支风道高度对浅圆仓径向通风的影响

机械通风是粮食仓储过程中调控粮堆温湿度、保证储粮品质的有效方法。浅圆仓通常采用地槽通风,但存在通风均匀性差、阻力大、能耗高等问题。目前,浅圆仓径向通风技术研究逐步深入,其通风管网的合理布置是浅圆仓径向通风技术标准化应用和确保其通风效率的关键。本文通过数值模拟的方法,研究了支风道高度对浅圆仓径向通风流场、降温速率、降温均匀性及水分损耗的影响。结果表明,浅圆仓直径为25 m,装粮线20 m时,支风道高度为12.5 m时粮堆降温速率最大,可达到0.051℃/h,粮堆温度变异系数整体达到15.61%;浅圆仓径向通风系统支风道高度h与粮堆平均降温速率Y的满足Y=0.020 3+0.003 86 h-1.22×10^-4h²方程,R²值为0.97;支风道高度的增加对粮堆整体水分影响较小,但是对粮堆表面水分影响较大。     

谷物冷却机降温通风粮温变化规律实验研究

科学高效使用通风设备对粮仓通风,可有效控制粮堆温度,保障粮食储藏安全。为探究谷物冷却机通风过程中的粮堆温度变化规律,采用谷物冷却机先后对2个浅圆仓、3个超高大平房仓进行冷却通风对比实验。结果表明,浅圆仓通风效果良好,温度迁移速率约为1.7～1.9 m/d,通风11 d后会降低整仓粮温,无通风死角;平房仓通风过程中会形成风道,打乱粮堆原始冷心,有效降低平均粮温但无法实现整仓粮温均匀降低,存在通风死角。     

基于COMSOL静态储粮玉米粮堆温度场研究

以初始温度为26℃,边长为1 m并设有冷、热壁面的方形玉米粮堆仓为研究对象，利用数值模拟软件COMSOL,对仓内粮堆温度场进行数值模拟分析，并基于验证的模型研究粮堆内外存在温差时，其内部温度随时间的变化规律。结果表明：靠近冷、热壁面的粮堆温度变化较快；仓内粮堆温度在冷热壁面间形成梯度，出现分层现象；不同初始粮温条件下，壁面与粮堆温差影响仓内粮堆温度分布，储藏96 h后，初始粮温为22℃的粮堆温度变化幅度最大，为24.9℃;粮堆与壁面温差较大的条件下，热量传递较快，仓内粮堆温度逐渐趋于稳定；初始粮温一致，不同种类粮食条件下，在储藏192 h后，大豆、小麦、玉米、稻谷和油菜籽仓内粮堆最终温升分别为2.21、2.18、2.17、2.64和2.40℃;密度和孔隙率差异共同影响仓内粮堆温度的分布，孔隙率较大的玉米粮堆，温度更加均匀。     

半地下双层浅圆仓静态储粮温度场的数值分析

粮食温度是影响储粮安全的最重要因素之一,为揭示半地下双层浅圆仓的储粮温度场分布规律,本文建立了地上浅圆仓和地下仓的粮堆数学分析模型,并通过现场实验结果验证了模型的有效性。以此为基础建立了半地下双层浅圆仓数值模型,分析低温入粮后静态储藏1年期间的粮堆温度场变化规律。结果表明：半地下双层浅圆仓地上层靠近仓壁2 m内的粮温受外界气温影响变化明显,温度范围在10.62～27.37℃,地下层粮温常年处在准低温状态,平均温度不超过地下恒温区温度17℃;入冬时地上层粮堆在距仓壁1～3 m之间会短期形成一个热量聚集区,导致近仓壁处粮堆温差较大,随后外围区温度缓慢降低,形成“热心冷皮”;仓壁的保温隔热措施可有效减小气温对粮温的影响,地上层夏季最高粮温较未做保温的地上浅圆仓低3.86℃左右。研究结果可为半地下双层浅圆仓的推广应用提供技术支持。     

广东地区浅圆仓玉米粮堆温度分布规律研究

为了解浅圆仓玉米储藏全年的粮堆温度变化规律,采用实仓调查的方法分析了广东地区一浅圆仓玉米入仓后第一年粮温在垂直方向和水平剖面上的变化,并通过温差和露点评估了粮堆表层的结露风险。结果表明：在垂直方向上,粮面下5 m范围内粮食受夏秋季太阳热辐射影响,温度超过20℃的时间在2个月以上,空调控温工艺能将仓温和表层粮温有效降低至25℃及以下,但在秋季空调关闭后,粮面下9 m范围的粮温有不同程度反弹升高;在水平剖面上,内外圈温差明显,温差大小受粮层深度和季节影响,同时受仓体周围遮挡物影响,阳光直射多的方向粮温高于其他方向;粮堆表层内圈范围在空调控温前结露风险较高。     

地下粮食筒仓中高水分玉米粮堆谷冷通风后的温湿度研究

目的 研究地下粮食筒仓中,高水分玉米粮堆在谷冷通风后温湿度变化。方法 采用TOPRIE-TP700 多路数据记录仪和 TOPRIE-TP2305 温湿度传感器对谷冷通风后,试验仓内高水分玉米粮堆的温湿度进行监测;同时利用数值模拟软件COMSOL,对相同尺寸的模型仓进行了同工况下数值模拟分析。结果 试验仓内上层粮堆易受到外部环境变化的影响,谷冷通风后的静态储藏期间,第四层粮温由初始的6.8 ℃降至3.5 ℃,下降3.3 ℃;第三层粮堆先由初始6.5 ℃升至8.1 ℃后,又下降至6.2 ℃;第一层和第二层粮温表现出一致的变化性,由初始的3.6 ℃和4.8 ℃最终升至8.7 ℃和9.6 ℃,温升分别为5.1 ℃和4.8 ℃;第一层和第二层相对湿度由初始88.5%和88.3%经小幅上升至89.8%和89.3%之后,最终相对湿度稳定在89.6%附近;第三层和第四层相对湿度从初始90.5%和91.7%上升至93.9%和95%后,最终降低至93.7%和92.7%。靠近仓壁处粮堆温度增幅较大,最大增幅为11 ℃;第四层近壁处出现结露现象。结论 高水分粮在短时间谷冷通风后,依然具有较大的结露风险。     

浅圆仓负压通风技术应用案例分析

在利用浅圆仓储粮过程中,运用负压通风技术对浅圆仓进行机械通风降温应用研究,分析了负压通风的时间、粮温变化、通风能耗、风压等数据;对比分析入仓和出仓时粮食质量变化。研究结果表明:运用负压通风技术能实现较低的储粮温度,通风能耗较低,有利于保持储粮品质,有效减少储粮过程中由于机械通风引起的粮食重量损失。在浅圆仓储粮过程中,负压通风技术具有良好的应用前景,对于指导浅圆仓机械通风技术开展,具有较强的实践指导意义。     

高大平房仓大豆安全储存试验研究

对大豆在夏季及秋冬季储藏期间的通风模式进行了试验研究,初步结果表明,分三阶段的通风模式1"轴流-轴流-离心"比模式2"离心-轴流-轴流"的储粮通风降温能效比高。研究还发现压盖仓比未压盖层的粮堆平均粮温低1.7℃和1.6℃;压盖仓比未压盖层的表层平均粮温低2.0℃和1.7℃。试验仓秋冬季通风后,储存大豆粮堆度夏的压盖仓平均温度低于18℃,未压盖仓的平均粮温低于20℃,整仓的大部分大豆处于准低温储粮状态,有利于延缓大豆储存品质劣变。经检测采用的大豆储存工艺和技术可安全有效的保持储存大豆的品质质量。     

浅圆仓小风量维持通风环流控温储藏粳稻试验

针对东北地区生态气候特点,应用小风量维持通风环流均温系统,开展浅圆仓粳稻控温储藏试验,结果表明:在浅圆仓内应用小风量维持通风环流系统能有效解决过夏期间粮堆表层和仓温较高的问题,全仓粳稻平均粮温控制在15℃以内,储藏期间粳稻水分及脂肪酸值变化较小,减缓了品质劣变,能确保粳稻的安全度夏和实现保质减损储藏。     

小麦粮堆降温冷却过程中温度变化研究

采用风冷制冷机组对模拟仓进行冷却通风,在粮层中间形成明显的温度梯度后停机,探究制冷时和停机后粮温的变化规律。结果表明:在冷却通风过程中,靠近冷源的底层(7层)温度变化最快,于通风38 h时温度先达到平衡,平均降温速率约为0.04℃/h,5、6层粮温通风50 h后达到平衡。停机3个月,各层温度变化不一致:上层粮温先上升后下降,与仓温和气温的变化趋势一致,上层粮温高于表层中部,而低于仓墙两侧粮温;中、下层粮温以接近抛物线形式缓慢上升,前期速率依次约为0.31、0.179、0.115、0.115℃/d,远低于冷却时的平均降温速率(0.02~0.26℃/h),且制冷前后粮堆平均水分没有明显变化。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the