DFIG sliding mode control fed by back-to-back PWM converter with DC-link voltage control for variable speed wind turbine

This paper proposes an indirect power control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with the rotor connected to the electric grid through a back-to-back pulse width modulation (PWM) converter for variable speed wind power generation. Appropriate state space model of the DFIG is deduced. An original control strategy based on a variable structure control theory, also called sliding mode control, is applied to achieve the control of the active and reactive power exchanged between the stator of the DFIG and the grid. A proportional-integral-(PI) controller is used to keep the DC-link voltage constant for a back-to-back PWM converter. Simulations are conducted for validation of the digital controller operation using Matlab/Simulink software.     

双馈风力发电系统最大风能追踪控制的研究

在分析了风力机功率特性和DFIG运行特性的基础上,通过对双馈机转速控制进行最大风能追踪具体过程的深入研究,提出了一种基于最大风能追踪的双馈电机有功、无功功率的解耦控制方法。建立了基于发电机定子磁链定向矢量控制的双馈风力发电系统最大风能追踪系统模型,并利用PSCAD/EMTDC对其进行仿真,结果验证了控制策略的正确性。     

双馈感应风力发电系统低电压穿越控制

传统的双馈感应发电机(DFIG)矢量控制方案忽略了定子暂态磁通,导致当电网出现故障时控制性能恶化.为了提高电网故障下DFIG的不间断运行能力,将矢量控制与自抗扰控制器结合起来,利用扩张状态观测器估计出定子暂态磁通和电机参数误差对系统的影响并加以补偿.仿真结果表明该文提出的控制方法削弱了电网故障时DFIG的转子暂态电流峰值和电磁转矩波动,有效地保护了转子变频器和风力机机械结构,而且对电机参数误差具有鲁棒性.     

Dynamic contribution of variable-speed wind energy conversion system in system frequency regulation

Frequency regulation in a generation mix having large wind power penetration is a critical issue, as wind units isolate from the grid during disturbances with advanced power electronics controllers and reduce equivalent system inertia. Thus, it is important that wind turbines also contribute to system frequency control. This paper examines the dynamic contribution of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine in system frequency regulation. The modified inertial support scheme is proposed which helps the DFIG to provide the short term transient active power support to the grid during transients and arrests the fall in frequency. The frequency deviation is considered by the controller to provide the inertial control. An additional reference power output is used which helps the DFIG to release kinetic energy stored in rotating masses of the turbine. The optimal speed control parameters have been used for the DFIG to increases its participation in frequency control. The simulations carried out in a two-area interconnected power system demonstrate the contribution of the DFIG in load frequency control.     

A robust power control strategy to enhance LVRT capability of grid‐connected DFIG‐based wind energy systems

This paper presents a new robust and effective control strategy to mitigate symmetrical voltage dips in a grid‐connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system without any additional hardware in the system. The aim is to control the power transmitted to the grid so as to keep the electrical and mechanical quantities above their threshold protection values during a voltage dip transient. To achieve this, the references of the powers are readjusted to adapt the wind energy conversion system to the fault conditions. Robust control strategies, combining the merits of sliding mode theory and fuzzy logic, are then proposed in this paper. These controllers are derived from the dynamic model of the DFIG considering the variations in the stator flux generated by the voltage drop. This approach is found to yield better performance than other control design methods which assume the flux in the stator to remain constant in amplitude. This control scheme is compliant with the fault‐ride‐through grid codes which require the wind turbine generator to remain connected during voltage dips. A series of simulation scenarios are carried out on a 3‐MW wind turbine system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes under voltage dips and parameter uncertainty conditions.     

Fault ride-through capability of DFIG wind turbines

This paper concentrates on the fault ride-through capability of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. The main attention in the paper is, therefore, drawn to the control of the DFIG wind turbine and of its power converter and to the ability to protect itself without disconnection during grid faults. The paper provides also an overview on the interaction between variable-speed DFIG wind turbines and the power system subjected to disturbances, such as short circuit faults. The dynamic model of DFIG wind turbine includes models for both mechanical components as well as for all electrical components, controllers and for the protection device of DFIG necessary during grid faults. The viewpoint of the paper is to carry out different simulations to provide insight and understanding of the grid fault impact on both DFIG wind turbines and on the power system itself. The dynamic behaviour of DFIG wind turbines during grid faults is simulated and assessed by using a transmission power system generic model developed and delivered by the Danish Transmission System Operator Energinet.dk in the power system simulation toolbox PowerFactory DIgSILENT. The data for the wind turbines are not linked to a specific manufacturer, but are representative for the turbine and generator type used in variable-speed DFIG wind turbines with pitch control.     

基于双环控制的双馈风力发电机组控制策略

在分析了双馈风力发电机组运行特性的基础上,提出一种基于双环控制的变换器控制策略。在转子侧,变换器采用定子磁链定向矢量控制技术,推导出了用转子有功电流和无功电流独立解耦控制有功功率和无功功率的策略,并实现了风能的最大跟踪;在电网侧,变换器采用电网电压定向矢量控制技术,构建了电流内环、电压外环的双闭环PI控制系统。利用PSCAD/EMTDC软件,构建了双馈风力发电机组仿真模型。仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性和合理性     

不平衡电压下双馈变速风电机组的控制策略

提出了不平衡电网电压下双馈发电机的控制策略,并建立了双馈发电机在正、反旋转坐标系下的数学模型。在此基础上推导和分析了电网电压不平衡条件下双馈发电机输出的瞬时有功、无功功率的组成。提出了4种可供选择的不平衡电压控制方案,并给出了不同控制目标下转子的正、负序电流目标值的计算原则。通过MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真验证了控制方案的有效性。     

Power decoupling control of DFIG rotor-side PWM converter based on auto-disturbance rejection control

In this paper, double PWM converter AC excitation system of the variable speed constant frequency doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind power generation is taken as the research object. At present, most vector control systems of rotor-side PWM converter adopt feedforward compensation to realize the purpose of power decoupling control. The decoupling effect is greatly affected by the power changes. A power decoupling control strategy based on auto-disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is proposed. The decoupling control between active power and reactive power is realized by observing the coupling term and the total disturbance of the d-axis and q-axis components of the stator current and the stator voltage with the extended state observer and compensating. Simulation analysis and experimental test show that, on the basis of vector transformation, the rotor-side PWM converter power decoupling control based on ADRC has a small overshoot and fast dynamic response when tracking the change of wind turbine input power, which can achieve the decoupling control between active power and reactive power well. The system has strong robustness and adaptability.     

变速恒频双馈风力发电机有功、无功解耦控制研究与实现

双馈发电机有功功率、无功功率解耦控制是变速恒频风力发电系统的关键技术,在分析双馈发电机有功功率、无功功率解耦控制规律的基础上,给出了基于定子磁场定向控制策略的实现方案,然后利用Matlab工具对该控制方案进行了仿真研究,最后设计和构造了基于TI公司MS320F2407DSP的变速恒频双馈风力发电机有功功率、无功功率解耦控制实验系统,仿真和实验结果表明该控制策略能够有效地实现双馈发电机功率的解耦控制,为兆瓦级变速恒频双馈风力发电机组励磁变换器的研制奠定了基础。     

基于PSCAD的双馈感应发电机矢量控制研究

在各种风力发电系统方案中,双馈感应电机（DFIG）变速恒频风力发电系统以其独特的优点逐渐成为当今风力发电的主流。在分析双馈电机的数学模型及原理的基础上,建立了基于定子磁链定向矢量控制的双馈感应电机风力发电系统模型。运用目前国外广泛应用的电力系统计算机辅助设计软件PSCAD/EMTDC对该系统进行仿真研究,并分析风力发电机运行时的动态性能。仿真结果表明,该控制方式实现了定子端口有功功率和无功功率的解耦控制,具有良好的控制效果。     

双馈风力发电系统最大风能追踪控制

在分析风力机功率特性和DFIG运行特性的基础上,通过对双馈机转速控制进行最大风能追踪具体过程的深入研究,提出一种基于最大风能追踪的双馈电机有功、无功功率的解耦控制方法。建立了基于发电机定子磁链定向矢量控制的双馈风力发电系统最大风能追踪系统模型,并利用PSCAD／EMTDC对其进行仿真,结果验证了控制策略的正确性。     

双馈风力发电机组并网控制策略及性能分析

为了实现双馈风力发电机组无冲击电流并网,基于电网电压定向矢量控制技术,提出了一种考虑转子电流动态调节特性的双馈风力发电机组空载并网控制策略。基于Matlab/Simulink仿真平台,建立了双馈风力发电机系统及其并网控制的数学模型,并对不同初始运行转速的双馈风力发电机组的自动并网运行特性进行了仿真。仿真实验结果证明无论初始转速为同步转速,还是超、亚同步转速,利用提出的并网控制策略,双馈风力发电机组能很好快速地建立定子电压,并网过渡过程定子电流基本没有冲击。     

Doubly-fed induction generator drive based WECS using fuzzy logic controller

The purpose of this paper is to improve the control performance of the variable speed, constant frequency doubly-fed induction generator in the wind turbine generation system by using fuzzy logic controllers. The control of the rotor-side converter is realized by stator flux oriented control, whereas the control of the grid-side converter is performed by a control strategy based on grid voltage orientation to maintain the DC-link voltage stability. An intelligent fuzzy inference system is proposed as an alternative of the conventional proportional and integral (PI) controller to overcome any disturbance, such as fast wind speed variation, short grid voltage fault, parameter variations and so on. Five fuzzy logic controllers are used in the rotor side converter (RSC) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, active and reactive power control loops, and another two fuzzy logic controllers for direct and quadratic rotor currents components control loops. The performances have been tested on 1.5 MW doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) in a Matlab/Simulink software environment.     

Integrated power characteristic study of DFIG and its frequency converter in wind power generation

A doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is a variable speed induction machine. It is a standard, wound rotor induction machine with its stator windings directly connected to the grid and its rotor windings connected to the grid through a back-to-back AC/DC/AC PWM converter. The power generation of a DFIG includes power delivered from two paths, one from the stator to the grid and the other from the rotor, through the frequency converter, to the grid. The power production characteristics, therefore, depend not only on the induction machine but also on the two PWM converters as well as how they are controlled. This paper investigates power generation characteristics of a DFIG system through computer simulation. The specific features of the study are (1) a steady-state model of a DFIG system in d–q reference frame, (2) a simulation mechanism that reflects decoupled d–q control strategies, (3) power characteristic simulation for both generator and converter, and (4) an integrative study combining stator, rotor and converter together. An extensive analysis is conducted to examine integrated power generation characteristics of DFIG and its frequency converter under different wind and d–q control conditions so as to benefit the development of advanced DFIG control technology.     

应用撬棒电路的双馈型风力发电机低电压穿越分析

风电场规模已经变得越来越大,风电机组的解列会严重影响系统的稳定性,这就要求风电机组具有低电压穿越能力以应对电网电压跌落。由于DFIG的定子侧直接与电网相联,在电网电压突然跌落时,定转子中会出现很大的电压和电流,需采用Crowbar电路（撬棒电路）来旁路转子侧变流器。文中分析了Crowbar电路的控制原理,然后在理论分析的基础上进行了仿真,仿真结果验证了Crowbar电路能够帮助DFIG在故障期间实现低电压穿越,最后进一步分析了Crowbar电路投切时间的选取。     

大型变速恒频风力发电机组建模与仿真

基于SIMULND技术,利用双馈感应发电机、风力机、电压型变流器、电压型逆变器的数学模型建立了相应的仿真模型;并对定子侧直接与50Hz电网连接,转子侧连接AC/DC/AC变流器的典型变速恒频风力发电系统进行了仿真验证.几个单独的风力发电系统子系统可以通过级联的方式构成大型风力发电场来模拟整个电网的运行情况.仿真结果表明,DFIG仿真模型的正确性和验证大型风电场的有效性.     

A complete modeling and simulation of DFIG based wind turbine system using fuzzy logic control

The current paper talks about the variable speed wind turbine generation system (WTGS). So, the WTGS is equipped with a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and two bidirectional converters in the rotor open circuit. A vector control (VC) of the rotor side converter (RSC) offers independent regulation of the stator active and reactive power and the optimal rotational speed tracking in the power maximization operating mode. A VC scheme for the grid-side converter (GSC) allows an independent regulation of the active and reactive power to exchange with the grid and sinusoidal supply currents and keeps the DC-link voltage constant. A fuzzy inference system (FIS) is adopted as an alternative of the conventional proportional and integral (PI) controller to reject some uncertainties or disturbance. The performances have been verified using the Matlab/Simulink software.     

Integrating electrical and aerodynamic characteristics for DFIG wind energy extraction and control study

A doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine depends on the control of the system at both generator and turbine levels, and the operation of the turbine is affected by the electrical characteristics of the generator and the aerodynamic characteristics of the turbine blades. This paper presents a DFIG energy extraction and control study by combining the two characteristics together in one integrative environment to examine various factors that are critical for an optimal DFIG system design. The generator characteristics are examined for different d‐q control conditions, and the extracted power characteristics of the turbine blades versus generator slip are presented. Then, the two characteristics are analyzed in a joint environment. An integrative study is conducted to examine a variety of parametric data simultaneously for DFIG maximum wind power extraction evaluation. A close‐loop transient simulation using SimPowerSystem is developed to validate the effectiveness of steady‐state results and to further investigate the wind energy extraction and speed control in a feedback control environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic evaluation of two configurations for a hybrid DFIG‐based wind turbine integrating battery energy storage system

Hybrid systems comprising battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and wind power generation entail considerable advances on the grid integration of renewable energy. Doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) stand out among different wind turbine (WT) technologies. On the other hand, electrochemical batteries have proved to be valid for these purposes. In this paper, a comparative analysis is carried out between two alternative configurations for hybrid WT‐BESS systems, where the BESS is connected either outside or inside the DFIG. The modeling of these two configurations and the control systems applied for achieving the coordinate operation of the energy sources (DFIG and batteries) are illustrated. The hybrid systems under study are evaluated by simulation under normal operation (wind speed fluctuations and grid demand changes) and grid faults. Simulation results show that both configurations improve the grid integration capability of the WT, although the configuration with external BESS presents better results since it can provide additional active/reactive power injection. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.