S32101双相不锈钢单道多层激光填丝熔覆层研究

目的 针对新型核电站乏燃料水池双相不锈钢厚板缺陷的修复,进行激光单道多层熔覆基础实验。方法 采用ER–2209焊丝在S32101双相不锈钢覆面制备出熔覆层,通过宏观形貌、微观组织、力学检测和耐腐蚀检测,研究S32101双相不锈钢激光填丝熔覆层的性能。结果 经过多次焊接热循环后,熔覆层中奥氏体组织以一次奥氏体与二次奥氏体的形式存在,其中熔覆层中部奥氏体含量最高为60.7%,保证了熔覆层的综合性能;显微硬度随着熔覆层数的增加先上升后下降,但均高于母材;熔覆层竖直方向拉伸件的抗拉强度最低为723 MPa,断裂方式为准解理断裂,从宏观角度保证了所制备熔覆层的力学性能;对熔覆层进行点腐蚀浸泡和电化学腐蚀分析,从宏观角度与微观角度均验证了熔覆层的耐腐蚀性能。结论 基于各项检测结果,验证了用激光进行S32101双相不锈钢修复的可行性,为后续多层多道激光填丝熔覆奠定了基础。     

横向交变磁场对铝合金电弧增材成形组织与性能的影响

为细化铝合金电弧增材成形组织晶粒、减少组织缺陷、提高熔覆层的力学性能，在电弧增材成形过程中耦合横向交变磁场制备了铝合金熔覆层，并对熔覆层微观组织结构和力学性能进行表征分析，研究了在横向交变磁场中励磁电流变化对熔覆层组织和性能的影响。结果表明：在磁场作用下，凝固组织中粗大柱状晶数量减少，等轴晶数量增多，晶粒尺寸细化。当励磁电流为11 A时，熔覆层截面平均显微硬度为83.9HV,较无磁场时提高近10%。当励磁电流为8 A时，在横、纵两方向上抗拉强度分别为275.7 MPa、254.3 MPa,平均延伸率分别为21.9%、26.2%,综合力学性能均高于未引入磁场。     

超声辅助CMT电弧增材制造TC4钛合金微观组织和力学性能研究

目的研究超声辅助对CMT电弧增材制造钛合金TC4微观组织及力学性能的影响。方法 CMT增材制造TC4钛合金的同时利用超声辅助设备进行振动辅助,采用不同的振动功率和不同的振动位置对增材后的TC4力学性能和微观组织进行对比分析。结果 600 W超声辅助振动基板时的钛合金试样成形美观,力学性能优异。水平方向上,抗拉强度平均值为952.7 MPa,伸长率平均值为7.46%;垂直方向上,抗拉强度平均值为905.83 MPa,伸长率平均值为11.03%,相较未施加超声振动增材试样的力学性能有明显提高。结论超声辅助的引入有效提高了熔池的深宽比,加快了熔池冷却速度,柱状晶尺寸也明显减小,针状马氏体数量增多,得到的钛合金力学性能和微观组织均良好。     

TC4钛合金表面电子束熔覆Ti40阻燃钛合金工艺研究

目的在TC4表面熔覆一层Ti40阻燃钛合金,并研究熔覆试样的组织与力学性能。方法采用电子束在TC4钛合金表面熔覆一层Ti40阻燃钛合金。采用光学显微镜(OM)分析熔覆试样的显微组织,用显微硬度计分析熔覆试样的显微硬度,用电子万能拉伸试验机分析熔覆试样的力学性能。结果在选定的最佳工艺参数下,熔覆层与基材熔合良好,熔覆层为均匀分布的等轴β晶粒,表面及熔合区组织晶粒细化。添加椭圆形扫描波形能使气孔缺陷明显减少,表层更加均匀,组织更细小。扫描波形对熔覆层显微硬度的整体分布形态影响不明显,Ti40熔覆层在上表面及熔合区附近的显微硬度比熔覆层中部略高。室温下力学性能测试结果表明,加扫描时成形试样的抗拉强度为857.3MPa,相对于基材降低了些许,断裂伸长率达到了42.69%,比TC4钛合金基材提升了约70%。结论采用电子束在TC4表面熔覆Ti40阻燃钛合金,能够获得良好的熔覆层组织以及力学性能。     

FV520(B)钢叶片模拟件激光再制造工艺优化及成形修复

针对压缩机叶片激光再制造成形的工程实际需求,从激光再制造成形表面平整度假设出发,获得了熔覆层搭接率数学模型并实验验证,通过分析单道熔覆层形状和优选稀释率,确定了FV520(B)钢基体上熔覆FeCrNiCu系合金粉末的最优化匹配工艺参数;通过量化分析激光再制造成形过程,规划了最佳成形路径和工艺过程,实现了体积损伤叶片模拟件激光再制造成形。渗透探伤和金相显微测量结果表明:再制造成形部位表层无气孔、裂纹等缺陷产生,成形部位形状尺寸误差小于2mm,角度误差小于3°。     

熔覆温度对真空熔覆WC增强镍基合金层组织及性能的影响

为了在保证良好力学性能的前提下提高45钢的表面质量,采用真空熔覆技术以不同熔覆温度在45钢表面制备WC增强镍基合金熔覆层。利用扫描电镜分析熔覆层组织形貌以及过渡层结合情况;通过硬度测试和磨损试验分析熔覆温度对熔覆层性能的影响。结果表明:随着熔覆温度的升高,熔覆试样过渡层逐渐增厚但整体变化不大,都大于30μm,满足冶金需求;熔覆温度过高时,WC分解严重,熔覆层耐磨性大大降低;熔覆温度为1 225℃时,得到的WC增强镍基合金效果良好,熔覆层洛氏硬度接近40 HRC,对母材强化作用明显,可显著提高其耐磨性。     

CMT电弧增材制造GH4169合金的组织和拉伸性能

目的研究冷金属过渡CMT电弧增材制造GH4169合金单道多层薄壁试样的组织和拉伸性能。方法利用CMT增材制造成形系统进行GH4169合金的单壁墙增材制造试验,分析了成形薄壁试样的组织演化和力学性能,讨论了柱状晶组织的各向异性以及均匀化处理对合金力学性能的影响。结果成形试样的显微组织主要为γ相和共晶(γ+Laves)相,试样沿沉积方向具有[100]择优取向。枝晶组织随着沉积层数的增加变得粗大,枝晶间距变大且二次枝晶臂变小,Laves相的取向特征越明显。从底部区域到顶部区域,试样枝晶臂间距λ_1从13.76μm增大到23.27μm。沿柱状晶生长方向的抗拉强度最大,约为774 MPa;而沿电弧行走方向的抗拉强度随沉积层数的增加逐渐减小,断后伸长率逐渐增大,最大抗拉强度约为763MPa。1170℃固溶+时效处理后,原粗大柱状晶形成较小的多边形晶粒,成形试样组织的均匀性提高,沉积方向最大抗拉强度为1222 MPa,沿电弧行走方向最大抗拉强度为1085 MPa。结论 CMT增材制造GH4169合金组织特征与激光增材制造的试样基本一致,热处理前后CMT成形GH4169合金试样抗拉强度均小于激光立体成形,但伸长率更大。     

TA23合金不同焊接方法接头组织性能研究

采用CMT、TIG和EBW焊对TA23合金进行焊接,对比分析了不同焊接方法下接头微观组织和力学性能的差异。结果表明,焊接热输入直接影响焊缝晶粒尺寸和焊接接头宽度,TIG焊缝晶粒尺寸最大,CMT次之,EBW最小;EBW接头宽度为5 mm,CMT接头宽度为7 mm,TIG接头达14 mm;3种焊接方法焊缝区域组织均由马氏体α相、片层状α相和残余β相组成,热影响区组织形态介于焊缝和母材组织形态之间;3种焊接方法焊缝区显微硬度和接头抗拉强度均大于母材,其中EBW焊缝区显微硬度值最大,TIG焊接头抗拉强度最高,CMT焊缝显微硬度和接头抗拉强度均居中。     

3D激光熔覆铁基合金温度场模拟及其试验

通过建立Q235钢表面激光熔覆低碳铁基合金温度场三维模型,分析了熔覆层顶、底的温度随时间变化的曲线,由此对熔覆层成形质量进行预测。结合实验论证得到激光功率为2000W、扫描速度为10mm/s时,熔覆层顶、底点最高温度分别为2300℃和1500℃,有利于得到表面形貌较好、与基体良好冶金结合的熔覆层,熔覆层组织由等轴晶和垂直于界面的树枝晶构成,过渡区为富Cr、Ni的板条状马氏体;熔覆区组织均匀致密,过渡区中基体和熔覆材料产生了良好冶金结合且稀释率低,热影响区铁素体与珠光体得到了细化。     

热成形淬火对QP1180/22MnB5激光拼焊板组织与性能的影响

目的 对QP1180和22MnB5激光拼焊板进行热成形试验,以解决超高强钢板材焊后的软化问题。方法 选择QP1180和22MnB5异种高强钢作为母材进行激光自熔焊,对焊后的激光拼焊板进行热成形试验,通过体式显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、液压拉伸试验机和维氏硬度计等手段,分析热成形前后激光拼焊板微观组织和力学性能的变化。结果 与焊态拉伸试样相比,热成形试样抗拉强度提高了135%,断后伸长率降低了55%,拉伸试样都在22MnB5母材处断裂,均为塑性断裂。在热成形后,对焊接接头进行组织分析,发现QP1180母材区马氏体含量增加,22MnB5母材区和临界热影响区组织由珠光体和铁素体转变为马氏体,焊接接头热影响区各亚区的组织均转变为大小不同的板条马氏体。硬度测试结果表明,焊态试样焊接接头的QP1180临界区存在软化现象,硬度值最低为335HV,22MnB5侧硬度值由母材处向焊缝升高,母材硬度最低为170HV;而在热成形后,QP1180临界区软化现象消失,硬度值趋于平缓,22MnB5母材处硬度比焊态试样硬度高了2倍。结论 与焊态试样相比,经热成形后激光拼焊板的焊后软化问题得到了解决。     

大型内燃机气阀圆锥面激光宽带熔覆钴基合金材料的研究

为了研究在耐热钢气阀圆锥面基体上激光宽带熔覆钴基合金，采用6kwCO2激光器进行激光熔覆，进行了工艺研究，用扫描电境（SEM）对激光熔覆层进行形貌观察。结果取得在气阀圆锥面基体上熔覆钴基舍金的最佳工艺参数，耐热钢基体与熔覆层能形成良好的冶金结合，在圆锥面上开圆角坡口的熔覆质量优于直角坡口。     

Welding of aluminum alloy to zinc coated steel by cold metal transfer

Introducing the aluminum alloy into the steel body structure allows the reduction in the vehicle weight and improves the fuel efficiency. However, it is a still great challenge to weld aluminum alloy to steel due to their differences in the physical, mechanical and metallurgical properties. In this study, aluminum alloy 6061-T6 was welded with zinc coated low carbon steel by cold metal transfer (CMT). Effects of the pre-setting gap at the interface of aluminum alloy sheet and steel sheet as well as the offset distance of the electrode torch from the aluminum alloy sheet edge on the weld qualities were investigated. The tensile shear tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical property of the welds. In addition, optical micrograph, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) were used to analyze the weld microstructure. Experimental results indicated that the intermetallic layer thickness in the CMT welds was well controlled below the 10 μm, which facilitates the achievement of relatively high weld strength. Furthermore, a pre-setting gap and an appropriate post-weld heat treatment can improve the weld strength. However, the weld strength was decreased by increasing the offset distance of arc torch. In addition, the pre-setting gap also affects the intermetallic layer morphology. The formation of brittle Al_xFe_y could be suppressed by the presence of the remained zinc in the steel side.     

A study of cold metal transfer clads in nickel-base INCONEL 718 superalloy

A study of microstructural and geometrical characteristics of cold metal transfer (CMT) clads in nickel-base INCONEL 718 superalloy was carried out. The CMT process was demonstrated to be suitable for low-dilution cladding of INCONEL 718 superalloy, with the ability to produce defect-free clads, and has a great potential to be used as a repair method for the alloy. Microstructural study revealed that the clads were free from porosity and cracking, and complete bonding of the clads with the substrate was achieved in all weldments. Results from statistical analysis by using 3-level full factorial design showed the relationship between the selected welding parameters and the geometrical characteristics of the clads. Regression models were developed for predicting weld characteristics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the adequacy of the regression models, which showed that the models are useful for optimizing the welding parameters. Also, the wire feed speed appeared to be linearly related with heat input based on the parameters used during the synergic CMT welding, which consequently influenced the shape and size of the weld beads and the extent of dilution of the weld metal with the substrate when other parameters were kept constant. Additionally, the ease of adding successive weld passes for material build-up depends significantly on the contact angle between the weld bead and the substrate. The result showed that the closer the contact angle is to 90°, the more difficult it is to add successive passes to existing clads. A contact angle greater than 115° appears to be more convenient for adding successive passes. The outcome of this work showed that the relatively new CMT process, with the choice of suitable welding parameters, is useful for repair build-up of affected areas of worn-out and service-damaged components of gas turbines and other high-temperature equipment that are manufactured from nickel-base superalloys.     

Effect of welding wire and groove angle on mechanical properties of high strength steel welded joints

Mechanical properties of high strength steel welded joints strictly depend on the welding process, the filler material composition and the welding geometry. This study investigates the effects of using cored and solid welding wires and implementing various groove angles on the mechanical performance of weld joints which were fabricated employing the gas metal arc welding process. It was found that weld joints of low alloy, high strength steels using low alloy steel cored welding wires exhibited higher tensile strength than that of low alloy steel solid wire and chromium‐nickel steel bare welding wire when the method of gas metal arc welding is employed. The effect of groove angle on the strength and toughness of V‐groove and double V‐groove butt‐joints was investigated. V‐groove joints, with higher tensile strength than double V‐groove joints in the whole range of groove angles, were superior in toughness for small groove angles, but impact toughness values of both joints were comparable for large angles. The effect of heat input and cooling rate on the weld microstructure and weld strength was also investigated by performing thermal analysis employing the commercial software ANSYS. It was concluded that cooling rate and solidification growth rate determined the microstructure of the weld zone which had great consequences in regard to mechanical properties.     

Study on cold metal transfer welding–brazing of titanium to copper

3 mm Pure titanium TA2 was joined to 3 mm pure copper T2 by Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) welding–brazing process in the form of butt joint with a 1.2 mm diameter ERCuNiAl copper wire. The welding–brazing joint between Ti and Cu base metals is composed of Cu–Cu welding joint and Cu–Ti brazing joint. Cu–Cu welding joint can be formed between the Cu weld metal and the Cu groove surface, and the Cu–Ti brazing interface can be formed between Cu weld metal and Ti groove surface. The microstructure and the intermetallic compounds distribution were observed and analyzed in details. Interfacial reaction layers of brazing joint were composed of Ti₂Cu, TiCu and AlCu₂Ti. Furthermore, crystallization behavior of welding joint and bonding mechanism of brazing interfacial reaction were also discussed. The effects of wire feed speed and groove angle on the joint features and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated. Three different fracture modes were observed: at the Cu interface, the Ti interface, and the Cu heat affected zone (HAZ). The joints fractured at the Cu HAZ had higher tensile load than the others. The lower tensile load fractured at the Cu interface or Ti interface was attributed to the weaker bonding degree at the Cu interface or Ti interface.     

316L/S32101异种金属焊接接头的显微组织与力学性能研究

目的 研究乏燃料水池用钢板316L与覆板S32101双相不锈钢的焊接性、接头不同区域显微组织特征及接头与母材之间的性能差异.方法 利用氩弧焊接技术对5 mm厚的316L底板与3 mm厚的S32101覆板以搭接的形式进行焊接,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、维氏显微硬度仪和电子万能材料试验机对焊接接头的宏观形貌、显微组织以及力学性能进行研究.结果 316L/S32101焊缝组织主要由铁素体基体、晶界树枝状奥氏体以及晶内细小片状奥氏体所组成;316L侧靠近焊缝处存在一个较窄的熔合区,其组织由奥氏体基体和少许细小分散的铁素体组成,而S32101侧靠近焊缝处组织则由粗大铁素体晶粒和沿晶粒边界分布的若干小块状奥氏体组成.从316L母材区到焊缝区,硬度显著增大,而从焊缝区到S32101母材区,硬度变化很小;焊接接头的抗拉强度高达510 MPa,为两侧316L和S32101母材强度的87.9％和88.6％.结论 在焊接电流为240 A和焊接速度为300 mm/min的条件下,可以通过氩弧焊获得成形良好的搭接接头,且接头的力学性能优异.     

交变磁场对高硬熔覆层成型质量的影响

为改善激光熔覆高硬熔覆层的成型质量,外加辅助交变磁场是行之有效的方法。本工作设计了一种可调频、调幅的简易机械式类正弦交变电磁场发生装置,在激光熔覆过程中辅助施加了类正弦交变磁场,通过改变磁感应强度和交变频率,在Q235A表面制备了单道和多道高硬合金熔覆层,通过对熔覆层的宏、微观检测,研究了交变磁场对熔覆层几何特征、稀释率和微观组织的影响。研究结果表明,当磁场频率和磁感应强度变化时,熔覆层宽度波动范围很小,且平均值基本保持不变;熔覆层高度和接触角随着磁感应强度的增大而减小;稀释率的大小基本不受磁场参数变化的影响;在磁场作用下,熔覆层中气孔向熔覆层表面迁移,熔融金属对流加剧,粗大枝晶破断,熔覆层组织更加均匀致密。     

A novel weld-bonding hybrid process for joining Mg alloy and Al alloy

A novel weld-bonding hybrid process is carried out to join Mg alloy and Al alloy, and the technology combines a modified metal inert gas (MIG) spot welding process with adhesive bonding. The Mg base metal and the fusion zone are metallurgical connected by an Al–Mg transition layer with the thickness of 30–60 μm. Single nugget of spot welded joint can offer high shear strength of 130 MPa, which reach 81% of that of Mg base metal. The increased strength is due to the intermetallic layer being formed at the region with low stress, so the joint fractures in an Al-rich dendritic region. Superior mechanical properties can be obtained by weld bonded joint, benefiting from the advantages of both welding and adhesive bonding.     

CMT+P焊接电流对5083铝合金焊接接头组织及力学性能的影响

采用不同焊接电流,对3 mm厚5083-H116铝合金板材进行CMT+P焊接试验,并对接头显微组织、拉伸性能、弯曲性能等进行检测。结果表明,焊接电流对接头力学性能和焊缝中心晶粒尺寸有显著影响;焊接电流增大,抗拉强度降低,焊缝中心晶粒尺寸增加。通过对CMT+P焊接参数进行调整,可以获得满足使用要求的焊接接头,抗拉强度281 MPa,达到母材的84.38%;屈服强度163 MPa,达到母材的67.92%;伸长率13.5%,达到母材的75%;焊缝中心为等轴晶,熔合线内侧为柱状晶。