上海城市行道树安全风险评估研究

评估城市树木的安全风险级别及其区域特点是提高 树木精细化管理水平的重要措施,也是提高城市公共安全的 重要内容。利用GIS技术,结合信息采集和数据处理分析,以 上海市为例开展行道树的安全风险评估研究。采用风险矩阵表 法,将潜在风险可能性及风险后果的严重程度进行量化,实 现了定性分析与定量分析的结合。将相关数据导入GIS软件和 Canoco 5软件分别进行空间分析和相关性分析。结果表明： 1)上海大部分行道树处于中等风险水平,风险较高的区域主 要集中在中心城区的黄浦等区域;2)中心城区、外环区域及 沿海区域的行道树风险点分别集中于树干、根部和枝干部分; 3)利用GIS空间分析和RDA冗余分析从城市区域层面进行行 道树安全风险评估,有利于相关部门进行行道树规划和制定相 应的管理措施。     

基于ISM的城市区域火灾风险影响因素研究

以降低城市火灾风险为目的,结合国内外城市火灾特点及危害,对城市火灾风险因素进行分析与研究。采用解释结构模型(ISM)计算得出各因素之间的关系与结构,建立了9级阶梯结构关系的城市区域火灾风险因素解释结构模型。基于ISM模型,分析研究了各因素之间的影响关系及层级结构,并对降低城市火灾风险提出了工作建议。结果显示,基于解释结构模型法的城市区域火灾风险影响因素研究准确地揭示了各因素之间的结构关系,为有效降低城市火灾风险提供了参考依据。     

城市空间快速增长的区域生态风险防御——国际经验检讨与规划调控初探

我国城市空间快速增长引发了日益加剧的区域生态风险,对实现可持续城市化构成严峻挑战。尽管从城市自身尺度的环境影响控制迈向区域整体范围的生态风险防御,已成为规划调控变革的内在需求。但建筑学等单一学科探索,难以有效应对城市-区域之间跨尺度、多要素的生态复杂性议题。通过国际经验检讨,从人地耦合系统的复杂性视角出发,立足于理论基础模型构建、区域生态风险辨识和规划方案绩效评估等3个基本模块,提出一种遵循“城市空间增长态势-资源环境压力变化-生态系统风险辨识-规划方案绩效评估”逻辑的方法模型,旨在改善城市规划实践中的区域生态风险防御能力。     

社区边界公共空间规划模式研究

高密度城市的宜居性在城市规划领域一直存在争议,特别是在活力水平、可步行性和日常服务接入方面。然而,相关研究较少,片区控制性详细规划至工程设计之间的详细规划编制也缺乏针对性的方法指导。基于此,提出“分级评估-分区赋能”的规划设计方法:1)对场地空间潜力进行分析评估,初步筛选出潜力活动(片)区;2)运用空间分级、主题赋能、活动引入和行赏结合四大策略,对潜力活动(片)区进行分区赋能。该方法有助于区域实现公共绿地和配套服务设施的供给公平,使封闭式社区边界公共空间向“以人为本”的共享街区转变,从而提高区域韧性,以期为边界公共空间开发利用和更新改造实践提供新模式与新思路。     

城市地表通风潜力研究技术方法与应用 —以北京和广州中心城为例

城市地表通风潜力是城市通风评估和通风廊道规划的前提条件,目前尚缺乏科学合理的指标来表征。文章面向城市区域尺度,基于城市形态学模型构建了通风潜力系数(VPC)指标,对城市通风潜力的强弱进行评估。随后,分别以北京和广州中心城为例,应用1∶2 000基础地理信息和Landsat8卫星资料,开展了2015年VPC估算及通风潜力评估分析。研究结果表明,VPC可有效反映城市地表通风潜力大小,其与天空开阔度呈负相关关系,线性回归模型R2为0.459 1,与建筑高度、容积率、迎风截面积密度和粗糙度长度呈明显正相关关系,线性回归模型R2分别为0.717 9、0.784 2、0.796 2和0. 842 4;北京和广州中心城地表通风潜力最差的区域分别为三环—二环区域和越秀区,广州中心城的总体地表通风潜力明显好于北京中心城,这是由于广州具有更大面积的利于通风的林地、绿地和水体等冷源区域。     

城市森林步道个体环境偏好、恢复性评价与健康效益评估关系研究——以福道为例

已有大量研究证实，偏好程度越高的环境恢复性效益越高，且恢复性评价的提升有助于改善游览者对环境健康效益的评估。在此基础上，构建城市森林步道的环境偏好、恢复性评价和健康效益评估三者之间的路径模型以探讨其关系及作用机理，并以福道为例进行结构关系模型验证。结果表明：1)城市森林步道环境的一致性、易读性、复杂性和神秘性均能有效反映游览者对城市森林步道的环境偏好，以神秘性对环境偏好的影响最为显著；2)城市森林步道环境的远离、延展性、魅力性和兼容性均能有效反映游览者对城市森林步道的环境恢复性评价，以魅力性对恢复性评价的影响最为显著；3)游览者对城市森林步道的环境偏好对其恢复性评价有显著正影响，对城市森林步道环境的恢复性评价对其健康效益评估有显著正影响；4)虽然游览者对城市森林步道的环境偏好对其健康效益评估没有直接影响，但二者之间通过恢复性评价的中介效益产生了间接影响。     

上海气候变化脆弱性评估与治理对策

随着全球气候变化加剧，针对特大型沿海城市进行气候变化脆弱性评估及适应性对策研究，可保障城市健康安全发展。构建上海气候变化城市脆弱性评价体系，并对现状进行评估。发现上海为中度脆弱；气候变化背景下气候灾害发生风险增加，高度城市化的上海受损可能性增加；上海在自然空间保护、经济结构以及社会福利方面表现较好，对气候变化敏感性和适应性表现较好。分析上海面临的气候变化问题，提出应对策略，为上海预防气候性灾害、建设适应性城市提供参考依据。     

基于生态系统服务评估的长江武汉段 城市河流廊道蓝绿空间优化

为推动城市河流保护修复和可持续性发展,该研究 在长江生态大保护规划背景下选取武汉段作为研究对象,引 入生态系统服务(ES)理论,基于ArcGIS软件和InVEST模型 工具集,筛选计算了代表研究区综合特征的5个模块(生物多样 性、微气候调节、水净化、审美质量、休闲与娱乐),并通过 可达性评估了其高值与人口之间的耦合度。结果显示区域ES 与人口的空间匹配较为失衡,呈现区段梯度变化趋势。根据耦 合度结果,建议划分4类优先区域,提出优化蓝绿空间格局和 构建蓝绿空间网络的建议,目的为均衡区域的ES存量和激活 ES流量。本研究的存量和流量测定评估体系能有效识别ES转 化的薄弱区,助力区域综合效益提升,为城市河流廊道的空间 优化提供参考。     

时空维度下现代城市火灾消防安全评估体系构建及应用研究

城市消防规划是指导城市消防工作及消防设施布局的重要依据，其中火灾消防安全评估作为摸清火灾风险形势及消防安全需求的重要内容，是指导城市消防工作和消防设施布局的基础。面对现代城市火灾风险的新趋势和新特征，传统着眼于终极时期的静态火灾消防安全评估已无法提供长期、有效的决策依据。文章在借鉴先进城市火灾消防安全评估经验的基础上，以成都市火灾消防安全评估为例，提出时空维度下的城市火灾消防安全评估思路，从火灾风险评估和支撑保障评估两方面构建分类化、动态型的现代城市火灾消防安全评估体系，并将评估结果应用在消防规划中，以期为其他城市的火灾消防安全评估及消防规划提供参考。     

城乡火灾风险与社会性指标的关联性研究

为探究社会性因素对城乡火灾风险的影响权重,基于火灾历史数据计算GDP、常住人口和受教育程度等指标与城乡火灾风险的关联性。计算分析发现,GDP 总量与火灾数量呈现正相关关系,在省份维度GDP 总量与火灾数量呈现强相关,在城市维度GDP 总量与火灾数量呈现中等相关;各省常住人口与本省火灾数量呈现强相关关系,但经济欠发达省份的关联性较弱;居民受教育程度较低时,教育水平与火灾发生数量呈负相关,高教育阶段时,教育水平与火灾发生数量呈正相关。     

上海市行道树土壤理化性质与树木健康的相关性研究

以上海市70条代表性道路的行道树为研究对象,开展行道树健康评价,并分析土壤理化性质与行道树健康的相关性.结果 表明:大多数行道树处于基本健康状态,20％存在较严重的健康问题;土壤物理性质与行道树健康密切相关,其中行道树健康与土壤容重、砂粒含量极显著负相关,与土壤含水量、总孔隙度、黏粒、粉粒含量等极显著正相关;多数化学性...     

台风灾害下城市受损树木的空间分布特征——以广州为例

台风作为一种极端的气候灾害,常年袭击中国东南沿海城市,给园林树木造成严重破坏,并引发一系列次生灾害。以台风灾害下广州2016—2018年受损树木数据为基础,利用地理信息系统（GIS）技术与城市气候地图（LCZ）,对受损树木分布进行基于城市空间特征的分类统计,进而结合树木的受损情况,进行树种、受损原因等问题的分析与讨论。研究结果表明：1）羊蹄甲属、榕树和绿黄葛树等为台风灾害下的易倒伏、易断枝树种;2）受损树木主要分布于建筑密度为30%~50%、容积率在1~4的地区,其LCZ类型多为密集的中层建筑区（LCZ 2）;3）台风灾害下受损树木分布主要集中于4种城市空间,即低层多层高密度区、密集－开敞区、高层建筑峡口区、高架桥周边城市空间。希望为台风灾害下的园林树木养护与检测和景观设计提供参考,从而减弱次生灾害对城市的影响。     

POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE IN NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS: INSIGHTS FROM MELBOURNE URBAN FOREST MANAGERS

Nature-based solutions can help build resilience in urban landscapes. New governance arrangements have been suggested for assisting local governments in implementing nature-based solutions. A dominant nature-based solution initiative is the activities and policies directed at the increase of the number of trees and treecanopy coverage in a city. This study explores how polycentric governance of urban forests may operate by focusing on how key decision-makers coordinate their priorities and actions in urban forestry decisions. A stakeholder-centered view on polycentric governance is taken, specifically focused on the view of municipal managers, to develop a better understanding of the social systems behind the implementation of naturebased solutions. This was done by using social data elicited from 19 in-depth interviews with urban forest managers working in nine local councils in Greater Melbourne, Australia. The data analyses show that the most important decisions that municipal managers make, and where other stakeholders have the most influence, relate to tree removal for developments, significant tree retention, tree planting for site renewal, and ageing trees removal. The most important stakeholders influencing these decisions include other municipal departmental units, developers, state actors, and residents. Non-governmental greening groups do not play a very important role. Various types of coordination, such as the ones between municipal departments, between nongovernmental stakeholders (especially developers and residents), between state government policies, as well as public consultation, are needed to better mobilize stakeholders’ influence and input. Capitalizing on greening groups that aim to retain trees in urban areas, not just planting more trees, can potentially support the current decisions made by municipal managers, which respond to urbanization pressures.     

Bench Dragon Ever-living: Using Ritual Design to Shape the Localized Mode of Tree Burial in China

Although tree burial has been proposed for decades, it is not yet widely accepted in China, mainly due to the lack of recognition of its embedded ecological ethics and the not fully localized practice. The article suggests that localizing tree burial activities in China should consider regional urban-rural relationship and combine tomb-sweeping activities with the renewal of local traditional ceremonies in rural areas, thus engaging urban residents. The site selected in this article, Youlong Village of Anhui Province, is located at the origin of the Xin’an River, which is an endowed advantage to attract downstream urban residents. Taking the Bench Dragon as the case study subject, the article analyzes its existing ritual sections and spatial nodes to sort out its ritual structure. Based on this analysis, the article proposes a design of the ritual sections and the marching route of the Bench Dragon for the Chinese Tomb-sweeping Festival, guiding the place-making of tree burial sites and the development of daily management strategies for the ritual landscape. Appropriate ritual design in rural areas can help perforate the evaluation items in strictly categorized cultural ecosystem services, which, through embodiment, calls for a holistic landscape experience. Additionally, ritual design is supposed to activate the potential aesthetic value in the countryside today, while the ecological ethics it carries may also introduce new meanings to the traditional view of life and death in Chinese culture, ultimately opening a new horizon for contemporary rural construction.     

What influences farmers to keep trees?: A case study from the Brigalow Belt, Queensland, Australia

Landscape change is driven by economic, demographic and cultural factors operating at a range of spatial and temporal scales. However, landscapes developed for agriculture often retain some wooded areas or paddock trees. The study aimed to identify the relationships between, and influence of, the demographic, economic and cultural values of landholders on the retention of native trees on farms in the Brigalow Belt, Queensland. Two response variables were tested: the proportion of total tree cover on all soil types, and the proportion of tree cover on fertile soils most suitable for agriculture. Explanatory variables were grouped into five conceptual areas: economic factors, demographic characteristics, cultural/social values, attachment to property, and opinions about vegetation management control. Principal components analysis and generalised linear models were used to select and assess the influence of the explanatory variables. An economic factor, farm size, had the strongest influence on both response variables, although the effect was less strong for tree cover on fertile soils. Agreement that tree cover was attractive (a cultural value) and attendance on training courses (a demographic characteristic) were also influential, together with other economic factors recognising production benefits from wooded areas. We conclude that a better understanding of social, economic and cultural factors that influence landholders’ decisions about how much tree cover to retain on their property is a prerequisite to targeting passive landscape restoration in areas where over-clearing is threatening landscape health.     

运用空间句法衡量小型城市公园的安全性——以埃及开罗市罗德-法拉格公园为例

Decoding the relationship between crime and place has been the focus of researchers in both design and social fields for a few decades. Space syntax theory offers the possibility of examining the configuration characteristics of the environment and their potential influences on people’s activities and crime patterns; however, its implementation in landscape architecture has been limited. This study responds to such a gap by exploring the effectiveness of applying space syntax theory to predict safety levels in a park in Cairo, Egypt. depthmapX was used to analyze the spatial configuration of the park. Crime records from 2019 were collected through site observation and staff interviews, and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.3 software. Results indicated a strong correlation between space depth / integration / connectivity and crime pattern distribution. The park visibility graphs indicated the different impacts of vegetation (evergreen tree / deciduous trees) in summer and winter on visual connectivity and crime types. The research concluded that applying space syntax theory to landscape architecture is challenging; nevertheless, it represents a promising approach to predict committing crimes in urban parks, and the findings can be adopted to enhance park conceptual designs to achieve higher safety level.     

Impact of ecological disturbance on awareness of urban nature and sense of environmental stewardship in residential neighborhoods

Experience with nature contributes to human wellbeing and environmental stewardship. Both may be affected when people experience local environmental disturbances. I test the hypothesis that relatively gradual ecological disturbance in urban areas increases awareness and appreciation of urban nature and environmental stewardship. In recent years the Emerald Ash Borer killed 10,000 street trees in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Information on residents’ attitudes and behavior regarding urban nature and street trees was collected from a mailed survey returned by 594 homeowners. Residential properties in the sample were distributed across the city as 24 pairs of nearest neighbor streets, including a “treatment street” (>70% street trees lost) and a “control street” (<30% street trees lost).Findings indicate that those experiencing tree loss were significantly more engaged with nature and more willing to participate in stewardship. The degree of increased engagement was directly related to the individual's proximity to the disturbance. Proximity to the loss was also a significant contributor to respondents’ appreciation of urban nature and the feeling that street trees enhance sense of wellbeing. However, regardless of proximity to tree loss, responses to items concerning appreciation of urban nature and the feeling that street trees enhance sense of wellbeing were extremely high. The results of this study suggest that recovery from ecological disturbance may be best supported by stewardship activities that engage citizens in what the care about, in ways that foster wellbeing of both the self and the urban ecosystem.     

植物群落特征对夏季公园林荫空间微气候的影响研究

选取福州市西湖公园林荫空间为样地,借助ENVI-met软件,引入正交试验设计,探究植物群落特征对夏季林荫空间微气候的影响.结果 表明如下几方面.1)树木叶面积指数在所有时段均对林荫空间的降温通风能力起主导作用,降湿效应在早上时段主要受乔灌草比例影响,其余时段主要受树木叶面积指数影响.2)树木叶面积指数、灌木层占比与林荫...     

Form and structure of maple trees in urban environments

The form and structure of maple trees in an urban environment were measured and compared with the original design intent prepared 25 years previously. Bio-physical characteristics of the sites were also measured in an attempt to relate tree characteristics to environmental stress.Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) trees planted in turfed areas survived and were determined to possess a form and structure similar to expectations. However, most of the sugar maple trees that had been planted in a brick walkway had been replaced with Norway maple (Acer platanoides) trees, a species more adaptable to urban environments. Few of the original sugar maples in the walkway survived and their form, height, and diameter at breast height were not significantly different from those in turfed areas. However, the surviving walkway sugar maples had lower canopy densities, higher amounts of twig die-back, and smaller canopy widths. Overall these trees were more open-canopied and ragged in appearance than similar trees grown in turfed areas.Measurements of soil characteristics yielded inconclusive differences between the tree pits in bricked areas and those in grassed areas. Mapping and analysis of site characteristics identified microclimatic differences among the sites.Recommendations for application to landscape design and suggestions for future research have been identified.