我国煤矿冲击地压的研究现状:机制、预警与控制

从机制研究、预警技术和防治方法 3个方面出发,概述我国冲击地压研究现状。从地质赋存条件与冲击地压相互作用机制、采动应力和能量场时空演化规律与致灾机制、覆岩空间结构与冲击突出触发机制等方面阐述近年来我国冲击地压机制研究的热点问题及相关成果;介绍冲击地压监测预警系统的主要技术体系,包括"震动场–应力动态"一体化监测预警系统、冲击危险预测与监测预警体系、ZOS矿用分布式微震监测系统、无线冲击地压实时监测预警系统和冲击地压电荷监测技术;探讨快速让位吸能防冲支护技术、新型恒阻大变形锚杆(索)支护技术、基于应力控制的冲击地压区域防范技术体系对冲击地压的防治作用及其在大同、义马等矿区的应用情况。     

矿区水文地质勘探阶段与方法

依据矿区的水文地质状况,探讨了矿区水文地质勘探阶段的划分和勘探方法,并建立了矿区详细的水文地质资料,对于防治水害,保证煤矿安全生产具有十分重要的意义。     

Assessment of rock mass characteristics and the excavation disturbed zone in the Lingxin Coal Mine beneath the Xitian river, China

Safe production and induced hazard prevention in coal mines mainly concern problems in the excavation disturbed zone (EDZ), but coal mining can also make a significant impact on the environment. Comprehensive techniques using a borehole TV viewer system, electrical logging, and monitoring of drilling fluid leakage offer the ability to identify changing geological conditions and the location of any nearby abandoned mining workings. The inner collapsed zone and the expanding height of the crack zone transmitting water plus their spatial distribution after excavating the superincumbent coal seam stratum are determined at no. L3414 workings, Lingxin Coal Mine beneath the Xitian river, China. An integrated system of GIS-based on a stochastic model, which has been developed for the prediction of dynamic subsidence coupling the time function and probabilistic integral method, is verified through practice at the Lingxin Coal Mine. This development has greatly expanded the ability of the mine operator to characterize previously inaccessible areas of the mine, providing a reliable basis for safe mining and prevention of induced-hazards to ensure high production mining underneath the river bed.     

Innovation and future of mining rock mechanics

The 121 mining method of longwall mining first proposed in England has been widely used around the world.This method requires excavation of two mining roadways and reservation of one coal pillar to mine one working face.Due to considerable excavation of roadway,the mining roadway is generally destroyed during coal mining.The stress concentration in the coal pillar can cause large deformation of surrounding rocks,rockbursts and other disasters,and subsequently a large volume of coal pillar resources will be wasted.To improve the coal recovery rate and reduce excavation of the mining roadway,the 111 mining method of longwall mining was proposed in the former Soviet Union based on the 121 mining method.The 111 mining method requires excavation of one mining roadway and setting one filling body to replace the coal pillar while maintaining another mining roadway to mine one working face.However,because the stress transfer structure of roadway and working face roof has not changed,the problem of stress concentration in the surrounding rocks of roadway has not been well solved.To solve the above problems,the conventional concept utilizing high-strength support to resist the mining pressure for the 121 and 111 mining methods should be updated.The idea is to utilize mining pressure and expansion characteristics of the collapsed rock mass in the goaf to automatically form roadways,avoiding roadway excavation and waste of coal pillar.Based on the basic principles of mining rock mechanics,the“equilibrium mining”theory and the“short cantilever beam”mechanical model are proposed.Key technologies,such as roof directional presplitting technology,negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)high-prestress constant-resistance support technology,and gangue blocking support technology,are developed following the“equilibrium mining”theory.Accordingly,the 110 and N00 mining methods of an automatically formed roadway(AFR)by roof cutting and pressure releasing without pillars are proposed.The mining methods have been applied to a large number of coal mines with different overburdens,coal seam thicknesses,roof types and gases in China,realizing the integrated mode of coal mining and roadway retaining.On this basis,in view of the complex geological conditions and intelligent mining demand of coal mines,an intelligent and unmanned development direction of the“equilibrium mining”method is prospected.     

非充分采动采空区与煤岩柱(体)耦合作用机制及应用

 以镇城底矿为工程背景,通过理论分析、相似模拟、数值模拟和现场实测,研究了非充分采动采空区和煤岩柱(体)耦合作用机制。得出如下结论：(1) 不同的工作面布置产生不同的工作面构型、采空区形态和煤岩柱(体)形态,进而造成不同的耦合作用结果,采空区响应对实体煤岩柱(体)的应力及岩体破坏影响很大,数值模拟不可忽略采空区作用;(2) 推导出煤柱极限平衡区宽度表达式,分层开采单一分层时采高降低、大采高和错层位开采存在斜坡均导致煤柱极限平衡区宽度下降;(3) 垮落角对采空区和煤岩柱(体)耦合作用有重要影响,通过相似模拟确定了垮落角并用于数值模拟,得出非充分采动条件下工作面宽度L、最上部关键层跨度L1与垮落角θ之间的关系式;(4) 数值模拟显示非充分采动采空区承载增加,则支承压力相应降低,反之亦然,验证了非充分采动采空区和煤岩柱(体)的耦合作用,数值模拟若忽略采空区承载作用会造成支承压力偏大,应力集中区高度偏大,且位置降低,岩体破坏范围偏大;(5) 根据研究结果,现场将进风巷布置于采空区边缘下方,形成巷顶沿空巷道,该巷道处于整个回采系统应力最低区;而回风巷沿顶板布置,工作面两侧顺槽矿压问题均得到良好控制。     

采动覆岩涌水溃砂灾害模拟试验系统研制与应用

 为研究煤层开采过程中覆岩涌水溃砂灾害的演化特征,研制采动覆岩涌水溃砂灾害模拟试验系统。该系统由主体承载支架、试验舱、承压水仓、模拟采煤装置、储能罐、水压水量双控伺服系统和位移应力双控伺服系统组成,具有模拟空间大、可视度优、密封性好、加载方式多样、数据精度高等特点。以西部地区煤炭赋存地层为工程背景,利用研制的低强度非亲水相似材料对煤系地层进行模拟铺设,并对其进行模拟开采,较好地再现了覆岩涌水溃砂灾害孕育、发展及发生的全过程,获得工作面开采过程中覆岩变形破坏、裂隙发育扩展、水砂通道形成及水砂突涌参数和特征。试验结果表明该试验系统稳定可靠,研究方法及结果对进一步认识采煤工作面涌水溃砂灾害的形成机制具有指导和借鉴意义。     

基于采煤塌陷区的蓄洪区开发利用模式探讨——以淮南市张集矿为例

伴随着我国经济的快速发展,煤炭等各种资源开采工程活动频繁,开采的范围越来越广、强度越来越深,塌陷范围越来越大,给矿山环境造成了十分严重的危害。本文根据淮南采煤塌陷区的现状,结合该区的地理和水文条件以及塌陷区的时空演变特征,从城市规划的角度出发,探讨将采煤塌陷区建设为新型蓄洪区的可行性。在对淮南张集矿塌陷区实地调查的基础上,利用ArcGIS建立张集矿采煤塌陷区改造蓄洪区的条件评价系统,同时作为库容计算的主要工具,结合采煤塌陷区的相关资料,论证新型蓄洪区的开发利用模式。     

Experimental study on mechanical behavior,permeability, and damage characteristics of Jurassic sandstone under varying stress paths

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - Repeated mining of upper and lower coal seams causes roof sandstone to be repeatedly disturbed and results in the continuous deterioration of...     

胡家河主井井架设计方案优选

井架是煤矿和其他金属矿山的标志性构筑物。对较深层煤炭或其他金属资源的开采方式有立井开采和斜井开采两大方案,其中立井开采时钢井架多为首选方案。胡家河主井井架为西北地区目前规模最大的提升钢井架。通过对结构体系方案的选用、结构分析方法的采用以及结构材料及防腐技术的对比分析,对工程进行了优化。结果表明,所采用的方案具有较好的技术经济效益。     

Empirical approach for designing of support system in mechanized coal pillar mining

Mechanized room-and-pillar system of coal pillar mining using side dump loading machine or load haul dumper machine, or by continuous miner, is the presently most dominant underground method of extraction in India. Under this method of extraction, strata control is a major problem affecting safety and productivity of the mine. As per existing Director General of Mine Safety guidelines, systematic support rules must be followed at the depillaring faces irrespective of immediate roof rock type and competency. Therefore, there is a high chance that sometimes these systematic support rules give unnecessarily high support, or sometimes inadequate support, which may lead to roof failure at the face. As a result, there is a big loss of life and material including coal in terms of left-out ribs/stooks and other associated mining equipment deployed at the faces. Therefore, in the present paper, authors attempted to develop generalized empirical equations for estimating the required support load density at different places of the face based on geotechnical parameters of the mine and physico-mechanical properties of the immediate roof rocks for designing of support system during mechanized coal pillar mining.     

Effects of coal mining on ground and surface water quality,Monongalia County,West Virginia

Water quality data are compared. Areas disturbed extensively either by surface or underground mining for bituminous coal in Monongalia County, West Virginia yield water of poorer quality than similar terrain which is not so disturbed. Specifically, the disturbed areas yield hard water of the calcium-sulfate or calcium-magnesium-sulfate type which is low in pH, high in iron and aluminum, and which contains trace elements one or more orders of magnitude greater than water from undisturbed terrain.These hard waters differ from the more common type of hard waters in that sulfate rather than bicarbonate is the dominant anion. As such they may provide further insight into factors affecting the relationship between water hardness and cardiovascular disease rates. The necessary additional data are being collected.     

王庄矿矸石混凝土间隔充填连续采煤工艺研究

为了解决煤矿资源紧缺问题,提高矿井产量、延长矿井服务年限,针对王庄煤矿的煤层赋存条件,提出了一种利用矸石混凝土间隔充填,连续采煤机短臂机械化采煤工艺,并对采煤工作面设备进行了选型,实践证明该采煤方法可用于开采＂三下＂压煤及不适合布置长壁工作面的边角煤。     

Ecological Restoration of Central European Mining Sites: A Summary of a Multi-site Analysis

Sites disturbed by mining were surveyed in the Czech Republic, central Europe. The sites included spoil heaps from coal mining, sand and gravel pits, extracted peatlands and stone quarries. The following main conclusions emerged: i) potential for spontaneous succession to be used in restoration projects is between 95 and 100% of the total area disturbed; ii) mining sites, if mining is properly designed and then the sites are left to spontaneous succession, often act as refugia for endangered and retreating organisms, and may contribute substantially to local biodiversity.     

Model test study on surrounding rock deformation and failure mechanisms of deep roadways with thick top coal

The deep roadway with thick top coal is a typical roadway difficult to support in deep mining project, and resolving this sophisticated problem to control the stability of surrounding rock is of great significance in safety production of coal mines. In order to explore the surrounding rock deformation and failure mechanisms of such deep roadways, with Zhaolou coal mine in Juye mining area of China as the engineering background, a large-scale geomechanical model test was carried out. The displacement and stress evolution laws of surrounding rock supported by the pressure relief anchor box beam system were researched. Meanwhile, the related results validate and analyze main failure characteristics and mechanisms of the surrounding rock by comparing with field test.     

综放开采预注水弱化顶煤的理论研究及其工程应用

提高顶煤放出率是综放开采的一个重大课题，预注水弱化顶煤是解决这一问题的有效方法之一。从理论上研究了超前开采工作面注入煤体的水在裂隙和孔隙中的渗透运动和水对煤体的弱化机理：从试验上得出了注水压力对煤体变形模量的弱化规律和注水含水率对煤的抗压强度的弱化规律：提出了预注水超前工作面的位置、时间、注水含水率、注水量、注水润湿半径、注水孔间距、注水持续时间、注水压力和注水孔布置等工程参数的确定方法。将理论研究结果应用于潞安王庄矿4309综放开采工作面，取得了显著的技术经济效益和社会效益。     

Entrepreneurial migration and regional opportunities in developing countries

This paper aims to investigate the entrepreneurial migrants' preferences for a location for business activities in developing countries. In the modelling framework six socio-economic and six socio-cultural variables are used in this study to investigate the migrants' propensity to stay at a particular region. The empirical research was carried out in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. It appears that the presence of a supporting informal network is the most critical factor that attracts and keeps the entrepreneurial migrants in a particular region. Socio-cultural variables like experience and education play a less significant role in the migrants' decision to stay in a given region. RID="*" ID="*" Kees Gorter passed away in October 2001.     

放炮震动诱发煤矿巷道动力失稳机理分析

发展了J.Litwiniszyn关于震动波诱发巷道动力失稳理论,分析了炮采震动诱发煤层巷道稳定性的影响,从理论上解释了放炮震动诱发冲击地压的根本原因。结合赵各庄矿实际生产情况,利用有限差分软件FLAC2D,对比分析了无支护和两种不同柔性支护条件下,巷道受放炮震动影响后的变形破坏情况。研究表明:放炮震动不仅增加了巷道围岩荷载,同时震动波的传播在围岩内产生了裂纹并在煤层和顶底板间诱发摩擦滑动,从而降低了围岩体的承载能力;柔性支护能有效吸收放炮震动的能量,降低巷道变形量;炮采影响下的防冲柔性支护,“U”型钢可缩支架略优于锚网支护。     

赵家坝煤矿急倾斜煤层群联合开采的工程实践

通过对赵家坝煤矿急倾斜煤层群开采方案的比较,选定了联合开采的巷道布置方案;通过理论分析、现场实测和模拟计算,确定了联合开采顺序、采煤方法以及不同煤层与不同区段间的合理错距。生产实践证明联合开采有利于安全和提高经济效益,该结论对类似条件下巷道布置设计、采煤方法选择有参考意义。     

考虑底板岩层移动的急倾斜煤层开采沉陷预计

分析了急倾斜煤层开采岩层和地表移动特点,总结了急倾斜煤层开采地表下沉盆地的4种类型,并对这4种下沉盆地的形成原因进行揭示。给出了急倾斜煤层开采沉陷预计建模的4条原则,并针对该原则提出了一种基于概率积分法的急倾斜煤层开采沉陷预计模型,该模型能清楚地解释急倾斜煤层开采煤层顶底板岩层移动和地表下沉的相互关系。建立了预计方法的坐标系,分析了预计参数的物理意义,并给出了预计参数的变化规律。编制了基于本文方法的计算机程序,并利用矿区观测站实测数据对本方法进行了验证。实验结果表明,本文方法对于倾角大于70°的急倾斜煤层开采沉陷预计效果较好,能为矿区的环境保护,地表移动预警起到决策支持作用。     

Coupled T–H–M issues relating to radioactive waste repository design and performance

In this paper, coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) issues relating to nuclear waste repository design and performance are reviewed. Concise statements, that were developed from DECOVALEX discussions, on the current state-of-knowledge are presented. Section 1 describes the THM background and the interface with performance assessment (PA). The role of THM issues in the overall repository design context is amplified in Section 2, which includes a review of the processes in terms of repository excavation, operation and post-closure stages. It is important to understand the overall context, the detailed THM issues, the associated modelling and how these issues will be resolved in the wider framework. Also, because uncoupled and coupled numerical codes have been used for this subject, there is discussion in Section 3 on the nature of the codes and how the content of the codes can be audited. To what extent does a particular code capture the essence of the problem in hand? Consideration is also given to the associated question of code selection and the future of numerical codes. The state-of-knowledge statements are presented in Section 4 under 11 headings which follow the repository design sequence. The overview conclusion is that “A predictive THM capability is required to support repository design because precedent practice information is insufficient. Many aspects of THM processes and modelling are now well understood and there is a variety of numerical codes available to provide solutions for different host rock and repository conditions. However, modelling all the THM mechanisms in space and time is extremely complex and simplifications will have to be made — if only because it is not possible to obtain all the necessary detailed supporting information. Therefore, an important step is to clarify the THM modelling requirement within the PA context. This will help to indicate the complexity of THM modelling required and hence the models, mechanisms, type of computing, supporting data, laboratory and in situ testing, etc. required. An associated transparent and open audit trail should be developed.” We also include comments from reviewers and highlight four outstanding issues which are currently being studied in the DECOVALEX III programme.