全封闭式涡旋膨胀机在车用有机朗肯循环中的特性研究

本文针对中低温余热特性搭建了2kW目标发电量的小型有机朗肯循环发电系统。实验研究了全封闭式涡旋膨胀机在有机朗肯循环系统中的参数特性。通过改变膨胀机进出口的状态,研究了运行压比和转速对于膨胀机单体及系统性能的影响。性能参数主要包括等熵效率、容积系数、循环热效率及循环净功。结果表明:膨胀机运行压比是影响系统性能的重要参数,循环净功随压比的增大而增加,循环热效率及膨胀机的等熵效率随压比变化均存在最优值;考虑内泄漏及摩擦损失等影响,最优运行压比一般应略大于膨胀机设计比;提高膨胀机转速能有效减少内泄漏损失。     

基于CFD的滚动活塞压缩机容积效率分析

基于计算流体力学（CFD）方法,并采用动网格技术建立了滚动活塞压缩机的数值分析模型,再结合理论计算和试验数据对影响容积效率的主要因素进行了研究分析。结果表明：容积系数和温度系数符合理论预期,压力系数与进气通道流动阻力引起的吸气腔压力波动直接相关,泄漏系数是影响容积效率的主要因素。表明该方法可有效识别各因素对容积效率的影...     

膨胀机对修正克劳特氦液化循环的影响及其热力学分析

以膨胀机为研究对象,分析了膨胀机对基于两级膨胀机串联的修正克劳特氦液化循环的影响.通过对系统中的部件进行逐个分析,用编程的方式实现了对氦液化循环的模拟,得到了不同膨胀机分流量、一级膨胀机出口压力、膨胀机效率下循环的液化率,并从热力学角度进行分析.研究结果表明膨胀机的分流量为80％时循环液化率最大,该值会随一级膨胀机出口...     

离心泵变工况过渡过程瞬态水力特性研究

为研究离心泵汽从设计工况向非设计工况过渡过程的瞬态水力特性及内部流动机理,通过pro/E软件对离心泵内部流道进行三维造型,利用雷诺时均N-S方程和 两方程及SIMPLEC算法,应用计算流体力学软件CFX对离心泵叶轮流道内的变工况瞬态流动特性进行数值模拟计算,研究分析离心泵在进口压力连续下降时其内部的汽蚀特性进行数值模拟,并与试验结果进行对比, 结果表明：数值模拟结果与试验结果的变化趋势一致。流场分析表明：变流量过渡时,叶轮流道内的压力值没有明显增大,但压力变化幅度随流量的变化而增大;向大流量过渡时,流量增加对叶片瞬态载荷影响不大,而向小流量过渡时,由于二次回流等因素的存在对叶片瞬态载荷影响很大;由设计工况向汽蚀工况的过渡过程中,在临界汽蚀余量时,受到气泡相的影响叶片的瞬态载荷变化较大,特别是进口处叶片载荷瞬态变化更大;压力值与其幅度都出现急剧下降;作用在叶轮上的径向力大小和方向也急剧增大。     

室内航空发动机进气流场流量测量数值模拟研究

通过对某航空发动机试车间的进气流场特性进行数值模拟研究,得出发动机试车间的进气流场流动特性,分析了流量测量误差随测量截面及探针深入位置的变化规律,并针对特定截面和深入位置,研究了边界层厚度随不同马赫数和不同雷诺数的变化规律,最后对工程中的流量系数测量方法做了系统性分析。结果表明,随测量截面向发动机进气口的推移,附面层越来越薄,压力测点越向中心区分布,测量速度越来越接近截面的平均速度;马赫数对流量系数的影响很小,流量系数随着雷诺数的增大而增大。     

进气道外部阻力计算与分析

采用数值计算的方法研究NACA1系列进气道的外部阻力特性,分析影响进气道溢流阻力的因素,通过对不同的进气道外形尺寸和流量系数条件下的计算结果对比来找出临界流量系数的变化规律曲线。研究结果表明:附加阻力由马赫数和流量系数决定,与气流粘性和进气道结构外形无关;溢流阻力的大小由进气道外壁面的气体流动状态决定,进气道临界流量系数大小由进气道前缘半径、长度和来流马赫数决定。     

转子径长比对凸轮泵性能影响的数值模拟与试验

为了揭示径长比对凸轮泵性能参数的影响规律,建立不同径长比与凸轮泵特性曲线之间的定量关系,并获得轴系径向载荷分布特性,从而为凸轮泵轴系强度计算提供依据。基于FLUENT动网格技术和RNG k-ε湍流模型对凸轮泵进行三维瞬态流场数值计算,比较了6种不同径长比凸轮泵的流量特性。结果表明:径长比对凸轮泵性能有显著的影响,随着转子径长比的逐渐增大,凸轮泵出口流量脉动呈逐渐下降的趋势,且出口流量值先增大后减小;转子所受径向力的大小和方向均随转子转动呈周期性变化,且大小随径长比的增大而减小,随泵出口压力的增大而增大。数值计算表明当转子径长比α取值为0.7~1.3时,泵出口平均流量达到峰值区,同时泵出口流量脉动幅值最低,转子受力较好。研究结论为凸轮泵转子径长比的选择提供了理论依据。     

水泵叶轮流道宽度对离心泵性能的影响分析

为研究不同的出口宽度对离心泵非稳态特性的影响,该文以66比速的离心泵为主要试验目标,在不改变设计项目的其他几何参数的情况下,对离心泵的出口宽度11mm、12mm、13mm、14mm和15mm进行了计算,并对其外特征、内流场以及压力涟波等外特征进行了解析。研究发现,离心泵的外形特征与叶轮的出口宽度有关,其输出频率越大,扬程也就越大。在工程设计条件下,只有得到最优的叶轮出口宽度,才能达到最大的效率,即b=14mm。当增加出口高度后,齿轮、蜗壳的压强会相应增加,流动通道中的低速区域会随之增大,湍动能也会随之降低。蜗壳流道上的监测点压力脉动值随叶轮出口宽度的增大而增大。而在出口宽度增大的情况下,输出压力波动的幅度也增大。压力脉动的幅度随出口宽度的增加而降低,当b=14mm时,其振幅最小。该文对试验数据的综合分析,得到了最佳的叶轮出口宽度,可为66比转速离心泵的水力设计提供参考。     

余热排出泵内部不稳定流动数值模拟与实验研究

为了研究余热排出泵在多工况下内部流动特性,基于ANSYS CFX软件,采用SST湍流模型,对模型泵进行三维非定常数值模拟,获得了不同工况下余热排出泵的水力性能、内部流场结构和压力脉动特性,同时展开压力脉动实验研究,并与计算结果进行对比。研究结果表明:大流量(1.2Q_d)和设计流量(1.0Q_d)工况下,叶轮和导叶内部流动比较稳定,随着流量的减小叶片进口背面附近开始形成失速旋涡,流道内均发生不同程度的流动分离,且沿着流道向出口处发展;叶轮出口压力脉动主频为7f_z,受导叶叶片数影响;导叶和蜗壳出口的主频均为5f_z,主要由叶频决定;设计流量下各监测点处压力脉动系数幅值最小,越往小流量工况,幅值越大;说明在小流量工况下余热排出泵内部出现了不稳定流动现象。     

进出口条件对多孔板流动特性影响研究

对不同进出口条件下液氮经多孔板流动特性进行了数值模拟与分析,主要研究了进口温度和出口压力对多孔板流出系数和压力损失系数的影响,以探索用做多孔板流量计时的稳定工作区域。结果表明,进口温度和出口压力不影响稳定区雷诺数下限值、稳定区内平均流出系数值和平均压力损失系数值;稳定区雷诺数上限值随出口压力降低而减小,随进口温度降低出现先增加后减小的现象;随着雷诺数进一步增大,流出系数将在空化区出现另一个稳定区域。     

Experimental study of cryogenic liquid turbine expander with closed-loop liquefied nitrogen system

A cryogenic liquid turbine expander is developed as a replacement for traditional Joule–Thomson valves used in the cryogenic systems for the purpose of energy saving. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the turbine expander and is the subject of this paper. The test rig comprises a closed-loop liquefied nitrogen system, cryogenic liquid turbine expander unit, and its auxiliary and measuring systems. The test operating parameters of the turbine expander are determined on the basis of flow similarity rules. Pre-cooling of the liquid nitrogen system is first performed, and then the tests are conducted at different flow rates and speed ratios. The turbine expander flow rate, inlet and outlet pressure and temperature, rotational speed and shaft torque were measured. Experimental results and their uncertainties were analyzed and discussed. The following are demonstrated: (1) For both test cases, turbine expander peak isentropic efficiency is respectively 78.8% and 68.4% obtained at 89.6% and 92% of the design flow rate. The large uncertainties in isentropic efficiency are caused by the large enthalpy variations subjected to small measurement uncertainties in temperature and pressure. (2) Total efficiency and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine expander are obtained. They are essentially the same, since both include flow-related effects and also bearing losses. Comparisons of total efficiency and hydraulic efficiency were used to justify measurement uncertainties of different quantities, since the former involves the measured mass flow rate and enthalpy drop (being dependant on inlet and outlet temperature and pressure), while the latter involves the actual shaft power, volume flow rate, and inlet and outlet pressure. (3) Losses in flow passages and the shaft-bearing system have been inferred based on the measured turbine expander total efficiency, isentropic efficiency, and mechanical efficiency, which are respectively 57.6–74.8%, 62.1–78.8% and 89.5–96.4%. Uncertainty analysis is conducted for experimental isentropic efficiency, hydraulic efficiency, and total efficiency. The hydraulic efficiency seems to be the best measure for assessing the performance of cryogenic liquid turbine expander. (4) Isentropic efficiency versus speed ratio is obtained from the experimental data. The experimental isentropic efficiency increases with the speed ratio, and it reaches 78.8% at the largest experimental speed ratio. A higher efficiency would be achieved if the speed ratio could reach a larger value. This provides some guidance for an optimal operation of the turbine expander in the future.     

Flow batteries for microfluidic networks: configuring an electroosmotic pump for nonterminal positions

A micropump provides flow and pressure for a lab-on-chip device, just as a battery supplies current and voltage for an electronic system. Numerous micropumps have been developed, but none is as versatile as a battery. One cannot easily insert a micropump into a nonterminal position of a fluidic line without affecting the rest of the fluidic system, and one cannot simply connect several micropumps in series to enhance the pressure output, etc. In this work we develop a flow battery (or pressure power supply) to address this issue. A flow battery consists of a +EOP (in which the liquid flows in the same direction as the field gradient) and a -EOP (in which the liquid flows opposite to the electric field gradient), and the outlet of the +EOP is directly connected to the inlet of the -EOP. An external high voltage is applied to this outlet-inlet joint via a short gel-filled capillary that allows ions but not bulk liquid flow, while the +EOP's inlet and the -EOP's outlet (the flow battery's inlet and outlet) are grounded. This flow battery can be deployed anywhere in a fluidic network without electrically affecting the rest of the system. Several flow batteries can be connected in series to enhance the pressure output to drive HPLC separations. In a fluidic system powered by flow batteries, a hydraulic equivalent of Ohm's law can be applied to analyze system pressures and flow rates.     

35MPa/70MPa加氢机用科氏质量流量计阻力特性数值模拟与实验研究

针对科氏质量流量计对介质的阻力在35MPa/70MPa加氢机加注主管路流动总阻力中占比最大的问题,进行了科氏质量流量计在加氢机运营工况下的数值模拟与实验研究。建立了包括入口段、测量管和出口段3个流动区域的科氏质量流量计的数学模型,在加氢机质量流量1~9kg/min时进行了数值模拟分析研究,得到了科氏质量流量计的压力分布和流速分布,根据压力和流速计算得到了科氏质量流量计阻力系数。计算结果与实验结果的对比表明两者能够较好吻合,阻力系数相对误差小于5%。     

不同空气侧风速下微通道蒸发器换热特性实验研究

搭建微通道蒸发器性能实验台,采用控制变量法研究不同空气侧风速下微通道蒸发器表面温度分布、制冷剂进出口压力的变化规律,计算换热量和换热系数,从而分析空气侧风速对微通道蒸发器的流量分配特性和换热效果的影响。结果表明,随着风速增大,微通道蒸发器制冷剂流量分配不均匀性增大,进出口压力波动振幅和周期增加,压降增大,风速2 m/s时微通道蒸发器换热效果最佳。     

冷前回热式Kalina循环系统(KCS)34g的热力学分析

提出冷前回热式KCS34g,根据热力学第一定律和第二定律,利用EES软件对该循环进行热力性能分析,并与基本KCS34g进行相同条件下的性能对比,研究透平进口压力、氨质量分数和透平出口压力变化对冷前回热式KCS34g性能的影响。研究结果表明:在额定工况下,冷前回热式KCS34g的热效率为11.93%,比基本KCS34g高0.99%;效率为52.26%,比基本KCS34g高4.34%;随着氨质量分数增大和透平出口压力降低,冷前回热式KCS34g热效率、发电量和效率均增大;随着透平进口压力增加,冷前回热式KCS34g热效率逐渐增加,发电量和效率在29 bar时达到最大。     

高粘稠物料在灌装阀体内的流动状态分析

根据灌装高粘稠物料的活塞式灌装机的结构和参数,利用软件Proe/E建立了三通阀及进出料口内流道的三维几何模型。应用前处理软件Gambit进行网格的划分、细化,然后对出料口在Fluent中进行计算研究,应用CFD对活塞式灌装机的阀和活塞的运动关系进行分析,并对阀芯运动到不同位置时的流速、压力,以及高粘稠物料的湍流强度进行了分析,获得了阀在不同位置时,不同流量下受到的湍流强度、流速、流量系数与流量、角度之间的关系。对高粘度物料的灌装和结构参数优化具有一定的借鉴意义。     

有机朗肯循环模拟及涡旋式膨胀机的性能研究

近些年来,太阳能作为一种可再生能源受到了广泛的关注。其中利用太阳能集热器实现100℃以下高效的热量回收,是一种普遍且有效的太阳能利用方式。采用有机朗肯循环与100℃的低温热源相结合进行发电,目前也逐渐受到了研究人员的关注。考虑到膨胀机是有机朗肯循环的核心部件,本文选择了R600制冷剂作为ORC系统的工质,对其进行了计算以及热力学性能分析。同时搭建了利用压缩空气来驱动的涡旋式膨胀机性能研究的实验台。从ORC的理论分析得,当热源温度为78~97℃,环境温度为30℃,可以获得0.7~1kW的电量,效率为0.84~0.89。利用压缩空气模拟R600,当温度从75℃变化到95℃,对应的压力从0.8MPa变化到1.2MPa,膨胀机出口压力控制在0.28MPa,等熵效率维持在0.7左右。膨胀机的功电转化效率随着膨胀机理想输出功的增加而降低。     

Anomalous refractive indices of the amplifying medium in a waveguide CO2 laser

The relative changes in refractive index of the amplifying medium in a waveguide CO2 laser have been measured as a function of the inlet and outlet pressures, discharge current, gas flow rate, and intracavity power using an interferometric technique. The experiments have been made for two gas mixing ratios over a wide range of the inlet pressure. Saturated phenomena of the refractive index have been observed for increasing inlet pressure. The output power and the variation in impedance of the amplifying medium have been simultaneously measured. The dependence of the refractive index on the inlet pressure in the absence of the discharge, the electron density, and the estimation of errors in measurements are discussed.     

Laminar Flow Past a Circular Cylinder under the Effect of Nonstationary Jet Efflux to the Near‐Wake Region

Changes in a laminar flow past a circular cylinder under the effect of jets blowing out to its rare region have been studied numerically. Jet efflux was caused by a return flow of a part of the incoming flow in the inner channels of the cylinder due to the pressure difference between its front and end stagnation points. The channels connected the inlet window formed in the zone of the front stagnation point with two outlet windows on the backside surface of the cylinder. The influence of the coordinates of the jets issuing through the outlet windows and dimensions of the inlet and outlet windows on variation of the drag and lift coefficient and distribution of the coefficients of pressure and friction on the cylinder surface has been considered. It is shown that under the effect of blowing out the cylinder drag decreased by 4% and the amplitude of buoyancy force oscillations decreased by 40%.