激光冲击强化对镍基单晶高温合金SRR99组织及性能的影响

目的 解决镍基单晶高温合金航空发动机涡轮叶片在服役时发生表面损伤的问题,探究激光冲击强化对镍基单晶高温合金SRR99的强化变形机制。方法 采用高功率（8 J）短脉冲激光分别对试样进行1、2、3次表面强化,使用白光干涉仪、显微硬度仪、X射线分析仪对强化前后的镍基单晶高温合金试样表面形貌、粗糙度、显微硬度、残余应力进行测试,通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析激光冲击强化对镍基单晶高温合金微观组织和物相组成的影响。结果 经过1、2、3次激光冲击后,单晶高温合金试样表面发生了塑性变形,表面凹坑随着冲击次数的增加逐渐加深,表面粗糙度分别为1.566、1.868、2.265μm,显微硬度分别增加了15.3%、25.8%、32.1%,表面残余压应力分别提高为–790、–870、–917 MPa。经强化后,试样表层形成了畸变层,γ′相的面积和体积分数均增大,合金未发生相变,但两相发生了严重的晶格畸变,晶格常数和晶面间距的变化导致两相晶格发生失配,经强化后在试样表层γ′强化相、γ通道、γ/γ′界面观察到大量位错结构,此外还观察到贯穿γ′相、γ相的位错滑移带和致密的位错网络。结论 激光冲...     

试验温度对镍基单晶高温合金裂纹扩展行为的影响

研究了DD6镍基单晶高温合金从530 ℃到850 ℃的疲劳裂纹稳定扩展行为。疲劳裂纹扩展试样沿[001]方向平行于受拉的加载轴。通过扫描电子显微镜研究疲劳裂纹扩展试验后的断口形貌,并根据形貌特点分为源区、预制裂纹区、稳定扩展区以及快速扩展区。通过电子背散射衍射技术研究垂直于断口的剖面塑性变形情况。通过透射电子显微镜观察断口附近位错机制随温度的变化。结果表明,受温度场、应力场以及暴露时间的作用,在650 ℃时发生氧化,且在650 ℃至760 ℃之间,由于γ′相的弱化,在γ与γ′相中形成大量连续的位错,导致合金氧化加剧,同时760 ℃下疲劳扩展寿命显著下降。     

γ/α 2 相界面对TiAl合金超音速微粒轰击影响的分子动力学模拟

为探究γ/α₂相界面对TiAl合金在轰击过程中的变形机制和轰击后力学性能的影响,通过分子动力学来模拟超音速微粒轰击双相TiAl合金的过程。结果表明：γ/α₂不同厚度比模型的冲击变形机制不同,变形主要集中在γ相和界面处。随着γ相厚度的减小,与相界面接触的位错首先被界面处的失配位错网络吸收,然后在相界面处成核,最终穿过相界面进入α₂相。冲击过程中产生的位错以Shockley位错为主,试样中形成了不完全层错四面体。冲击之后分别使用单轴拉伸模拟和纳米压痕模拟,测定了试样的强度和表面硬度。拉伸过程中相变、孪晶和层错是不同厚度比试样的主要变形机制。与其他试样相比,厚度比为1:3的双相TiAl合金在冲击后具有最高的屈服强度、硬度和弹性模量。     

镍基合金DD10中γ/γ'晶格错配度厚度效应的X射线衍射分析

利用四轴X射线衍射仪(XRD)测定片状DD10镍基单晶高温合金减薄至不同厚度时基体相(γ)和沉淀强化相(γ′)的晶格常数.根据减薄过程中两相间约束变化得到晶格常数和错配度变化规律,计算出合金从三维块体错配应力状态向二维平面应力状态转化达到失稳状态的临界厚度以及与不同应力状态对应的晶格错配度.依照一定的假设条件,推算出与应力松弛条件对应的无错配应力状态下两相的晶格常数.分析结果表明:合金减薄达到临界厚度后,γ′相晶格常数随厚度减小而线性变小,γ相晶格常数无明显变化,与此对应的晶格错配度绝对值变大;减薄过程伴随γ/γ′两相间约束的减弱和相间微观应力松弛,晶格取向差和晶体嵌镶度增大,表层应力状态向平面应力状态转化.测量得到的临界厚度与无错配应力状态下的晶格常数可为高温合金单晶材料的应用设计和残余应力测试提供参考.     

基于统计分析的镍基单晶高温合金最佳固溶热处理时间选择

提出了一种基于二代镍基单晶（SX）高温合金γ′相尺寸变化统计分析的SX高温合金固溶热处理最佳时间的选择方法。通过数值分析引入了微观结构均匀性ω，根据数据统计ω曲线可分为3个阶段：显著变化区、过渡区和稳态区。过渡区描述了固溶热处理时间选择的最佳范围。通过测量合金的γ′筏化和蠕变性能，验证了该方法的有效性。同时也通过第四代镍基SX高温合金验证了该方法的准确性。该方法能够有效地建立最优的热处理工艺，并为SX高温合金的设计和工程应用提供指导。     

Re及温度对单晶镍基合金晶格常数及错配度的影响

通过对不同状态及不同Re含量单晶镍基合金进行高、低温X射线衍射谱线测定及组织形貌观察,研究Re含量及温度对单晶镍基合金中γ、γ′两相晶格常数及错配度的影响。结果表明:铸态合金中γ、γ′两相有较大的晶格常数及错配度;经完全热处理后,立方γ′相以共格方式嵌镶在γ基体中,合金中两相的晶格常数及错配度略有减小;长期时效使γ′相粗化后,两相之间出现界面位错,使合金中两相的晶格常数及错配度绝对值增加。随Re含量增加,合金中γ、γ′两相在室温的晶格常数增大,错配度的绝对值减小。与γ′相相比,γ基体相有较大的膨胀系数,因此,随温度提高,合金中两相晶格错配度的绝对值增大。     

热力耦合对一种第四代镍基单晶高温合金1100℃蠕变组织演变的影响

以一种第四代镍基单晶高温合金为研究对象,采用变截面蠕变试样,在1100℃、43~96 MPa条件下进行200 h蠕变中断实验,利用SEM和TEM观察了微观组织演变规律,利用同步辐射高能XRD和EPMA分析了高温低应力条件下镍基单晶高温合金的蠕变组织演变。结果表明:随着应力的增大,镍基单晶高温合金的γ′相体积分数降低,筏化程度增大且筏排厚度下降,同时,γ相通道宽度逐渐增大,而γ/γ’两相界面位错网间距逐渐减小。固溶强化元素Re、Mo和Cr等在γ相中的富集导致γ/γ’两相错配度绝对值增大。蠕变过程中γ’相体积分数降低和γ’相筏排厚度减小显著降低了合金的强度。另外,位错在γ′相溶解所导致的弯曲相界处的塞积,使位错易于切入γ′相,也是镍基单晶高温合金室温硬度下降的重要原因。     

硅对高硅奥氏体不锈钢析出相的影响

采用XRD、TEM和压痕变形等方法研究了Si含量（4%~8%,质量分数）对高硅奥氏体不锈钢（ZeCorn）显微组织的影响。结果表明,Si含量的增加会导致ZeCor合金的相组成发生变化：ZeCor-4%Si合金组织为单相奥氏体（γ相）,ZeCor-6%Si合金主要含γ相和少量σ相,在ZeCor-8%Si合金中主要析出Cr₃Ni₅Si₂相和少量σ相。此外,Cr₃Ni₅Si₂与σ相相比具有更高的硅、镍含量。显微硬度HV高达7840 MPa的Cr₃Ni₅Si₂相是典型的硬脆相,该相的析出将大大提高ZeCor-8%Si合金中γ基体的显微硬度。ZeCor合金中γ基体的强化机制如下：固溶强化是ZeCor-6%Si合金的主要强化机制,而Si的固溶强化和Cr₃Ni₅Si₂的析出强化机制都大大提高ZeCor-8%Si合金中的γ基体的显微硬度。在ZeCor-8%Si合金中,Cr₃Ni₅Si₂相起显著作用。     

DD15单晶高温合金的蠕变各向异性

在定向凝固炉中制备了［001］、［011］和［111］3种不同取向的DD15单晶高温合金，研究了980 ℃/300 MPa条件下不同取向的蠕变性能。为对比分析不同蠕变时间后的微观组织，蠕变50和100 h后停止试验。采用扫描电镜和透射电镜分析不同取向的合金组织。结果表明，不同取向合金在垂直于生长方向的截面上具有不同的组织特征，［001］取向γ′相为规则的正方形，［011］取向γ′相为矩形，［111］取向γ′相为多边形。合金在 980 ℃/300 MPa条件下的蠕变性能呈现明显的各向异性，蠕变寿命按［111］、［001］、［011］取向的顺序减小，应变量按［001］、［011］、［111］取向的顺序降低。3种取向合金蠕变曲线的共同特征为具有非常短的蠕变第1阶段，与［001］和［111］ 取向相比，［011］取向合金具有较短的蠕变第3阶段。不同取向合金蠕变后的γ′相具有明显不同的筏排化程度。［001］取向合金的γ′相筏排化速率大于［011］和［111］取向合金。蠕变断裂后，［001］或［111］取向合金的位错密度大于［011］取向合金。     

γ′相尺寸对一种含Re单晶镍基高温合金中温持久性能的影响

通过改变含Re单晶镍基高温合金热处理过程中的一次时效温度（1150， 1180 和1200 ℃），获得了3种不同形貌和尺寸的γ′相。随后，对含有不同γ′形貌的3种样品进行了中温高应力（760 ℃/800 MPa）持久试验。结果表明，γ′相的大小对单晶高温合金的持久性能有很大影响。适当增大γ′相的尺寸可以促进合金的均匀变形，从而提高合金的中温持久寿命。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.