PPCPs在水环境中的风险控制研究进展

药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)因被广泛使用而在环境中大量残留,其引起的水环境风险和生态安全问题日益受到人们的广泛关注和研究.针对PPCPs对水环境造成的污染,综述了水环境中PPCPs的风险控制方面的研究进展,主要包括:水环境中PPCPs的毒理效应研究;在水体中的迁移转化机理;有效的检测方法及其在水环境中的风险控制技术研究.最后,进一步对水环境中PPCPs的风险控制研究提出了建议,以期能够促进相关研究的广泛开展.     

农村生活污水治理研究

本文了分析当前我国农村水环境污染管理现状,并对生活污水的来源和成分进行了分析,指出当前农村生活污水管理中的具体问题,并针对农村水环境治理提出建议.     

日光作用下草酸铁/过氧化氢体系中偶氮染料降解的试验研究

利用太阳能使有机污染物降解以改善水环境质量已引起环境保护工作的重视、扩展有机物降解中光谱响应范围,充分利用太阳能是需要研究解决的关键问题。以偶氮染料为目标物,对自然光源下,应用草酸铁／过氧化氢体系的降解过程进行了试验研究,以一级反应动力学方程为基础,对影响反应的主要因素进行了分析,并与应用ＴｉＯ２、Ｗｏ３为催化剂的试验进行了比较。结果表明,通过日／草酸铁／过氧化氢的作用,可有效地净化含染料废水。     

基于连续式热态实验平台的污泥湿式氧化实验

为了验证污泥湿式氧化技术的工业可行性、稳定性和安全性,通过建立连续式热态实验台研究典型条件下的污泥湿式处理效果,分别检测了氧化产物中的三相成分和性质并进行反应动力学计算。结果表明:典型条件下实验装置稳定运行超过100 h,反应后固相残渣有机物降解率达78.62%,重金属含量及浸出重金属含量均达标;液相中COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷超标,可返回污水处理厂进一步处理;气相中无SO_2和NO_x;污泥湿式氧化过程分为快速反应阶段和慢速反应阶段,且2个阶段均属于化学动力学控制。     

环境监测中水监测的质量控制与保证措施

工业生产中一些工业废水和生活污水的随意排放,已经超出了水体本身的净化能力,仅仅依靠水体自身很难有效净化,影响到了人民群众正常的生产生活。针对这一情况,做好水环境监测工作至关重要,这也是社会关注的重点问题。从环境监测中水监测的重要性入手,分析环境监测中水监测的质量控制,最后提出了环境监测中水监测的保证措施,实现对水环境监测工作的高效运行。     

环境监测中水监测的质量控制与保证措施

水环境的保护作为环境保护与开发问题中的重中之重,其环境监测的质量控制也非常重要。当前的水环境监测过程中需要不断地采取合理的措施以更好的保证水环境监测的质量。针对环境监测中水检测质量控制出现的实际问题进行分析,对现阶段如何有效提升水环境监测质量的措施进行研究。     

秸秆沼气发酵的能效限度分析

能源利用技术的能源转换效率是其技术评价的重要基础。秸秆沼气发酵技术一方面受到高度关注与国家政策支持,另一方面其能源转换效率研究却几乎为零。文章提出一种体现厌氧生化过程细菌能量学成果的能效分析方法,对秸秆沼气发酵进行了能效分析。通过典型秸秆主要组分厌氧降解率和厌氧过程细菌能量学分析,得出现有秸秆沼气发酵技术的最大能源转换效率低于25%的结论。     

石龙芮与酸模联用处理生活污水研究

运用无上栽培技术,通过石龙芮和酸模对生活污水的降解实验,对两种植物作为湿地植物处理生活污水的可行性进行了分析.实验表明两种植物对污水中的营养元素都具有较好的去除,石龙芮-酸模复合植物系统可对污水中的P元素和COD得到更好的去除.     

树脂载体固态胺的再生性能

通过热重分析仪研究了树脂载体固态胺在高浓度CO2气氛下的再生特性,分析了固态胺再生过程中的胺降解性能、再生速率以及循环稳定性.研究发现,树脂载体固态胺相比目前关注最多的硅胶载体固态胺具有明显的化学稳定性优势,再生过程中并未出现胺的降解问题;固态胺的再生速率主要取决于颗粒的升温速率;树脂载体固态胺在高浓度CO2气氛下循环吸收再生中,胺的挥发会导致性能的下降,但是没有发生胺的降解.     

高效液相色谱法测定污水中安赛蜜的参数优化

安赛蜜作为人工合成甜味剂的一种,产量随年递增,同时在人体内较难降解以及污水处理厂的处理工艺难以处理,使得污水中的安赛蜜含量不断增长.本文研究一种使用高效液相色谱法检测污水中安赛蜜的含量的方法,并对参数进行优化.可得到参数为:流速为0.7mL/min,流动相为10％甲醇与90％乙酸铵,紫外吸收波长为227nm,按此方法处...     

硫酸盐对厌氧降解糖蜜酒精废水的影响机理及处理工艺研究进展

高浓度硫酸根是影响糖蜜酒精废水厌氧降解的重要因素。本文阐述了硫酸盐还原菌对厌氧发酵过程中产甲烷的影响及硫酸盐还原产物对厌氧发酵的作用机制,综合评述了糖蜜酒精废水厌氧过程中硫酸盐处理技术的特点及应用范围,结合工程案例,建议糖蜜废水厌氧转化过程中进行高效率、低成本除去硫酸根对厌氧发酵抑制性的技术深入研究,并进行制备生物燃气的产业化应用。     

太阳光Fenton氧化-混凝联合处理含酚废水

研究了煤气含酚废水和模拟苯酚废水的太阳光Fenton氧化-混凝联合处理技术,比较了混凝法、太阳光Fenton氧化法及其联合技术对含酚废水的处理效果。结果表明,太阳光Fenton体系可有效地氧化降解含酚废水,但废水完全矿化所需的H2O2用量较大,导致处理成本较高。含酚废水直接采用混凝处理的效果不理想,CODCr和挥发酚去除率较低(6.5%～28.7%)。采用太阳光Fenton氧化-混凝联合技术处理中等浓度的煤气含酚废水,使其CODCr和挥发酚浓度达到国家二级排放标准,只需投加700mg/L的H2O2,而单纯采用太阳光Fenton氧化所需消耗的H2O2大于2800mg/L,即联合技术可节约H2O2用量3倍以上。结果还表明晴天下太阳光Fenton氧化反应45min与人工电紫外光Fenton氧化反应30min对含酚废水的处理效果相当。太阳光Fenton氧化-混凝联合技术具有能耗低、处理效率高、处理量大等特点,在环境治理领域具有更广阔的应用前景。     

Pilot-scale high solids thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste with an emphasis on nutrient requirements

A pilot study was conducted to assess the biodegradable organic fraction of municipal solid waste (BOF/MSW) as a substrate in a high-solids anaerobic digestion process. Results obtained indicate that a typical BOF/MSW in the United States is deficient in most macro and micro-nutrients required for robust and stable digestion. The BOF/MSW was supplemented with nutrient-rich organic wastes such as wastewater treatment plant sludges, dairy manure, and synthetic chemical solutions to correct nutritional deficiencies. The combined addition of wastewater treatment plant sludge and dairy manure to a typical BOF/MSW significantly elevated the gas production rate and enhanced the process stability. Microbial nutrient requirements are identified and nutrient concentrations for stable operation are quantified.     

农村生活与生产综合污水生物处理的A/O工艺启动策略与特性研究

为实现新时期各类典型性农村综合污水的治理,选择了一种农村生活与生产综合污水作为研究对象,研究了利用兼氧/好氧(A/O)工艺处理农村生活和生产综合污水的启动过程。结果表明：采用逐步递增生产废水和污泥接种培养的启动策略能够实现处理工艺的快速启动;pH、化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)、总磷(TP)以及色度在启动过程中各阶段的变化情况的分析结果表明,A/O工艺能够通过兼氧池和好氧池的协同配合达到理想的污水处理效果。     

特大地下洞室群施工废水处理技术及绿色环保设施应用实践

特大地下洞室群施工废水处理是水利水电工程项目环境影响评价的重要环节,也是水环境保护的重要措施。结合当前水电工程施工废水处理方法,深入研究了特大地下洞室群开挖施工废水、混凝土拌和及注浆施工废水、机械维修和车辆清洗废水、生活污水处理的工艺流程及其环保设施,以某电站水道系统和厂房系统施工为例,优化了各独立的废水处理设施和方法,提出了一套生产废水统一集中处理的工程技术手段和处理工艺,以满足绿色环保施工基本要求。研究成果可为类似工程提供参考。     

Fenton degradation of 4-chlorophenol contaminated water promoted by solar irradiation

The degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) contaminated water by Fenton process with or without solar irradiation assistance were investigated. It was found that the COD degradation and mineralization efficiency of 4-CP were more than 90% when a 30 min treatment of solar photo-Fenton oxidation process was applied and under an optimum [H₂O₂]₀/[Fe²⁺]₀ ratio of 40, the COD degradation and mineralization efficiency increased 65% as compared to Fenton oxidation. Meanwhile, the AOS values increased from −0.33 to 2.13 in solar photo-Fenton process while no significant improvement for AOS values was found in Fenton process, implying a higher degree of oxidation for 4-CP in solar photo-Fenton process. In addition, increasing the intensity of solar irradiation seemed to be beneficial for treatment of 4-CP contaminated water. Formation of chloride ion as a result of mineralization of organically bounded chlorine was identified during the treatment of 4-CP solution. Near-stoichiometric accumulation of chlorine was observed during the degradation of 4-CP in both Fenton and solar photo-Fenton processes. However, accumulation rate of chloride ions were much faster in solar photo-Fenton process. The degradation of 4-CP was found to obey a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. As compared to Fenton process, the presence of solar light in photo-Fenton process increases the reaction rate by a factor of 6.5 and 15.8 for COD and TOC degradation, respectively. In other words, during the treatment of 4-CP contaminated water, solar photo-Fenton process possesses notably higher mineralization efficiency in a relatively short radiation time as compared to Fenton process, and could enhance the degradation treatment of refractory organic wastewater such as 4-CP in a cost-effective approach.     

Optimization and evaluation of fermentative hydrogen production and wastewater treatment processes using data enveloping analysis (DEA) and Taguchi design of experimental (DOE) methodology

The combined process efficiency with respect to fermentative hydrogen (H₂) production and wastewater treatment was evaluated in a series of batch experiments to enumerate the role of selected factors viz., origin of inoculum, pre-treatment, inlet pH and feed composition under anaerobic microenvironment using mixed culture. H₂ production and substrate degradation were found to depend significantly on the selected factors with individual conditions to achieve effective process performance. Significantly diverse operational conditions were observed for both H₂ production and substrate degradation with respect to process efficiency. However, while dealing with H₂ production in association with wastewater treatment, both the parameters are important and balancing the conditions for combined effective performance is critical. Data enveloping analysis (DEA) was applied to evaluate the combined system performance with respect to the two output parameters (H₂ production and substrate degradation) based on relative efficiency. Among various experimental combinations studied, those with untreated anaerobic mixed inoculum under acidophilic conditions (inlet pH 5.5) using simple wastewater as fermentative substrate illustrated combined process efficiency with respect to H₂ production (1.919 m mol H₂/day; 0.52 mol H₂/kg COD_R-day) and substrate degradation (substrate degradation rate, 4.56 kg COD/m³-day). DEA methodology provide the relative efficiency of the system by integrating two output parameters. Further, design of experimental methodology (DOE) by Taguchi approach was applied to enumerate the role of selected factors on the H₂ production and substrate degradation with the final aim of optimizing the process. By adapting the derived optimum conditions, the performance with respect to H₂ production and substrate degradation could be enhanced by three fold.     

A comparative study of tartrazine degradation using UV and solar fixed bed reactors

The fixed bed reactor was combined with a solar photoreactor and UV lamp reactor. This hybrid photoreactor used a heterogeneous photocatalysis process (TiO₂/UV) as a tertiary treatment for the degradation of tartrazine dye in water. The solar reactor removed almost all organic compounds from the wastewater. Photocatalysis was optimized using a parametric study to improve the influence of different parameters on the degradation efficiency. Color removals when using solar, UV lamp and hybrid reactors present 99%, 30%, and 99%, respectively. Tartrazine removal kinetics followed a pseudo-first order model. The hybrid solar and UV lamp system combination was a feasibility choice for removing both dyes from wastewater.     

晋城北石店区新建城镇污水处理厂工艺选择

晋城北石店区新建城镇污水处理厂采用＂倒置A/A/O＋MBR＋RO＂处理工艺,污水经二级处理后达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）的一级A标准后外排,经深度处理后作为煤制油用水。项目建成后可缓解北石店区水资源的供需矛盾,全面提高该区节能、节水及治污总体水平,促进城市水资源和水环境的可持续发展。     

一种泡沫钻井液废水的处理

空气(氮气)泡沫可循环钻井过程中,泡沫钻井液会产生大量废水,直接排放会对环境造成严重污染.泡沫钻井液废水COD值高,且富含表面活性剂,其单一处理技术存在一定的局限性.本研究对各种处理剂及其效果进行了比较,并对各处理过程中的关键影响因素进行对比分析,制订了“混凝-氧化-吸附”的组合处理工艺.实验结果表明,废水的pH值,处理剂的加入量,处理剂的作用时间等对于COD的去除均有一定影响.按照国家标准对处理后的废水进行COD测定,结果表明:聚合氯化铝、钠基膨润土、次氯酸钠和活性炭4种处理剂对此种泡沫废水的处理效果较好,其加入量分别为0.2％、1.4％、11.2％和1.2％,处理时间分别为5h、6h、7h和8h.通过多步骤的处理,成功将泡沫钻井液废水COD值从高达4560mg/L降至200mg/L以内,使其得到有效治理.