基于频域法的超超临界锅炉水冷壁动态特性模型验证及计算分析

为了研究超超临界锅炉水冷壁出口参数的动态特性,采用频域法建立了超临界压力下的水冷壁系统动态特性计算模型。通过试验验证,计算值与试验测量数据符合较好。对某电厂超超临界锅炉下炉膛水冷壁进行了计算,得到75%热耗率验收工况(THA)负荷下的动态响应特性,研究了热负荷、入口焓、入口质量流量、出口压力阶跃时的动态特性,同时分析了不同压力、入口焓、入口质量流量、热负荷和管段长度对各参数阶跃时出口工质参数动态响应的影响。结果表明：入口焓、入口质量流量和热负荷增大时,扰动造成的响应时间减小,入口压力、管段长度增大时,扰动造成的响应时间增加。     

DEH压力限制对超超临界机组甩负荷的影响

介绍了西门子1000 MW等级超超临界汽轮机机组DEH控制器的工作原理,通过国华台山发电厂6号机组首次甩100%负荷试验失败的现象,结合甩负荷时旁路系统控制方案和汽轮机控制器的切换,分析主蒸汽压力限制功能对甩负荷控制的影响,通过改进DEH压力控制器设定值变化率限制的设计参数,从而确保第二次甩负荷试验成功完成。由此表明,DEH压力控制器设定值变化率限制的设计参数需要与旁路系统压力调节回路相配合。     

电站甩负荷情况下动力系统的协调控制策略研究

针对电站甩负荷时,主蒸汽压力易产生超压,且传统PID控制器无法快速有效地控制主蒸汽压力的问题,设计了燃烧系统和主机回汽协调控制策略以及小脑神经网络(Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller,CMAC)与PID并行的控制器,并在Simulink平台上进行了电站甩30%和100%负荷时系统动态特性仿真。结果表明:所设计的控制策略和控制器能够使主蒸汽压力控制系统较快地对电站的大负荷扰动作出响应,取得较好的控制效果,保障动力系统的稳定。     

超临界抽汽式汽轮机解耦控制特性研究

以某350 MW超临界抽汽式汽轮机为研究对象,根据其装配图和工况图确定了电负荷和热负荷的静态解耦矩阵,采用模块化建模的思想搭建了热电解耦控制系统及调节对象的仿真模型,并对联系调节和非联系调节的控制特性进行了仿真分析.结果 表明:电负荷扰动时,通过调整高压调节阀和蝶阀的开度可以满足电负荷变化的需求;由于压力控制回路PI控...     

循环流化床锅炉控制系统优化

为解决某厂2台310 t/h循环流化床锅炉控制系统一直无法投入自动的问题,结合该厂蒸汽负荷频繁波动的运行特点,在确定燃料、一次风、二次风静态关系的基础上,对循环流化床锅炉进行了蒸汽流量、燃料、一次风、二次风的扰动试验.通过分析得到母管压力、床温等参数的动态响应特性,确定了压力控制燃料、氧量修正控制二次风、床温修正一次和二次风配比的控制方案,并设计了多输出控制系统的自动平衡回路.采用新的控制策略后,无论是在外负荷扰动还是在锅炉燃料扰动下,极大程度上保证了系统的稳定性和可靠性.     

蒸汽发生器水位控制器的多目标GA和静态H_∞回路成形优化设计

提出了一种基于多目标遗传算法和静态H∞回路成形综合的给定结构鲁棒控制器设计方法,采用该方法设计了低负荷下蒸汽发生器水位的比例微分串联滤波器型控制器,并进行了水位给定值阶跃变化、蒸汽流量阶跃扰动和给水压力波动下控制系统响应的仿真试验.结果表明:所设计控制系统的鲁棒稳定性和鲁棒性能优于其他3种基于H∞回路成形的控制器设计方案;所得控制器在给定值阶跃变化、给水和流量扰动下均能保持较好的控制品质,具有良好的鲁棒性.     

大负荷扰动下的船用增压锅炉燃烧系统控制研究

对于以增压锅炉为主动力的船舶,需要主蒸汽压力控制系统在电站受到大负荷扰动时有良好的控制能力以维持船舶的稳定航行。以船用增压锅炉燃烧系统的主蒸汽压力为研究对象,运用传统PID、模糊控制和动态矩阵控制(DMC)3种算法对船用增压锅炉的主蒸汽压力系统进行控制,并在SIMULINK平台上完成了电站突卸25%负荷及55%负荷和电站突增25%负荷及55%负荷时系统的仿真,得到了4组响应曲线。分析结果表明:相比于其他两种算法,DMC控制器控制下的主蒸汽压力系统能够更迅速地对负载端的大负荷扰动作出反应,产生的误差更小,稳定时间更短,取得更好的控制效果。     

数字电液调节系统负荷控制功能的仿真研究

数字式电液调节系统(DEH)是控制汽轮机运行的核心,其负荷调节系统控制性能的优劣直接影响整个机组的正常运行。在建立机组及DEH系统仿真模型的基础上,分析了DEH系统的基本结构和功能,整定了负荷串级控制系统的调节器参数,优化了反馈回路投切与阀门控制方式切换的控制算法。为现场控制系统的优化运行提供了参考依据,可以进一步提高供电品质,保证运行的安全性和经济性。     

GE燃机主控系统特点及其一次调频特性研究

简要介绍GE的单轴和多轴燃气蒸汽联合循环机组的热力系统结构以及机组的主控系统特点,包括DCS侧的一次调频回路以及Mark侧的最小门控制逻辑、转速调节回路等。之后,通过试验了解GE单轴和多轴联合循环机组在转速阶跃扰动下各控制回路输出及燃机、汽机负荷的动态响应情况,从而分析其控制特点和一次调频特性,最后针对提高多轴机组一次调频特性给出相应的修改建议。     

DEH系统负荷控制功能仿真研究

数字式电液调节系统(DEH)是管理和控制汽轮机运行的核心,其负荷调节系统性能的优劣直接影响整个机组的正常运行.本文在汽轮发电机组及DEH系统仿真模型建立的基础上,分析DEH系统的基本结构和功能,整定负荷串级控制系统的调节器参数,优化反馈回路投切和切换阀门控制方式的控制算法,为现场控制系统的优化运行提供参考依据,以进一步提高供电品质,保证生产的安全和经济性.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.