rate for software reliability assessment

In general it is considered to be unrealistic in software reliability modelling to assume that the faults detected by software testing are perfectly removed without introducing new faults. In this paper we propose two software reliability assessment models with imperfect debugging by assuming that new faults are sometimes introduced when the faults originally latent in a software system are corrected and removed during the testing phase. It is assumed that the fault detection rate is proportional to the sum of the numbers of faults remaining originally in the system and faults introduced by imperfect debugging. These two models are described by a nonhomogeneous Poisson process. Several quantitative measures for reliability assessment are derived, and the maximum likelihood estimations of unknown model parameters are presented. Finally, numerical examples of software reliability analysis based on these two models are shown.     

A bayesian belief network based model for predicting software faults in early phase of software development process

It is always better to have an idea about the future situation of a present work. Prediction of software faults in the early phase of software development life cycle can facilitate to the software personnel to achieve their desired software product. Early prediction is of great importance for optimizing the development cost of a software project. The present study proposes a methodology based on Bayesian belief network, developed to predict total number of faults and to reach a target value of total number of faults during early development phase of software lifecycle. The model has been carried out using the information from similar or earlier version software projects, domain expert’s opinion and the software metrics. Interval type-2 fuzzy logic has been applied for obtaining the conditional probability values in the node probability tables of the belief network. The output pattern corresponding to the total number of faults has been identified by artificial neural network using the input pattern from similar or earlier project data. The proposed Bayesian framework facilitates software personnel to gain the required information about software metrics at early phase for achieving targeted number of software faults. The proposed model has been applied on twenty six software project data. Results have been validated by different statistical comparison criterion. The performance of the proposed approach has been compared with some existing early fault prediction models.     

Mathematical modeling of software reliability testing with imperfect debugging

Software reliability testing is concerned with the quantitative relationship between software testing and software reliability. Our previous work develops a mathematically rigorous modeling framework for software reliability testing. However the modeling framework is confined to the case of perfect debugging, where detected defects are removed without introducing new defects. In this paper the modeling framework is extended to the case of imperfect debugging and two models are proposed. In the first model it is assumed that debugging is imperfect and may make the number of remaining defects reduce by one, remain intact, or increase by one. In the second model it is assumed that when the number of remaining defects reaches the upper bound, the probability that the number of remaining defects is increased by one by debugging is zero. The expected behaviors of the cumulative number of observed failures and the number of remaining defects in the first model show that the software testing process may induce a linear or nonlinear dynamic system, depending on the relationship between the probability of debugging introducing a new defect and that of debugging removing a detected defect. The second-order behaviors of the first model also show that in the case of imperfect debugging, although there may be unbiased estimator for the initial number of defects remaining in the software under test, the cumulative number of observed failures and the current number of remaining defects are not sufficient for precisely estimating the initial number of remaining defects. This is because the variance of the unbiased estimator approaches a non-zero constant as the software testing process proceeds. This may be treated as an intrinsic principle of uncertainty for software testing. The expected behaviors of the cumulative number of observed failures and the number of remaining defects in the second model show that the software testing process may induce a nonlinear dynamic system. However theoretical analysis and simulation results show that, if defects are more often removed from than introduced into the software under test, the expected behaviors of the two models tend to coincide with each other as the upper bound of the number of remaining defects approaches infinity.