陶瓷CBN砂轮的研究进展

陶瓷CBN砂轮在成形加工和精密加工等领域广泛应用，对其进行研究在提高工件加工质量和加工效率方面具有重要意义。分别从CBN磨粒、改性剂的添加、陶瓷CBN砂轮的制备和磨削性能方面，综述近些年陶瓷CBN砂轮的研究进展，并对其未来发展前景进行展望。在CBN磨粒方面，论述了CBN单晶的合成，介绍了CBN磨粒表面处理和加入强磁场时的处理方式；对于改性剂，分别论述了成孔剂、氧化物、金属物质、纳米材料的添加对陶瓷CBN砂轮性能的改善；在陶瓷CBN砂轮制备方面，介绍了其成形和烧结的方法。此外，还介绍了陶瓷CBN砂轮在钢类材料、镍基合金、钛合金等难加工材料上的磨削加工应用，并提出影响其磨削性能的因素。     

基于开放孔隙的钎焊CBN多孔砂轮研制与磨削加工性能

为解决钛合金磨削过程中存在的加工效率低、工具寿命短、加工表面质量差等问题,采用冷压成型和高温钎焊技术研制集孔隙率高、耐磨性好和自锐性能优异等特点于一体,基于开放孔隙的钎焊CBN多孔超硬磨料砂轮。完成该砂轮的开放孔隙结构设计与制备,开展钛合金磨削加工性能和磨损试验研究,分析磨削用量参数对钛合金加工性能的影响规律,揭示其自锐性能以及其对工件表面质量的影响。结果表明:当CBN砂轮孔隙尺寸和孔隙率分别为0.6～0.8 mm和40%时,砂轮工作层节块能获得较优的力学性能和较大的容屑空间;与磨削速度30 m/s相比,当磨削速度为80 m/s时,多孔CBN砂轮拥有更为稳定的磨削力比,处于1.5～2.2;随着累计材料去除体积的增大,砂轮表面动态有效磨刃数趋于一致,加工表面粗糙度快速降低并逐渐稳定。      

用超细CBN磨料磨削超耐热合金

本文描述了用新开发的超细多晶CBN磨料成型缓进给磨削镍基超耐热合金的磨削特点。用新型聚晶CBN(CBN—U)磨粒和一种有代表性的传统单晶CBN(CBN—B1)磨粒以缓进给方法一次在平面上磨出一个矩型槽进行了试验。用CBN—U磨料与用CBN—B1相比，磨削力降低了20—30％。用CBN—U磨料进行磨削时，径向和轮廓磨损都较小，磨削比要比CBN—B1磨粒高约4倍。CBN—U磨料在磨削过程中的微破碎尺寸比CBN—B1磨料小。用CBN—U比用CBN—B1砂轮磨损率低而寿命长。     

轧辊磨削过程中砂轮磨损对比与功率监测

为解决磨削大型零件时进刀不均匀、效率低的问题,以轧辊磨削为例,对比CBN砂轮和氧化铝砂轮的主轴功率和加工性能。发现:由于砂轮磨损,轧辊磨削的效率及尺寸精度低;相同条件下,树脂结合剂CBN砂轮的效率比氧化铝砂轮高150%;去除同样轧辊材料时,CBN砂轮的磨损量最多是氧化铝砂轮的1/9。CBN砂轮由于磨粒硬度高、把持力强,可以改善大型零件加工时进刀不均匀、效率低的情况。      

电镀立方氮化硼成形砂轮磨料颗粒尺寸的最优选择

一、电镀立方氮化硼成形砂轮的制造方法立方氮化硼(CBN)是一种性能优良的超硬磨料,适合于磨削普通磨料难于加工的工具钢、模具钢、不锈钢和耐热合金等材料。CBN砂轮磨削时磨削力小,磨削温度低,零件加工表面不出现烧伤和裂纹,因此能进一步提高零件的加工质量和精度。由于CBN砂轮不易钝化和磨损,可以长时间磨削而不需修整砂轮,因此用于成形磨削优点更突出。在各种CBN砂轮     

不同晶型金刚石树脂砂轮磨削性能研究

通过磨削试验,从主轴电流、齿高磨损、磨削工件表面质量等方面,研究了单晶、自锐1#、自锐2#金刚石对工件磨削性能的影响。研究结果表明:在各磨削参数相同的条件下,自锐2#金刚石树脂砂轮的工作电流最稳定且最小,砂轮齿高磨损最少,硅片磨削表面质量与另外两种金刚石砂轮相差不大。自锐2#金刚石树脂砂轮总体磨削性能最佳。     

粉末结构对HVOF喷涂Cr3C2-25%NiCr涂层组织及磨粒磨损性能的影响

以团聚烧结和烧结包覆两种工艺制备的Cr3C2-25%NiCr粉末为原料,运用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术制备了Cr3C2-NiCr涂层,分析比较了两种涂层的显微组织、孔隙率和硬度,运用橡胶轮磨损试验机测定了涂层在不同磨损条件下的耐磨粒磨损性能,研究了粉末制备工艺和磨损工艺条件对涂层磨损质量损失的影响。结果表明,烧结包覆粉末所沉积的涂层具有高的致密度、硬度和良好的耐磨性,而团聚烧结粉末所形成的涂层耐磨粒磨损性能较差。磨损工艺条件对涂层的磨损质量损失有很大影响,在大载荷或粗磨粒作用的工况下,涂层的磨损质量损失最大。     

TiB2含量对微波烧结TiB2/Cu复合材料组织和磨损性能的影响

为考察TiB2含量对微波烧结TiB2/Cu复合材料组织和磨损性能的影响,采用微波烧结技术制备了含TiB2体积分数不同的TiB2/Cu复合材料.测试了试样的密度和显微硬度,分析了试样的组织.应用摩擦磨损试验机测试了试样在不同载荷下的磨损性能,并应用扫描电镜(配能谱仪)观察和分析了试样磨损面形貌和成分.结果表明:随TiB2含量增加,试样中孪晶数量减少;晶粒反而随TiB2含量增加而增大,其长大方式是晶界绕过团聚颗粒后进行合并而长大;试样的耐磨性能随TiB2含量增加而显著提高,其主要的磨损机制也由粘着磨损逐渐向磨粒磨损转变.     

强力砂轮在硬质合金刀具精密磨削中的性能研究

对强力砂轮磨粒晶形,磨削层结合剂成分,砂轮磨损情况,砂轮磨削力以及所磨削的刀具外观质量等方面进行了研究。结果表明:磨削层的结合剂成分会影响砂轮的自锐性;且在相同的磨削条件下,磨粒的晶形不仅直接影响砂轮自身的磨削力和磨损性能,而且决定了所磨削刀具的外观和表面质量。      

高温钎焊立方氮化硼界面微结构

以Ag-Cu-Ti合金为钎料采用真空钎焊的方法在优化的钎焊温度和时间下，实现了立方氮化硼(CBN)与砂轮基体的牢固连接。运用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)及X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)对连接界面的微观组织以及CBN表面生成物的三维形貌、化学成分、物相结构进行了综合分析。结果表明，钎料中的元素Ti向CBN表面扩散富集，生成了针状TiB2和TiN，在磨粒与钎料界面形成化学冶金结合，这是CBN与Ag-Cu-Ti钎料间有良好浸润性和高结合强度的主要原因。磨削对比试验表明钎焊CBN砂轮比电镀CBN砂轮具有更高的磨粒把持强度。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。