铜/铝双金属复合材料研究新进展

双金属复合材料能综合各基体金属的优异性能,弥补单一金属的不足,具有性价比高、成本低等特点,是目前材料研究领域的热点。铜/铝双金属复合材料作为一种典型的双金属复合材料,综合利用铜的高导电、高导热,以及铝的质轻、易焊接、低成本等优点,广泛应用于电力、热传输、汽车等领域,受到国内外研究人员的广泛关注。然而,制备铜/铝双金属复合材料的主要难点包括:(1)铜、铝两种材料均易氧化,且形成的氧化膜难以去除;(2)界面易形成硬脆的金属间化合物,危害铜/铝双金属复合材料的性能。近年来,研究人员不断完善现有工艺和开发新工艺,对界面形成机理、金属间化合物的生长调控、组元金属之间的尺寸与性能的匹配、变形与热处理协调、性能表征等方面进行了大量研究,并取得了丰富的成果。研究人员通过优化工艺参数、采用物理和化学方法控制界面金属间化合物的生长,提高界面结合强度;采用原位表征手段观察界面的相演变,探究界面结合机理;结合有限元模拟技术,开展铜/铝双金属复合材料变形、热处理和缺陷预测等方面研究,指导实际生产;综合评价铜/铝双金属复合材料的力学、电学、热学和耐腐蚀等性能,不断挖掘其应用潜力。本文归纳了铜/铝双金属复合材料的制备工艺,重点评析了组合复合工艺在制备铜/铝双金属复合材料的应用。综述了铜/铝双金属复合材料在界面组成、原位观察界面相的演变、界面性能评价和界面结合性能提升等方面的研究新进展,并预测了铜/铝双金属复合材料未来的研究方向。     

低压铸造-轧制法快速制备Al-Cu复合材料

采用低压铸造-轧制法实现了快速制备650mm×30mm×7mm×R3.5mm的Al/Cu复合材料,并通过SEM、EDS、XRD和电子万能试验机(AG-X)表征其结构和界面剪切强度。结果表明:在Cu管预热温度200℃,轧制压下率30%,冷却水通量400L/h,Al液温度680~740℃条件下均可实现Al-Cu之间的冶金结合,界面合金层随着Al液温度的升高而变宽;复合材料的导电性能和界面结合剪切强度受界面金属间化合物层宽度的影响,其宽度越宽,剪切强度降低。低压铸造法制备Al-Cu复合材料工艺流程短,一次成形快,并能对界面物相进行有效调控。     

FeCoNiCrCu高熵合金涂层对复合铸造Al/Mg双金属组织和性能的影响

目的 研究不同厚度的Fe Co Ni Cr Cu高熵合金涂层对Al/Mg双金属组织和力学性能的影响。方法 通过超音速火焰喷涂工艺在A356嵌体表面喷涂不同厚度的FeCoNiCrCu高熵合金涂层,采用消失模复合铸造工艺制备Al/Mg双金属,利用扫描电镜、EDS能谱及XRD衍射仪、维氏硬度测试仪和万能试验机对Al/Mg双金属界面微观组织和力学性能进行测试和分析。结果 未喷涂高熵合金涂层的Al/Mg双金属界面由共晶层和金属间化合物层组成,断裂位置主要位于金属间化合物层,裂纹从Al₃Mg₂扩展至共晶层结束,具有典型的脆性断裂特征,剪切强度仅为30.37 MPa。当高熵合金涂层厚度为5μm时,Al/Mg双金属形成了Al₃Mg₂+Mg₂Si/AlxFeCoNiCrCu+FeCoNiCrCu+Al-Mg-Co-Ni混合相/δ-Mg+Al₁₂Mg₁₇共晶组织的复杂界面,断裂发生在高熵合金层与δ-Mg+Al₁₂Mg_17<...     

新型复式连通SiC/390Al复合材料的制备和性能

以空心多孔SiC泡沫陶瓷为增强体,用挤压铸造法制备了新型复式连通双连续相SiC/390Al复合材料,研究了泡沫陶瓷骨架筋的结构对复合材料的影响,以及复合材料中的界面对力学性能的影响.结果表明,SiC空心多孔泡沫陶瓷与390Al复合后形成了复式连通双连续相复合材料,具有独特的互穿式界面结构,材料界面的结合优异.随着复合材料界面结合的加强和泡沫增强体的复合韧化,复合材料的屈服强度、压缩强度和弯曲强度明显提高,韧性显著增强.     

中温轧制制备镁/铝/钽多层复合材料的界面扩散与力学性能研究

目的 实现镁铝钽异种金属复合板材的制备并优化复合板材的力学性能,以获得强轻质–高抗辐射屏蔽性能的复合金属材料。方法 通过中温轧制工艺,先进行首道次大压下量轧制、随后不断提升轧制道次的方法开展Mg–Al–Ta板材轧制复合研究,分析不同轧制道次下Mg–Al–Ta的界面扩散行为。结果 通过引入Al过渡层,成功实现Mg–Al–Ta轧制复合,不同轧制道次下制备出的Mg–Al–Ta层状复合材料表面较为平整,界面处结合良好;Mg–Al和Al–Ta界面的扩散宽度均随着轧制道次的增加而增大,在1道次到5道次的轧制中,Al–Ta界面的扩散宽度由1.2 μm增大到5.18 μm,Mg–Al界面的扩散宽度由2.38 μm增大到4.25 μm,随着轧制道次的增加,界面层硬度逐渐增大;Mg–Al–Ta层状复合板材的抗拉强度随轧制道次的增加而增大,2道次和5道次轧制板材的抗拉强度分别达到293、365 MPa;轧制道次对板材的塑性影响较小,不同轧制道次的复合板材伸长率均不足1%。结论 研究结果表明,Al是互不相溶金属Mg和Ta冶金结合的有效媒介;中温轧制的热力耦合作用是实现Mg–Al–Ta板材协同变形和界面扩散的主要机制。     

基于数值模拟和实验的Mg/Al复合管材成形工艺研究

目的 为了实现Mg/Al双金属管材的良好成形,提出了一种新方法,即将直接挤压和扩径剪切变形工艺相结合来制备具有良好性能的Mg/Al双金属管材,并探究挤压温度对Mg/Al复合管材成形过程的影响。方法 采用DEFORM–3D有限元软件对Mg/Al双金属管材成形过程进行模拟,以定量分析不同挤压温度对生产的复合管材的影响,并结合模拟结果了解共挤过程中铝和镁合金之间发生的材料流动和冶金反应特点。对挤出管材进行微观组织和力学实验表征。结果 仿真结果表明,由于材料特性的差异,挤压温度对挤压双金属结合性能的影响体现在多个方面,如挤压过程中原子扩散能、流动应力差异等。硬度测试结果表明,合理控制挤压温度可以在减小结合层厚度的同时提升基体材料的硬度。结论 由直接挤压–扩径剪切变形(DEES)工艺制备的Mg/Al双金属复合管材结合良好,结合界面无缺陷和裂纹。结合层厚度在390 ℃时最低,在420 ℃时最高,当挤压温度为390 ℃时,基材的硬度最高,应该合理控制挤压温度以获得更优性能的复合管材。DESS工艺可以有效细化晶粒,最终形成均匀细小的等轴晶。     

添加Ni箔中间层的Mg-Al扩散焊接接头界面结构和力学性能

采用扩散焊接工艺,通过添加Ni箔中间层对镁铝异种金属进行焊接。利用无损检测、电子探针、扫描电镜、万能材料试验机研究了Mg/Ni/Al焊接接头界面的组织结构和力学性能。结果表明:Ni箔中间层可以有效阻止界面处Mg,Al元素的相互扩散,接头界面处没有生成Mg-Al金属间化合物。在焊接温度440℃,保温时间90min时,接头抗剪强度达到最大值20.5MPa。Mg/Ni/Al接头由Al,Ni和Mg,Ni的相互扩散形成,接头界面形成Al-Ni过渡区和Mg-Ni过渡区,界面主要物相分别为Al3Ni2,Al3Ni和Mg2Ni,过渡区厚度随焊接温度升高而增加。     

热处理对钛/硬铝合金轧制复合板界面结合性能和显微结构的影响

一、前言 钛/硬铝合金双金属板是一种重量轻、强度、刚度、耐磨性和耐蚀性均很高的优质复合材料,可用作飞机蒙皮和其他构件。采用“表面处理—轧制复合—热处理”三步法制作钛/硬铝合金双金属板,必须掌握好热处理这一重要环节,研究热处理对其界面结合性能和显微结构的影响。热处理有两个作用:①使双金属的初始结合得到稳定或提高,尤其在轧制变形率较小、金属初始结合强度较低时,这一点极为重要;②消除金属轧制变形后的加工硬化,使金属恢复塑性,以保证双金属能经受后续的成型加工,并满足使用要求。 本文系统地研究了TH1/LY12轧制复合板的热处理,分析了热处理工艺、结合性能与界面组织结构三者之间的对应关系。 二、试验方法     

SiC晶须增强的Zn-12Al合金及其性能

本文用挤压铸造法制备了 SiC_w/Zn-12Al 复合材料,对其常温力学性能进行了测试,讨论了SiC晶须的含量对复合材料性能的影响。试验结果表明:用挤压铸造法制备 SiC_w/Zn-12Al 复合材料是可行的,SiC_w/Zn-12Al 复合材料具有较高的硬度、强度、弹性模量和优良的耐磨性能。     

金属和陶瓷界面对复合材料特性的影响

对粉末冶金、挤压铸造和液相铸造工艺制备的各种陶瓷增强铝基、钛基复合材料中金属和陶瓷的界面特性、显微结构、界面对复合材料力学性能的影响进行了初步的探讨。研究结果指出，金属和陶瓷界面存在机械结合和反应结合的不同特性，并在受载破坏时表现出不同的断裂形貌。复合材料界面上存在析出相割裂了陶瓷增强相与基体界面的联系，降低了界面结合强度，陶瓷增强相表面的物理、化学状态及基体的化学成分对金属基复合材料的特性具有重要影响。     

化学镀锡层对镁铝异种金属超声波焊接的影响

为提高镁铝异种金属超声波焊接接头强度,预先在铝合金表面镀锡后进行镁铝异种金属超声波点焊,并对接头的微观组织和力学性能进行分析.研究表明:无镀锡层的镁铝超声波焊接接头界面出现了大量的Mg_3Al_2和Mg_(12)Al_(17)相,其接头的最大拉伸剪切强度为27.5 MPa;含镀锡层的铝镁超声波焊接结合区由镁锡反应扩散层、残余锡层和铝锡反应扩散层组成,其中,铝锡反应层是固溶体层,镁锡反应层主要是过饱和的固溶体基体及弥散析出的中间相Mg_2Sn,其接头的最大拉伸剪切强度为32.9 MPa.镀锡层的加入有效阻止了镁铝的相互扩散,抑制了硬脆的Mg-Al系金属间化合物的生成,提高了镁铝超声波焊接接头强度,与镁铝超声波焊接相比最大拉伸剪切强度提高了19.6%.     

Fabrication of Al–Cu laminated composites by diffusion rolling procedure

Abstract

A diffusion rolling procedure was employed for the fabrication of Al–Cu laminated composites; the microstructure and mechanical properties of the interface were investigated. With diffusion bonding initially, intermetallic compounds (IMCs) occurred at the Al/Cu interface. After plastic deformation by rolling the laminated composites, the interface strip of IMCs broke and became discontinuous equiaxed particulates. Compared with roll bonding with heat treatment and diffusion bonding, the shear tensile strength of two-stage processed Al/Cu interface reached a maximum value equivalent to 90% of that of Al. Therefore, it is concluded that the diffusion rolling procedure yielded the highest strength of Al–Cu laminated composites.     

层状镁/铝复合板轧制工艺研究进展

镁/铝复合板具有密度小、比强度高和耐腐蚀性好等优点,广泛应用于航空航天、汽车制造等领域.轧制法是目前生产镁/铝复合板最为广泛的一种方法,该法设备简单、操作容易、成本低廉.介绍了普通轧制法、异步轧制法、爆炸+轧制法、累积叠轧法、固-液铸轧法、波-平轧制法6种轧制工艺,以及这些工艺在制备镁/铝复合板时的优缺点.波-平轧制工艺可以提高复合板的平直度,有利于板材后续加工成形.也研究了轧制温度、轧制压下率、轧制速度、轧后退火处理对镁/铝复合板力学性能的影响,镁/铝界面金属间化合物的形成因素,以及化合物层厚度对镁/铝复合板力学性能的影响.     

Improving friction stir weldability of Al/Mg alloys via ultrasonically diminishing pin adhesion

Formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) during friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum/magnesium (Al/Mg) alloys easily results in the pin adhesion and then deteriorates joint formation. The severe pin adhesion transformed the tapered-and-screwed pin into a tapered pin at a low welding speed of 30 mm/min. The pin adhesion problem was solved with the help of ultrasonic. The weldability of Al/Mg alloys was significantly improved due to the good material flow induced by mechanical vibration and the fragments of the IMCs on the surface of a rotating pin caused by acoustic streaming, respectively. A sound joint with ultrasonic contained long Al/Mg interface joining length and complex mixture of Al/Mg alloys in the stir zone, thereby achieving perfect metallurgical bonding and mechanical interlocking. The ultrasonic could broaden process window and then improve tensile properties. The tensile strength of the Al/Mg joint with ultrasonic reached 115 MPa.     

Proposal of bond criterion for hot roll bonding and its application

The aim of this work was to develop a bond criterion for laminated composites prepared by hot rolling. 7075 Al/AZ31B Mg/7075 Al laminated composites were fabricated by hot rolling at different reduction ratios and temperatures, and the hot rolling process was also simulated by finite element methods (FEM). The FEM results show that two stages existed for an option position of the interface during hot rolling, viz. the bonded interface forming period and the post-bonded period. Bonded interface would be damaged during the latter due to second tensile stress and tear stress (due to the sticking friction between the Al plates and the rollers during the rolling). A bond criterion for laminated composites fabricated by hot rolling was proposed, which includes a strain threshold and a critical bonding strength. The predicted bond results of the 7075 Al/AZ31B Mg/7075 Al laminated composite fabricated by hot rolling from the proposed bond criterion agreed with the experimental data.     

Effect of copper and nickel coating on short steel fiber reinforcement on microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium matrix composites

Commercially pure Al base short steel fiber reinforced composites were prepared by stir casting method and poured into a cast iron mould. Steel fibers were coated with copper and nickel by electroless deposition method. The density, hardness and strength of composites increased as compared to matrix alloy. The mechanical properties of these composites were measured and the results were correlated with the microstructure observation. It was found that copper-coated short steel fiber reinforced composites show considerable improvement in strength with good ductility because copper form a good interface between Al matrix and short steel fiber. Nickel-coated steel fiber reinforced composites showed improvement in strength to a lower extent possibly because of formation of intermetallic compound at the interface. The improvement in strength with uncoated fibers and nickel-coated fibers is on the lower side because of formation of brittle intermetallic compounds like Fe₂Al₅ and FeAl₃. Fracture surface of tensile specimen was examined under SEM, which revealed a ductile fracture. Copper coating on steel fiber improved the strength properties while retaining a high level of ductility due to better interface bonding.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al/Mg Alloy Multilayered Composites Produced by Accumulative Roll Bonding

Al/Mg alloy multilayered composites were produced successfully at the lower temperature(280 C) by accumulative roll bonding(ARB) processing technique.The microstructures of Al and Mg alloy layers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Vickers hardness and three-point bending tests were conducted to investigate mechanical properties of the composites.It is found that Vickers hardness,bending strength and stiffness modulus of the Al/Mg alloy multilayered composite increase with increasing the ARB pass.Delamination and crack propagation along the interface are the two main failure modes of the multilayered composite subjected to bending load.Strengthening and fracture mechanisms of the composite are analyzed.     

Processing and interfacial bonding strength of 2014 Al matrix composites reinforced with oxidized SiC particles

The SiC powder with a SiO₂ protective layer is used as the reinforcements for 2014 Al/SiC_p composites to suppress the reaction between the Al matrix and the SiC particle. 2014 Al/SiC_p composites were fabricated by vacuum hot pressing (VHP) and subsequent extrusion using 2014 Al powders and the SiC particles covered with a SiO₂ layer. The interfacial product was found to be Mg spinel (MgAl₂O₄) formed mainly by the chemical reactions of the SiO₂ layer covered on SiC particles with the Mg, Al in the 2014 Al alloy matrix. Also the interfacial bonding strength of the composites was investigated using push-out tests of SiC rods with the SiO₂ oxidation layer, which were processed within 2014 Al alloy.     

Bonding strength of Al/Mg/Al alloy tri-metallic laminates fabricated by hot rolling

One of major drawbacks of magnesium alloy is its low corrosion resistance, which can be improved by using an aluminized coating. In this paper, 7075 Al/Mg-12Gd-3Y-0·5Zr/7075 Al laminated composites were produced by a hot roll bonding method. The rolling temperature was determined based on the flow stresses of Mg-12Gd-3Y-0·5Zr magnesium alloy and 7075 Al alloy at elevated temperature. The bonding strength of the laminate composites and their mechanism were studied. The effects of the reduction ratio (single pass), the rolling temperature, and the subsequent annealing on the bonding strength were also investigated. It was observed that the bonding strength increased rapidly with the reduction ratio and slightly with the rolling temperature. The bonding strength increases with the annealing time until the annealing time reaches 2 h and then decreases. The mechanical bond plays a major role in the bonding strength.     

Microstructure of Al/Al bimetallic composites by lost foam casting with Zn interlayer

A novel method named the lost foam casting (LFC) liquid–liquid compound process with a Zn interlayer was proposed to prepare the Al/Al bimetallic composites, and the microstructure of the Al/Al bimetallic composites was investigated in the present work. The results showed that the Al/Al bimetallic composites were successfully produced using the novel process. The Zn interlayer prevented different liquid metals from directly mixing. A uniform and compact metallurgical interface was obtained between the Al and the A356 aluminium alloy, which consisted of the η-Zn, α-Al rich, α?+?η eutectoid, and primary silicon phases. The microhardness of the interface layer was significantly higher in comparison with those of the Al and A356 matrixes.