融合知识表示和深度强化学习的知识推理方法

知识推理是解决知识图谱中知识缺失问题的重要方法,针对大规模知识图谱中知识推理方法仍存在可解释性差、推理准确率和效率偏低的问题,提出了一种将知识表示和深度强化学习相结合的方法RLPTransE。利用知识表示学习方法,将知识图谱映射到含有三元组语义信息的向量空间中,并在该空间中建立强化学习环境。通过单步择优策略网络和多步推理策略网络的训练,使强化学习智能体在与环境交互过程中,高效挖掘推理规则进而完成推理。在公开数据集上的实验结果表明,相比于其他先进方法,该方法在大规模数据集推理任务中取得更好的表现。     

部分可观测下基于RGMAAC算法的多智能体协同

多智能体深度强化学习(MADRL)将深度强化学习的思想和算法应用到多智能体系统的学习和控制中,是开发具有群智能体的多智能体系统的重要方法.现有的MADRL研究主要基于环境完全可观测或通信资源不受限的假设展开算法设计,然而部分可观测性是多智能体系统实际应用中客观存在的问题,例如智能体的观测范围通常是有限的,可观测的范围外不包括完整的环境信息,从而对多智能体间协同造成困难.鉴于此,针对实际场景中的部分可观测问题,基于集中式训练分布式执行的范式,将深度强化学习算法Actor-Critic扩展到多智能体系统,并增加智能体间的通信信道和门控机制,提出recurrent gated multi-agent Actor-Critic算法(RGMAAC).智能体可以基于历史动作观测记忆序列进行高效的通信交流,最终利用局部观测、历史观测记忆序列以及通过通信信道显式地由其他智能体共享的观察进行行为决策;同时,基于多智能体粒子环境设计多智能体同步且快速到达目标点任务,并分别设计2种奖励值函数和任务场景.实验结果表明,当任务场景中明确出现部分可观测问题时,RGMAAC算法训练后的智能体具有很好的表现,在稳定性...     

TransPath:一种基于深度迁移强化学习的知识推理方法

基于深度强化学习(Reinforcement Learning,RL)的知识推理旨在推理缺失事实并补全知识图谱,RL智能体在知识图谱上搜索路径,并基于路径进行事实预测和链接预测.由于具有良好的性能和可解释性,基于深度RL的知识推理方法近几年迅速成为研究热点.然而,对于特定实体来说,动作空间中存在大量的无效动作,RL智能...     

面向频谱接入深度强化学习模型的后门攻击方法

深度强化学习(Deep Reinforcement Learning, DRL)方法以其在智能体感知和决策方面的优势,在多用户智能动态频谱接入问题上得到广泛关注。然而,深度神经网络的弱可解释性使得DRL模型容易受到后门攻击威胁。针对认知无线网络下基于深度强化学习模型的动态频谱接入(Dynamic Spectrum Access, DSA)场景,提出了一种非侵入、开销低的后门攻击方法。攻击者通过监听信道使用情况来选择非侵入的后门触发器,随后将后门样本添加到次用户的DRL模型训练池,并在训练阶段将后门植入DRL模型中;在推理阶段,攻击者主动发送信号激活模型中的触发器,使次用户做出目标动作,降低次用户的信道接入成功率。仿真结果表明,所提后门攻击方法能够在不同规模的DSA场景下达到90%以上的攻击成功率,相比持续攻击可以减少20%～30%的攻击开销,并适用于3种不同类型的DRL模型。     

融合TuckER嵌入和强化学习的知识推理

知识推理是补全知识图谱的重要方法,旨在根据图谱中已有的知识,推断出未知的事实或关系.针对多数推理方法仍存在没有充分考虑实体对之间的路径信息,且推理效率偏低、可解释性差的问题,提出了将TuckER嵌入和强化学习相结合的知识推理方法 TuckRL (TuckER embedding with reinforcement learning).首先,通过TuckER嵌入将实体和关系映射到低维向量空间,在知识图谱环境中采用策略引导的强化学习算法对路径推理过程进行建模,然后在路径游走进行动作选择时引入动作修剪机制减少无效动作的干扰,并将LSTM作为记忆组件保存智能体历史动作轨迹,促使智能体更准确地选择有效动作,通过与知识图谱的交互完成知识推理.在3个主流大规模数据集上进行了实验,结果表明TuckRL优于现有的大多数推理方法,说明将嵌入和强化学习相结合的方法用于知识推理的有效性.     

融合机器学习与知识推理的可解释性框架

针对基于规则的可解释性模型可能出现的规则无法反映模型真实决策情况的问题, 提出了一种融合机器学习和知识推理两种途径的可解释性框架. 框架演进目标特征结果和推理结果, 在二者相同且都较为可靠的情况下实现可解释性. 目标特征结果通过机器学习模型直接得到, 推理结果通过子特征分类结果结合规则进行知识推理得到, 两个结果是否可...     

可解释的知识图谱推理方法综述

近年来,以深度学习模型为基础的人工智能研究不断取得突破性进展,但其大多具有黑盒性,不利于人类认知推理过程,导致高性能的复杂算法、模型及系统普遍缺乏决策的透明度和可解释性。在国防、医疗、网络与信息安全等对可解释性要求严格的关键领域,推理方法的不可解释性对推理结果及相关回溯造成较大影响,因此,需要将可解释性融入这些算法和系统中,通过显式的可解释知识推理辅助相关预测任务,形成一个可靠的行为解释机制。知识图谱作为最新的知识表达方式之一,通过对语义网络进行建模,以结构化的形式描述客观世界中实体及关系,被广泛应用于知识推理。基于知识图谱的知识推理在离散符号表示的基础上,通过推理路径、逻辑规则等辅助手段,对推理过程进行解释,为实现可解释人工智能提供重要途径。针对可解释知识图谱推理这一领域进行了全面的综述。阐述了可解释人工智能和知识推理相关概念。详细介绍近年来可解释知识图谱推理方法的最新研究进展,从人工智能的3个研究范式角度出发,总结了不同的知识图谱推理方法。提出对可解释的知识图谱推理研究前景和未来研究方向。     

融合认知行为模型的深度强化学习框架及算法

面对高维连续状态空间或稀疏奖励等复杂任务时,仅依靠深度强化学习算法从零学习最优策略十分困难,如何将已有知识表示为人与学习型智能体之间相互可理解的形式,并有效地加速策略收敛仍是一个难题.对此,提出一种融合认知行为模型的深度强化学习框架,将领域内先验知识建模为基于信念-愿望-意图(belief- desire-intention, BDI)的认知行为模型,用于引导智能体策略学习.基于此框架,分别提出融合认知行为模型的深度Q学习算法和近端策略优化算法,并定量化设计认知行为模型对智能体策略更新的引导方式.最后,通过典型gym环境和空战机动决策对抗环境,验证所提出算法可以高效利用认知行为模型加速策略学习,有效缓解状态空间巨大和环境奖励稀疏的影响.     

场景图谱驱动目标搜索的多智能体强化学习

针对强化学习在视觉语义导航任务中准确率低,导航效率不高,容错率太差,且部分只适用于单智能体等问题,提出一种基于场景先验的多智能体目标搜索算法。该算法利用强化学习,将单智能体系统拓展到多智能体系统上将场景图谱作为先验知识辅助智能体团队进行视觉探索,利用集中式训练分布式探索的多智能体强化学习的方法以大幅度提升智能体团队的准确率和工作效率。通过在AI2THOR中进行训练测试,并与其他算法进行对比证明此方法无论在目标搜索的准确率还是效率上都优先于其他算法。     

基于深度强化学习的知识推理研究进展综述

知识推理是知识图谱补全的重要方法,已在垂直搜索、智能问答等多个应用领域发挥重要作用。随着知识推理应用研究的不断深入,知识推理的可解释性受到了广泛关注。基于深度强化学习的知识推理方法具备更好的可解释性和更强的推理能力,能够更加充分地利用知识图谱中实体、关系等信息,使得推理效果更好。简要介绍知识图谱及其研究的基本情况,阐述知识推理的基本概念和近年来的研究进展,着重从封闭域推理和开放域推理两个角度,对当下基于深度强化学习知识推理方法进行了深入分析和对比,同时对所涉及到的数据集和评价指标进行了总结,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.