建模与仿真及VV＆A管理系统设计

为了对建模与仿真（Modeling and Simulation，M＆S）以及校核、验证与确认（Verification、Validation and Accreditation，VV＆A）活动的全生命周期予以有效管理，提高建模与仿真的可信性，设计了建模与仿真及VV＆A管理系统（Modeling ＆ Simulation and VV＆A Management System，MSVMS）。MSVMS以一套完备的M＆S及VV＆A信息管理分布式数据库为核心，采用对M＆S及VV＆A开发应用过程中各种状态信息与事件信息记录的方式，对M＆S以及VV＆A全生命周期进行管理，并具有通用性和灵活性的特点。该系统已经成功用于管理某型地空导弹建模与仿真试验，为整个系统的确认与验收提供了有益的帮助。     

基于UML的作战仿真VV＆A过程形式化建模

可信性是作战仿真的生命线,对作战仿真的全生命周期进行校核、验证与确认（Verification,Validation and Accreditation,VV＆A）是确保其可信性的重要途径。建立合适的VV＆A过程形式化模型是开展作战仿真VV＆A过程研究的前提和基础。基于统一建模语言（Unified Modeling Language,UML）分别从用例、静态结构、动态行为及交互等方面对VV＆A过程进行形式化建模,建立了作战仿真VV＆A过程的用例、类图、活动图及顺序图模型,并给出相应的形式化定义。实践表明：作战仿真VV＆A过程形式化建模可以使VV＆A的描述规范化、标准化及形式化,便于不同领域人员的相互沟通与交流,以及VV＆A工程化应用,促进了VV＆A工作顺利开展。     

输弹机构虚拟样机的校核、验证及故障行为确认

提出了虚拟样机仿真试验中应进行的VV＆A工作。仿真必须经过校核、验证和确认(VV＆A)才能证实其具有一定的可信度,数字仿真在数学模型(方程组)的简化和转化为计算程序的过程中引入的误差会使仿真可信度降低,因而有许多关于VV＆A的讨论和推荐的一些VV＆A方法。基于虚拟样机的仿真与数字仿真有质的不同,如何开展VV＆A工作鲜有提及,实践中一些虚拟样机仿真因未进行VV＆A工作使仿真失去意义。该文案例在虚拟样机仿真的各个阶段都进行了VV＆A工作,,保证了仿真结果的可信度。     

联邦概念模型及其VV＆A研究

联邦概念模型(FCM)是联邦设计和开发的基础,对联邦概念模型进行VV＆A有助于提高模型可重用性和互操作性.由于FCM中定性描述多于定量描述,不利于VV＆A结果的客观性,而形式化方法是解决上述问题的重要途径.总结了国内外在概念模型的定义、建模方法以及模型形式化描述等方面的主要研究观点,讨论了HLA联邦概念模型开发过程及其完整性、正确性和一致性问题,阐述了FCM的VV＆A过程和技术,介绍了有利于减少VV＆A结果的主观性的基于模糊AHP的专家评审法和基于时态逻辑的形式化校核方法,最后讨论了形式化方法在联邦概念模型VV＆A中的应用.     

V&V活动中对自诊断的关注和执行方法研究

为保证和证明核电厂安全级数字化保护系统的安全性、可靠性,对其软件执行验证和确认(VV)。自诊断VV是常规VV的补充。为指导自诊断VV活动,基于软件生命周期模型提出一种方法。该方法依据标准、法规导则,将危险分析报告中与自诊断相关且妨碍安全功能执行的潜能危险作为软件开发中的解决项;综合考虑系统各相关要素对软件进行检查、分析和评估,通过设计VV实例给出了分析与评估要点。仿真测试结果验证了该方法应用于自诊断VV的正确性及可行性,表明该方法是值得推广的、实用的、有效的方法。     

建模与仿真VV&A相关概念、定义和术语研究

在国外,尤其是美国,建模与仿真(ModelingandSimulation,M＆S)及校核、验证与确认(Verification,ValidationandAccredi tation,VV＆A)相关概念、定义和术语的研究已趋于成熟。我国目前在该领域的研究仍是空白。通过研究国内外大量相关资料,深入分析了建模与仿真VV＆A概念、定义和术语研究的重要意义;根据建立定义和术语的一般原则,为部分概念撰写定义,并赋予每个概念指称,同时也分析了常见的一些不恰当的术语。这不仅有助于人们对建模与仿真VV＆A概念性研究引起重视;而且也有助于人们进行建模与仿真VV＆A相关概念、定义和术语的研究。     

极化SAR图像相干斑抑制的ICA方法与分析

极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)图像为雷达图像中的信息处理和获取提供了更为便捷的途径。提出了基于独立分量分析(independent component analysis,ICA)的极化SAR图像相干斑抑制方法。该方法将极化SAR图像斑点噪声的乘积模型,变换为应用ICA的信号加噪模型。并且将HV/VV的比值图像,也作为ICA的输入数据。分别使用几种不同的ICA算法,得到了分别对应于HH、HV和VV极化的3幅降噪图像,并对结果进行了比较分析。实验结果表明,应用ICA算法可以有效地降低极化SAR图像的相干斑噪声,提高图像质量。     

Remote sensing image fusion based on Bayesian linear estimation

A new remote sensing image fusion method based on statistical parameter estimation is proposed in this paper. More specially, Bayesian linear estimation (BLE) is applied to observation models between remote sensing images with different spa- tial and spectral resolutions. The proposed method only estimates the mean vector and covariance matrix of the high-resolution multispectral (MS) images, instead of assuming the joint distribution between the panchromatic (PAN) image and low-resolution multispectral image. Furthermore, the proposed method can enhance the spatial resolution of several principal components of MS images, while the traditional Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method is limited to enhance only the first principal component. Experimental results with real MS images and PAN image of Landsat ETM demonstrate that the proposed method performs better than traditional methods based on statistical parameter estimation, PCA-based method and wavelet-based method.     

Multi-sensor multispectral reconstruction framework based on projection and reconstruction

The scarcity and low spatial resolution of hyperspectral images(HSIs) have become a major problem limiting the application of the images. In recent years, spectral reconstruction(SR) has been applied to convert multispectral images(MSIs) with abundant quantities and high spatial resolution into HSIs. With the launch of several new multispectral(MS) satellites with a short repeat period, the simultaneous acquisition of images from multiple MS sensors in the same area is gradually becoming feasibl...     

星载SAR在涡阳县冬小麦测产中的应用

由于雷达遥感的全天候、全天时的优势,使之成为南方大范围农业信息动态监测的最佳遥感手段。应用星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)-RadarSat-2,选择安徽省涡阳县冬小麦产区进行测产研究。利用SAR的多极化特点(HH/HV/VH/VV),针对此卫星影像比较选择VV极化,并在试验田取样,获得试验田产量,从而建立产量和后向散射系数关系的线性测产模型,在提取冬小麦种植区基础上,应用此模型对冬小麦进行大面积产量测产。通过计算,得到了超过80%精度的测产模型和冬小麦较准确的测产结果。研究结果表明:在冬小麦收割前一周左右应用SAR进行测产,从而为农保提供服务,这种思路和方法是行之有效的。     

基于模糊综合评判的M&S可信性评估研究*

为保证M&S可信性评估工作有效和成功地完成,构建了由影响因素、校核与验证（verification and validation, V&V）过程和可信性特性组成三维可信性信息空间,并以此为理论基础,以V&V过程模型为基本框架,综合分析可信性在V&V过程中不同阶段的评价标准,建立了M&S可信性评估模型;在分析了模糊综合评估模型的基础上,以某飞行视景仿真系统的设计与开发为例,进行可信性评估。应用实例表明,所建立的评估模型及采用的评估方法合理有效。     

关于仿真模型检验的研究

仿真系统的可信性,它关系到系统的研制周期、使用寿命和可靠性。建模仿真可信性研究,又称为建模仿真“校核、验证和确认”,就是解决模型有用、敢用和相信问题,这是非常重要的。建模仿真VV＆A研究包括概念性研究、建模仿真VV＆A过程、VV＆A技术方法等。事实上,建模仿真VV＆A是建模仿真的全面质量管理,包含技术和管理工作。该文通过借鉴国内外在该领域的研究成果,对建模仿真VV＆A理论进行了概述研究,并给出建模仿真方法。     

The VALU3S ECSEL project: Verification and validation of automated systems safety and security

Manufacturers of automated systems and their components have been allocating an enormous amount of time and effort in R&D activities, which led to the availability of prototypes demonstrating new capabilities as well as the introduction of such systems to the market within different domains. Manufacturers need to make sure that the systems function in the intended way and according to specifications. This is not a trivial task as system complexity rises dramatically the more integrated and interconnected these systems become with the addition of automated functionality and features to them. This effort translates into an overhead on the V&V (verification and validation) process making it time-consuming and costly. In this paper, we present VALU3S, an ECSEL JU (joint undertaking) project that aims to evaluate the state-of-the-art V&V methods and tools, and design a multi-domain framework to create a clear structure around the components and elements needed to conduct the V&V process. The main expected benefit of the framework is to reduce time and cost needed to verify and validate automated systems with respect to safety, cyber-security, and privacy requirements. This is done through identification and classification of evaluation methods, tools, environments and concepts for V&V of automated systems with respect to the mentioned requirements. VALU3S will provide guidelines to the V&V community including engineers and researchers on how the V&V of automated systems could be improved considering the cost, time and effort of conducting V&V processes. To this end, VALU3S brings together a consortium with partners from 10 different countries, amounting to a mix of 25 industrial partners, 6 leading research institutes, and 10 universities to reach the project goal.     

综述：知识系统的V＆V技术

知识库的异常是影响整个知识系统性能的重要因素之一，因此必须对获取的知识进行校验。本文综述了知识库异常检测和验证的相关研究，给出了异常知识的分类及其危害性，分析了知识库验证困难的原因，介绍了用于知识库验证的静态和动态方法，列举了国际上几个著名的知识库验证工具，并对知识库验证的研究进行了展望。     

Blockchain verification and validation: Techniques,challenges, and research directions

As blockchain technology is gaining popularity in industry and society, solutions for Verification and Validation (V&V) of blockchain-based software applications (BC-Apps) have started gaining equal attention. To ensure that BC-Apps are properly developed before deployment, it is paramount to apply systematic V&V to verify their functional and non-functional requirements. While existing research aims at addressing the challenges of engineering BC-Apps by providing testing techniques and tools, blockchain-based software development is still an emerging research discipline, and therefore, best practices and tools for the V&V of BC-Apps are not yet sufficiently developed. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on V&V solutions for BC-Apps. Specifically, using a layered approach, we synthesize V&V tools and techniques addressing different components at various layers of the BC-App stack, as well as across the whole stack. Next, we provide a discussion on the challenges associated with BC-App V&V, and summarize a set of future research directions based on the challenges and gaps identified in existing research work. Our study aims to highlight the importance of BC-App V&V and pave the way for a disciplined, testable, and verifiable BC development.     

系统建模与仿真应用的校验、确认与验收

以美国国防部（DoD）近年来对建模与仿真（M＆S）应用所做的校验、确认与验收（VV＆A）研究工作为基础,介绍了关于M＆S应用的校验、确认、验收、鉴定等概念;结合软件工程的3P指标提出一种通用的形式化表示的M＆S应用VV＆A框架;讨论了M＆S应用可信度指标的层次化体系的建立与评价方法,引入了Kiviat图;最后介绍了一个用于M＆S可信度评价的计算机软件平台——EE（Evaluation Environment,评价环境）。     

Verification and validation of knowledge-based systems

Knowledge-based systems (KBSs) are being used in many applications areas where their failures can be costly because of losses in services, property or even life. To ensure their reliability and dependability, it is therefore important that these systems are verified and validated before they are deployed. This paper provides perspectives on issues and problems that impact the verification and validation (V&V) of KBSs. Some of the reasons why V&V of KBSs is difficult are presented. The paper also provides an overview of different techniques and tools that have been developed for performing V&V activities. Finally, some of the research issues that are relevant for future work in this field are discussed     

Software verification and validation: an overview

An explanation is given of software verification and validation (V&V) and how it fits in the development life cycle. How to apply V&V is also discussed. Evaluations of its effectiveness are summarized     

Early verification and validation of mission critical systems

Complex software and systems are pervasive in today’s world. In a growing number of fields they come to play a critical role. In order to provide a high assurance level, verification and validation (V&V) should be considered early in the development process. This paper shows how this can be achieved based on a goal-oriented requirements engineering framework which combines complementary semi-formal and formal notations. This allows the analyst to formalize only when and where needed and also preserves optimal communication with stakeholders and developers. For the industrial application of the methodology, a supporting toolbox was developed. It consist of a number of tightly integrated tools for performing V&V tasks at requirements level. This is achieved through the use of (1) a roundtrip mapping between the requirements language and the specific formal languages used in the underlying formal tools (such as SAT or constraint solvers) and (2) graphical views using domain-based representations. This paper will focus on two major and representative tools: the Refinement Checker (about verification) and the Animator (about validation).