具有APF功能的光伏并网发电系统的研究

探讨了一种具有有源滤波器功能的光伏并网发电系统。该系统白天可有效地进行光伏并网发电,还可补偿或抑制本地非线性负载产生的无功和谐波,夜晚系统仍可作为APF继续工作。相对于单独的光伏并网系统,它不但提高了设备利用率,也改善了电网的供电质量。文章分析了系统的结构组成,还采用了具有较好鲁棒性和动态响应速度的、基于瞬时无功理论的闭环无功和谐波电流检测的方法,分析了并网电流的合成及其跟踪控制。最后,利用Matlab/Simulink对系统进行了仿真,验证了系统的可行性。     

A PV powered shunt active power filter for power quality improvement

This paper deals with power quality improvement using a three-phase active power filter (APF) connected to a PV power system. A direct power control (DPC) approach is proposed to eliminate harmonic current caused by any nonlinear loads and at the same time guarantees the delivery of a part of the load request from the same PV source. A boost converter is used for maximum power point (MPP) tracking purposes under various climate conditions through a fuzzy logic technique. The suggested study is tested under a MATLAB/Simulink environment. The obtained results depict the efficacy of the proposed procedures to meet the IEEE 519-1992 standard recommendation on harmonic levels.     

Power quality improvement of solar photovoltaic transformer-less grid-connected system with maximum power point tracking control

This paper presents a transformer-less single-stage grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with active reactive power control. In the absence of active input power, grid-tied voltage source converter (VSC) is operated in the reactive power generation mode, which powers control circuitry and maintains regulated DC voltage. Control scheme has been implemented so that the grid-connected converter continuously serves local load. A data-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has been implemented at maximum power which performs power quality control by reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) in grid-injected current under varying environmental conditions. Standards (IEEE-519/1547) stipulates that current with THD greater than 5% cannot be injected into the grid by any distributed generation (DG) source. MPPT tracks actual variable DC link voltage while deriving maximum power from PV array and maintains DC link voltage constant by changing the converter modulation index. Simulation results with the PV model and MPPT technique validations demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed system.     

光伏并网发电功率波动与对策

分析了光伏并网发电功率波动对电网可能造成的危害及储能型光伏并网系统的运行工况,提出了并网功率的给定方法,即以光伏阵列输出功率进行低通滤波后的值作为参考并网功率,还详细分析了低通滤波器的设计、双向DC/DC变换器的功率控制,最后进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,采用此控制策略可以有效控制功率的波动,减小其变化率,即使光照波动较大,光伏系统输出的电流波形也很好,储能系统随着光伏阵列发出功率的波动而改变功率流动的方向和大小。     

Power quality investigation of a solar PV transformer-less grid-connected system fed DVR

This paper presents a single stage transformer-less grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with an active and reactive power control. In the absence of active input power, the grid-tied voltage source converter (VSC) is operated in a reactive power generation mode, which powers the control circuitry, and maintains a regulated DC voltage to the VSC. A data-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control scheme which performs power quality control at a maximum power by reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) in grid injected current as per IEEE-519/1547 standards is implemented. A proportional-integral (PI) controller based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) control scheme is implemented which controls the grid side converter during single-phase to ground fault. The analysis includes the grid current THD along with the corresponding variation of the active and reactive power during the fault condition. The MPPT tracks the actual variable DC link voltage while deriving the maximum power from the solar PV array, and maintains the DC link voltage constant by changing the modulation index of the VSC. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and validations of the proposed novel MPPT and DVR control systems under different environmental conditions.     

Analysis and enhancement of PV efficiency with incremental conductance MPPT technique under non-linear loading conditions

This paper presents experimental evaluations for variation in the efficiency of energy extracted from a photovoltaic (PV) module (under non-linear loading) incorporated with an incremental conductance(IC) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The focus is on the evaluation of the PV panel under non-linear loading conditions using the experimental installation of a 100W_p photovoltaic array connected to a DC–DC converter and a KVA inverter feeding a non-linear load. Under the conditions of non-linear loading, both the simulation and experiment show that the MPPT technique fails to attain maximum power point due to the presence of ripples in the current leading eventually to a reduction in efficiency. In this paper, panel current is taken as a function of load impedance in the MPPT algorithm to eradicate power variation, as load impedance varies with supply voltage under non-linear conditions. The system is simulated for different non-linear loads using MATLAB-Simulink. A TMDSSOLAREXPKIT was used for MPPT control. In case 2, the inverter is connected to a single phase grid. When a voltage swell occurs in the grid, PV power drops. This power loss is reduced using the proposed MPPT method. The results of simulations and experimental measurements and cost efficiency calculations are presented.     

Power management in fuel cell based hybrid systems

This paper presents modeling, design and analysis of a Grid-connected Hybrid Photovoltaic Fuel Cell System (HPVFCS) with a reactive power compensation feature. A hydrogen based fuel cell is a proven technology and its use along with the photovoltaic system (PV) can lead to energy stability in grid-connected or standalone systems. In this paper, the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) is connected between the DC output of HPVFCS and an AC grid. The control strategy employed guarantees the maximum utilization of the PV array and the optimum use of an FC. The active and reactive power of VSC can be controlled independently using P-Q control theory. The additional function of the reactive power compensation using P-Q control theory can enhance the performance of the distribution systems where HPVFCS system is connected. Its applicability is verified by the test bench created with MATLAB/Simulink^®     

Modeling and simulation of three phase multilevel inverter for grid connected photovoltaic systems

This paper presents a control for a three phase five-level neutral clamped inverter (NPC) for grid connected PV system. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is capable of extracting maximum power from the PV array connected to each DC link voltage level. The MPPT algorithm is solved by fuzzy logic controller. The fuzzy MPPT is integrated with the inverter so that a DC–DC converter is not needed and the output shows accurate and fast response. A digital PI current control algorithm is used to remain the current injected into the grid sinusoidal and to achieve high dynamic performance with low total harmonic distortion (THD). The validity of the system is verified through MATLAB/Simulink and the results are compared with three phase three-level grid connected NPC inverter in terms of THD.     

Reactive power compensation and active filtering capability of WECS with DFIG without any over‐rating

This paper presents a novel approach for reactive power compensation and active filtering capability of a variable speed wind energy conversion system (WECS) with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), without any over‐rating. First, the WECS is capable of capturing maximum wind power under fluctuating wind speed. Second, depending on the available wind power value versus nominal WECS power, power quality can be improved by compensating the reactive power and the grid harmonic currents, without any system over‐rating. The proposed rotor side converter (RSC) control manages the WECS function's priorities, between main active power generation and power quality management. To ensure high filtering performances, we used an improved harmonic isolator in the time domain, based on a selective pass band filter (SPBF) developed in our laboratory. Moreover, we took advantage of the high amplification effect of the rotor side‐controlled DFIG to compensate harmonic currents. Consequently, no over‐rating is necessary for the proposed additional active filtering capability. Simulation results for a 2 MW WECS with DFIG confirm the effectiveness and the performances of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multilevel converters control for renewable energy integration to the power grid

The paper deals with the multilevel converters control strategy for renewable energy resources integration in distribution grids. The proposed control scheme ensures the injection of the generated power in the distribution grid with fast dynamic response, while providing an additional active power filtering capability providing the required harmonic and reactive currents to the considered non-linear loads. The proposed control scheme is applicable to a general multilevel converter and to any types of the renewable energy resources. The control scheme is validated by means of simulations with a three-level diode-clamped converter which interfaces a wind power generation system to a distribution grid supplying non-linear loads. From extensive simulation results, high performance of this control strategy in renewable energy application is demonstrated with reduced total harmonic distortion, increased power factor and compensated load’s reactive powers.     

Power conditioning system for grid-connected photovoltaic system

This study develops a new control strategy for an expandable grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. The proposed system performs dual functions of a PV generation and an active power filter, or either one. To this end, the grid current, instead of output current of the converter, is shaped to be a sinusoidal current in phase (or opposite phase) with the grid voltage. Furthermore, its reference current is generated in multiplying the voltage loop controller output by the grid voltage waveform, and therefore non-active components analysis for harmonics elimination and reactive power compensation in the conventional design is not necessary. As a result, the algorithm is simple and easy to implement, and only one sensor for current detection plus two voltage sensors are required. Experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Control strategies for a photovoltaic--Energy storage hybrid system

受光照,温度等自然条件影响,光伏电源输出有功功率具有较大的波动性.因此,本身既非恒压源又非恒流源的光伏电源并网运行时会产生一系列问题,如对电网冲击性大,需增加旋转备用容量,难以参与电网调度等.利用电池储能系统来控制有功功率输出,可以使平滑光伏电源功率波动成为可能.研究了光储联合发电系统的运行模式,提出了适用于光储联合发电系统的拓扑结构和控制策略,并对储能用功率转换系统(PCS)进行了分析和设计,最后基于某光伏电站的实际历史运行数据,对所提出的方案进行仿真研究,仿真结果验证了光储联合发电系统控制策略的有效性和可行性,为光储联合运行示范工程提供了一定的理论依据和有力借鉴.     

A multi-function grid connected PV system with three level NPC inverter and voltage oriented control

In this paper a grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system is presented. The grid integration of the PV system is carried out via a three phase three level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter. To control the inverter a modified version of voltage oriented control (VOC) method and the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique have been applied. With the proposed modification the PV system operates as a shunt active power filter (SAPF), a reactive power compensator, and a load’s current balancer simultaneously. In this way the PV system operates more efficiently compared to the conventional PV systems and offers ancillary services to electric power system. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is established through simulation results with Matlab/Simulink in steady state and transient response of the electric power distribution system.     

分布式光伏发电系统改进虚拟同步发电机控制

提出一种计及分布式光伏发电系统源端输出功率波动特征的改进虚拟同步发电机(IVSG)控制策略。对单台虚拟同步发电机功率平衡方程特征值进行分析,明确了光伏电源的基本运行特性,确定了光伏电源稳定运行区域。在传统虚拟同步发电机(VSG)的基础之上进一步采用了直流电压稳定控制技术,提出改进的虚拟同步发电机控制策略。当光伏电源输出功率低于负载需求时起到抑制直流母线电压跌落、维持直流电压稳定的作用,实现按照负荷或并网功率需求进行功率匹配的目的。仿真与实验结果验证了所提控制策略的可行性与有效性。     

Power quality improvement using fuzzy logic controller for five-level shunt active power filter under distorted voltage conditions

In this paper, a five-level inverter is used as a shunt active power filter (APF), taking advantages of the multilevel inverter such as low harmonic distortion and reduced switching losses. It is used to compensate reactive power and eliminate harmonics drawn from a thyristor rectifier feeding an inductive load (RL) under distorted voltage conditions. The APF control strategy is based on the use of self-tuning filters (STF) for reference current generation and a fuzzy logic current controller. The use of STF instead of classical extraction filters allows extracting directly the voltage and current fundamental components in the α-β axis without phase locked loop (PLL). The MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox is used for implementing the fuzzy logic control algorithm. The obtained results show that the proposed shunt APF controller has produced a sinusoidal supply current with low harmonic distortion and in phase with the line voltage.     

光伏水泵提水系统功率补偿控制策略研究

分析系统等效模型,提出一种采用市电补偿的供电方案和基于直流母线电压的功率补偿控制策略,通过检测直流母线电压判断光伏阵列出力与负载功率之间的关系,为系统不同供电模式的切换提供依据,保证系统供电功率的稳定。经仿真和实验验证控制策略的有效性。     

UPEC 2002 Preview

Using a shunt active power filter (SAPF) has been proved as an effective method to compensate reactive power and to mitigate harmonic currents of nonlinear loads. When designing a SAPF, it is crucial to generate reference currents for determining actual compensating current injections to the point of common coupling. In contrast to the conventional instantaneous reactive power theory, which needs coordinate transformations, the new method proposed in this letter is to determine reference compensating currents based on the balance of the instantaneous reactive and active power generated in the SAPF. It is shown that the proposed method is suitable for reactive and harmonic power compensation by using a SAPF In addition, to maintain the sinusoidal source currents this method also eliminates the need for installing energy storage devices for reactive power compensation as well as the DC source for the harmonic compensation in the active power filter. Therefore, a simpler design of the SAPF with minimal line losses can be expected.     

Combined operation of DC isolated distribution and PV systems for supplying unbalanced AC loads

This paper describes a DC isolated network which is fed by distributed generation (DG) from photovoltaic (PV) renewable sources to supply unbalanced AC loads. The battery energy storage bank has been connected to the DC network via DC/DC converter called storage converter to control the network voltage and optimize the operation of the PV generation units. The PV units are connected to the DC network via its own DC/DC converter called PV converter to ensure the required power flow. The unbalanced AC loads are connected to the DC network via its own DC/AC converter called load converter without transformer. This paper proposes a novel control strategy for storage converter which has a DC voltage droop regulator. Also a novel control system based on Clarke and Park rotating frame has been proposed for load converters. In this paper, the proposed operation method is demonstrated by simulation of power transfer between PV units, unbalanced AC loads and battery units. The simulation results based on PSCAD/EMTDC software show that DC isolated distribution system including PV units can provide the balanced voltages to supply unbalanced AC loads.     

不平衡电网电压下T型三电平光伏并网逆变器的有限集模型预测控制

为实现电网电压不平衡时对T型三电平光伏并网系统输出功率和电流质量的控制,以达到入网功率平稳或电流正弦为控制目标,结合光伏阵列输出功率前馈,在两相静止坐标系下提出一种直流母线电压外环PI控制、并网电流内环有限集模型预测控制的控制策略,并在电压外环中引入2倍频陷波器以获得平滑的入网功率参考值。仿真结果表明:当电网电压不对称时,采用所提控制策略能够实现对入网有功、无功功率2倍频脉动及负序电流的分别抑制或协调控制,且并网电流谐波畸变小、入网电能质量高,同时实现T型三电平逆变器的中点电位平衡。     

Improved particle swarm optimization for photovoltaic system connected to the grid with low voltage ride through capability

Grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system encounters different types of abnormalities during grid faults; the grid side inverter is subjected to three serious problems which are excessive DC link voltage, high AC currents and loss of grid-voltage synchronization. This high DC link voltage may damage the inverter. Also, the voltage sags will force the PV system to be disconnected from the grid according to grid code. This paper presents a novel control strategy of the two-stage three-phase PV system to improve the Low-Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) capability according to the grid connection requirement. The non-linear control technique using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) of a PV system connected to the grid through an isolated high frequency DC–DC full bridge converter and a three-phase three level neutral point clamped DC-AC converter (3LNPC²) with output power control under severe faults of grid voltage. The paper, also discusses the transient behavior and the performance limit for LVRT by using a DC-Chopper circuit. The model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The proposed control succeeded to track MPP, achieved LVRT requirements and improving the quality of DC link voltage. The paper shows superiority of IPSO than Incremental Conductance (IC) method during MPPT mode of PV system.