导线悬挂点高差对覆冰导线舞动及失谐摆防舞的影响

鉴于线路结构及环境因素对导线舞动产生较大影响,以某实际线路为例,建立了导线舞动的数值仿真模型,通过分析和对比数值仿真结果与实际舞动测试结果,验证了仿真模型的可行性,进而仿真计算了悬挂点高差对舞动振幅、频率、最大振幅位置及失谐摆防舞效果的影响,结果可为实际线路的结构设计、舞动预测和防舞设计提供参考。     

一种附着式可调节空气动力阻尼防舞器的研制

为提出一种适用于紧凑型输电线路的有效防舞措施,该文利用空气动力学原理以及参考动力减震器的设计思路,提出了一种附着式可调节空气动力阻尼防舞装置。该装置通过控制排气孔的直径和数量,可以获得不同的阻尼比,从而适应不同的应用场景;通过设置直线轴承和万向滚珠进行定位和导向,消除了不稳定干扰阻尼。DASP-APP-DAMP阻尼测量分析系统测得的新型防舞装置阻尼比调节范围在0.12~0.30之间,满足不同档距条件的紧凑型输电线路的防舞设计要求。通过三维数值仿真建模计算,验证了新型防舞装置对舞动的防治效果。以某500 kV紧凑型输电线路防舞改造工程为例,使用新型防舞装置,能够节省综合成本12.3%。     

输电线路导线舞动及防舞措施

分析高压输电线路导线舞动发生的因素：导线覆冰、风激励及线路结构与参数的影响。根据舞动发生的因素提出相应舞动防治措施：线路避开易舞动的区域、提高线路系统抵抗舞动的能力及拟制舞动措施。介绍陕西电网线路舞动的基本情况及采用的防舞措施。     

110kV连南线导线舞动原因分析及治理

基于110 kV连南线同塔双回垂直排列线段现状和舞动模型调查,分析了导线的舞动原因,研究了导线发生舞动机理,提出了无覆冰的邓哈托舞动模式.并比较分析了集中安装重锤和相间间隔棒两种方案.结果表明,选择相间间隔棒方案可治理导线舞动,提高了输电线路的供电可靠性和健康运行水平,为输电线路因特殊风向诱发的邓哈托舞动模式治理提供了参考依据.     

结冰导线舞动的迹判据

大跨越输电线路中导线的舞动是输电技术方面危害较大、防范较难的问题,深入研究覆冰舞动具有较大的现实意义。为探讨结冰输电导线发生舞动时的气动条件,针对舞动机理分析中的舞动判据问题,根据矩阵迹的性质从动力学方程的标准形式导出一种舞动的充分性判据,并根据此判据分析了舞动机理。结果表明,在气动力对攻角导数匹配的条件下,若气动升力、气动阻力、气动力矩对攻角导数产生的负阻尼与负刚度足够大,可导致舞动。     

船用抗冲减振器冲击动力学建模与优化分析

为研究某船用动力设备抗冲减振器的冲击动力学特性,基于等效线性化思想与单自由度假设建立了带间隙减振器冲击数学模型,采用卷积积分对受半正弦冲击的运动方程进行了求解,并与仿真计算结果进行对比,分析了5个模型参数对冲击响应的影响,并采用试验设计、RBF网络建模以及NSGA-II算法优化减振器参数。结果表明：橡胶刚度阻尼、碟形弹簧刚度与冲击响应呈单调相关,碟形弹簧阻尼为0.11a(a为无量纲化比例系数)时绝对加速度取得最小值,安装间隙量为2.5 mm时取得最大值;参数优化后相对位移减小了16.43%,绝对加速度减小了10.94%。     

JZF-45400阻尼间隔棒建模及力学性能分析

以JZF-45400阻尼间隔棒为例,基于通用有限元分析软件ANSYS,建立了阻尼间隔棒的有限元模型,计算了其在线路正常运行、短路、不平衡外力3种工况下的荷载值,从而分析了阻尼间隔棒的静态力学特性。结果表明,阻尼间隔棒的线夹处是受力最薄弱的部位,建议设计中加强线夹部位的强度,使阻尼间隔棒设计更加合理。     

750 kV紧凑型交流输电关键技术研究

介绍了750kV同塔双回紧凑型交流输电关键技术研究的重点成果。研究了在西北高海拔地理环境下包括过电压与绝缘配合、无功补偿、潮流不平衡及导线换位、导线选型及排列方式、外绝缘特性试验、电磁环境、杆塔及基础、雷电性能、电晕特性及海拔高度影响、绝缘子串形式及力学特性、绝缘子串电位分布及均压环优化配置、相间间隔棒配置及机电特性试验、导线舞动及脱冰跳跃抑制措施、带电作业、继电保护15大项技术内容。该关键技术研究属国际首创性科研工作,填补了在高海拔地区750kV紧凑型输电技术的空白。     

断路器合闸特性仿真与优化

运用虚拟样机技术,对静端加缓冲弹簧的真空断路器合闸过程进行了仿真,对缓冲弹簧的刚度及动静触头之间的碰撞阻尼进行了优化.触头碰撞产生弹跳,从而引发高压拉弧,导致触头熔焊,影响断路器的使用.动端不加缓冲弹簧,静端安装缓冲弹簧的结构,可以有效地消除预振动的影响,通过对静触头缓冲弹簧的刚度以及碰撞阻尼进行优化,减小合闸弹跳,改...     

扇形覆冰导线舞动的力学模型分析与仿真模拟

针对扇形覆冰导线的舞动问题,以中山口某输电线路覆冰导线舞动为例,应用龙格－库塔法在Matlab仿真软件中对扇形覆冰导线舞动模型进行了非线性数值求解和数值模拟分析,并假设输电线路的档间舞动为驻波,分析了气动力与导线扭转振动速度的耦合,提出了扇形覆冰导线舞动的三自由度舞动方程。结果表明,当扇形覆冰导线的扭转频率与横风向频率接近时扭转舞动激发横风向舞动,符合Nigol舞动机理,相同条件下扇形覆冰导线的舞动幅度比新月形覆冰导线大,数值模拟舞动振幅与实测结果相符,为扇形覆冰导线舞动机理的研究提供了参考。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.