氯化胆碱-尿素体系中电沉积Ni-Fe-Sm析氢催化电极研究

采用恒电位电沉积技术,在氯化胆碱-尿素体系中制备Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu稀土合金电极并研究其析氢(HER)性能。通过阴极极化曲线(LSV)、循环伏安曲线(CV)等电化学测试方法及SEM等表征技术,研究沉积条件对稀土合金电极的析氢性能及其表面形貌的影响。结果表明,添加稀土元素Sm能够有效提升合金电极的析氢性能。在-1.22 V的沉积电位下,沉积20 min制备的Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu稀土合金电极析氢性能最佳。在10 mA/cm²电流密度下,稀土合金电极的析氢过电位仅115 mV,Tafel斜率最小,析氢反应受Volmer-Heyrovsky反应控制。且该条件下制备的Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu稀土合金具备最高的双电层电容,电催化活性表面积最大。通过交流阻抗法(EIS)可知,Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu合金电极具有较高电荷转移速率。此外,Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu稀土合金电极在碱性介质中具有较好的稳定性,在经过1000圈的循环侧安测试,电催化析氢性能没有明显变化。     

稀土铈对镍-钴合金电极的析氢催化性能的影响

采用电沉积方法制备了Ni—Co和Ni—Co(RE)合金电权。通过电化学方法研究了其在7mol/L KOH溶波中的析氢电催化活性。实验发现，与Fe电权相比，Ni—Co和Ni—Co(RE)合金电权的析氢电位正移，其中Ni—Co(RE)合金电权的析氢电位正移250mV。通过扫描电镜和合金镀层成分分析，探讨了稀土饰对Ni—Co合金电权析氢电催化性能的影响。结果表明，稀土饰的加入提高了合金电权在7mol/L KOH溶液中的析氢电催化活性和电化学稳定性。有利于降低槽压，减少能耗。     

钴锌合金在氯化胆碱-尿素离子液体中的电沉积行为

为探索新型的Co-Zn合金电镀工艺,在氯化胆碱-尿素离子液体中电沉积了钴锌合金镀层,探讨了阴极电位、Co(Ⅱ)/Zn(Ⅱ)浓度比、温度及时间等工艺参数对电沉积的影响,并对合金镀层性能进行了测试.结果表明:在氯化胆碱-尿素离子液体中,控制体系的组成和沉积条件,可得到表面均匀、附着力强、有金属光泽的非晶态Co-Zn合金镀层,其中Co的质量分数可达90%.     

电镀镍-钴合金对La-Mg-Ni基贮氢合金电化学性能的影响

为了改善La-Mg-Ni基贮氢合金的循环稳定性和综合电化学性能,研究了电镀镍-钴合金对La0.88Mg0.12Ni2.95Mn0.10Co0.55Al0.10贮氢合金粉末表面形貌和电极电化学性能的影响.FESEM表明,电镀处理后合金粉末表面沉积了球状的镍-钴合金颗粒.电化学性能测试表明,贮氢合金电极的放电容量、高倍率放电性能和循环稳定性均得到了显著改善.200周循环时合金电极的容量保持率从未处理合金电极的60%提高到镀覆镍-钴合金的80%,在放电电流密度1080mA/g下的高倍率放电性能提高了23%.线性极化曲线和电化学阻抗分析结果显示,包覆镍-钴合金后贮氢合金电极表面的电荷转移速率加快,电催化活性提高.     

AC/Ni-Co复合电极材料的制备及其催化析氢性能

采用复合电沉积法制备了AC(活性炭) / Ni-Co 复合电极。XRD 和SEM 测试结果表明, AC 微粒的复合未改变Ni-Co 合金电极的物相结构, 但使镀层的表面粗糙度和真实表面积增大。通过稳态阴极极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗技术考察了不同电极在1 mol·L-1 NaOH 溶液中的催化析氢性能, 结果表明, 镀液中AC 含量为3 g·L-1时所制备的AC/ Ni-Co 复合电极较Ni 电极和Ni-Co 合金电极具有更高的催化析氢活性, 电流密度为30 mA·cm-2时, 析氢反应极化电位分别比Ni 电极和Ni-Co 合金电极正移230 mV 和140 mV , 表观交换电流密度分别是Ni 电极和Ni-Co 合金电极的42 倍和9 倍, 复合电极催化析氢性能的提高主要归因于电极真实表面积的增大。      

深共晶溶剂中电沉积制备Co-Fe-Gd/NF电极及其析氢性能研究

为了制备出在碱性环境中具备高效能的廉价析氢电极催化剂,选择不同的沉积电位在氯化胆碱-尿素(ChCl-urea)中电沉积制备出五种Co-Fe-Gd/NF电极催化剂。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和光谱仪(EDX)对电极表面形貌、元素含量及分布情况进行表征,X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对电极表面化学性质进行表征。结合线性扫描伏安法(LSV)、电化学阻抗技术(EIS)和循环伏安法(CV)电化学测试结果,表明-1.24 V沉积电位下制备的Co-Fe-Gd/NF-3电极具备优异的析氢催化性能,在10 mA·cm^-2时的过电位仅为71 mV,最小的塔菲尔斜率(45 mV·dec^-1)与电荷转移电阻(0.28503Ω·cm^-2)表明其具备更快的析氢反应动力学过程,电化学活性表面积(ECSA)最大为390.5,为析氢过程提供更多的反应活性位点。对电极进行循环伏安耐久性测试与计时电流法(I-t)测试,结果表明Co-Fe-Gd/NF-3电极催化剂在碱性环境中稳定性良好。     

Electrochemical properties of amorphous Ni-S-Co alloy in alkaline medium

用电沉积方法制备非晶态Ni-S-Co合金镀层, 研究了镀层的电化学性能. 结果表明,与非晶态Ni--S合金相比, Co的引入可提高镀层中S的含量.在析氢反应中非晶态Ni--S--Co合金电极具有很高的电化学活性,电流密度为150 mA×cm-2时其析氢过电位仅为70 mV,比非晶态Ni-S合金低20 mV.在长时间电解过程中S发生溶出反应有助于提高电极的表面粗糙程度, 是提高电极析氢活性的重要原因之一. 在析氢过程中,非晶态Ni--S--Co合金电极吸附大量的H原子, 使反应的活化能降低,这是其析氢活性高的主要原因. 非晶态Ni--S--Co合金镀层的析氢机理为电化学脱附机理,即一快速的Volmer反应(电化学步骤)和一较慢的Heyrovsky反应(电化学脱附步骤).     

非晶态Ni-S-Co合金的制备和电化学性能

用电沉积方法制备非晶态Ni-S-Co合金镀层,研究了镀层的电化学性能.结果表明,与非晶态Ni-S合金相比,Co的引入可提高镀层中S的含量.在析氢反应中非晶态Ni-S-Co合金电极具有很高的电化学活性,电流密度为150 mA·cm-2时其析氢过电位仅为70 mV,比非晶态Ni-S合金低20 mV.在长时间电解过程中S发生溶出反应有助于提高电极的表面粗糙程度,是提高电极析氢活性的重要原因之一.在析氢过程中,非晶态Ni-S-Co合金电极吸附大量的H原子,使反应的活化能降低,这是其析氢活性高的主要原因.非晶态Ni-S-Co合金镀层的析氢机理为电化学脱附机理,即-快速的Volmer反应(电化学步骤)和一较慢的Heyrovsky反应(电化学脱附步骤).     

电沉积锡-铟合金电极在氢氧化钾溶液中的电化学性能

在电池集流体铜表面电沉积锡,锡溶解后易使其析氢量增加,电沉积铟在碱性溶液中抑氢效果好,但成本高,目前对锡-铟合金共沉积的效果研究甚少.用电化学方法在高能碱性锌锰电池集流体铜电极表面沉积Sn,In和Sn-In合金.研究了Sn,In和Sn-In合金电极在1 mol/L KOH溶液中的析氢电化学性能和电化学稳定性,测定了其在相同溶液中的循环伏安曲线和交流阻抗图谱.结果表明:沉积In和Sn-In合金的电极比铜电极的析氢过电位分别提高了569 mV和488 mV,有效地抑制了氢气析出;在无汞化电池工业中,用价格低廉且稳定性较好的Sn-In合金共沉积电极代替In沉积电极具有广阔的应用前景.     

稀土铈对镍-钴-磷合金电极的析氢催化性能的影响

采用自行研制的复合配合剂,用化学沉积法在酸性体系中制备了Ni-Co-P和Ni-Co-P稀土合金电极.研究了稀土元素铈对Ni-Co-P合金电极的析氢电催化活性和电化学稳定性的影响.通过电化学方法测定合金电极在7 mol/L KOH溶液中的阴极极化曲线、Tafel曲线和电化学稳定性曲线,结果表明,与Ni-Co-P合金电极相比,Ni-Co-P(RE)合金电极的析氢电位正移约90 mV,Ni-Co-P(RE)合金电极具有较优的析氢电催化活性和电化学稳定性.此外,还通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜和合金镀层成分分析,结果表明,稀土元素铈的加入使非晶态Ni-Co-P合金镀层晶粒细化,但稀土元素铈不与合金共沉积,只是起到改变镀层组织结构的作用.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...