双目视觉传感器的现场标定技术

本文以凤影变换为依据,针对多视觉传感器中的双目视觉传感器中的双目视器,建立了双目视觉传感器测量空间三维坐标的模型,事先确定摄像机的部分不易变化整个系统后进行现场标定。该方法不需精确调整标定靶标,标定环境与实际测量上同,减少了安装传感器对标定参数的影响,实验结果表明,该标定方法能获得０．０５ｍｍ的空间精度。     

线结构光视觉传感器的现场标定方法

建立了线结构光视觉传感器的数学模型,提出了一种基于共面标定参照物的线结构光视觉传感器的现场标定方法。该方法允许共面标定参照物在测量空间内自由移动,通过以摄像机三维坐标系为中介,将多个局部世界坐标系下的标定特征点统一到全局世界坐标系中,利用构建的标定特征点在现场对线结构光视觉传感器进行标定,因此可以保证线结构光视觉传感器的标定状态与测量状态完全一致。该标定方法降低了标定设备的成本,简化了标定过程,提高了线结构光视觉传感器工程化应用的便捷性。试验结果表明,该方法切实可行。     

面向大型工件现场测量的光笔式视觉测量系统

研制了一种面向大型工件现场测量的光笔式视觉测量系统,对其中的关键技术进行了深入研究。该系统主要由带有红外LED光点的光笔、1台CCD摄像机、靶点亮度控制器、一维标定尺以及安装有测量软件的计算机组成。在对LED点光源光强控制方式及成像系统工作原理进行分析的基础上,设计并实现了以多靶点亮度自适应控制技术和主动离焦模糊技术相结合的靶点光斑图像生成技术。该技术保证了在大跨度测量范围内均能获得高质量的靶点光斑图像,解决了对焦成像中摄像机视场范围与景深有限的问题;针对光笔标定问题,提出了一种简便易行的现场标定方法,此方法只需要若干个辅助靶点和2个以上间距已知的圆锥孔,就可以同时确定光笔上各靶点及光笔测头在光笔坐标系下的坐标。实验结果显示:该测量系统在2~10 m空间长度测量标准差不大于0.095 mm,能够满足中等精度的大型工件现场测量要求。     

超声应力检测中应力常数的标定试验研究

利用应力常数标定系统对待标定试样施加载荷,测定两接收探头由于载荷变化引起的声时差变化,从而确定出材料的应力常数.对标定结果分析后表明,该标定系统操作方便,能快速得到被标定材料的应力常数,标定结果满足工程现场检测要求,可用于超声应力常数标定.     

正压法气体流量标定系统的设计与实现

随着非标准流量仪表种类和数量的日益增加,为了保证仪表的测量精度。非标流量仪表的标定要求显得日益迫切。系统采用了国际标准文丘利作为标准表。应用标准流量计“比较法”原理,配合计算机程序控制,建立气体流量标定系统。进行流量计的检定和测试。依据有关的国家检定规程。该装置可对多孔孔板、V锥、楔形、巴类等差压式仪表以及涡轮、涡街、旋进旋涡等流量计进行检定、工业现场流量模拟实验以及风洞实验。通过运行实践证明,该系统测量精度高,稳定性好,标定流量范围宽。     

高速列车动态包络线测量一种现场快速标定方法

列车动态包络线是评定列车安全运行的一项重要指标,基于双目立体视觉的方法是目前能够实现速度超过200 km/h列车动态包络线测量的唯一方法.因受到大视场和标定时间的严格限制,便携的标定设备、易于搭建的靶标和快速的标定算法便成为标定过程需要满足的三个条件.本文提出一种新的基于双目立体视觉的大视场现场快速标定方法,设计轻型便携靶标,靶标上40个反光标记点表示铁轨坐标系,并用于计算双相机内外参数.并且,双相机仅需同时拍摄一张靶标图像,就能实现双相机内外参数快速一体化标定.实验结果表明,该方法测量精度可达±1 mm,能够满足高速列车动态包络线测量现场标定要求.     

基于EPA标准的现场仪表研究与开发

本文详细阐述了基于EPA标准的现场仪表的工作原理、硬件构成和软件设计,同时利用EPA标准的多信息传输能力,实现了现场仪表的远程组态、远程标定和远程故障诊断等功能,达到了现场仪表智能化、数字化和网络化的目的。     

基于EPA标淮的现场仪表研究与开发

本文详细阐述了基于EPA标准的现场仪表的工作原理、硬件构成和软件设计，同时利用EPA标准的多信息传输能力，实现了现场仪表的远程组态、远程标定和远程故障诊断等功能，达到了现场仪表智能化、数字化和网络化的目的。     

现场总线仪表SHCAN61系列自动标定系统的研究

介绍一种在现场总线网络下的SHCAN61系列智能仪表的自动标定系统的软件和硬件的实现方案.该系统利用CAN总线实现了现场总线仪表间的数据传递,利用RS-232串口协议与计算机进行通信.解决了61仪表的标定和检测问题.实验表明：在本系统标定下的仪表相比传统智能测控仪表的标定更加快速方便、简单易用、精确稳定.     

网络式激光扫描空间定位系统标定技术研究

为了满足装备制造业现场超大尺寸测量的要求,研究基于激光扫描的多站网络式空间定位系统,重点研究其标定方法和算法.根据系统的测量原理,系统的几何结构特点,建立几何模型,提出借助辅助设备以及已知控制点的离线一体化标定方法,一次标定过程即可求出内外参数,直观验证了系统可行性.以此为基础,为提高精度,改善标定工作的适应性,研究并建立系统的解析模型,通过优化参数分类,将内参数加以巧妙调整,增加了初始旋转角参数在外参标定中求解;设计低精度辅助靶标,建立各站与靶标的粗略坐标系转换关系,从而实施简便有效的初值自估算方法,最终实现了基于平差的现场全局定向算法.试验证明:相比一体化方法,平差标定快速、实用,精度高.系统测量精度达到0.1 mm,可满足大多数工业及军工现场使用的要求.     

Development and evaluation of the calibration facility for high-pressure hydrogen gas flow meters

The calibration facility with the multi-nozzle calibrator was developed for the calibration of flow meters to be used with high-pressure, high-flow-rate hydrogen gas. The critical nozzles installed in the multi-nozzle calibrator were calibrated with traceability to the national standard. The relative standard uncertainty of the mass flow rates produced from the calibration facility is 0.09% when the flow rate is between 150 g/min and 550 g/min. In this study, the Coriolis flow meter was calibrated for a pressure range of 15–35 MPa. The relative standard uncertainty of the flow rates obtained from the Coriolis flow meter was 0.44% for the case of the worst fluctuations in the output of the flow meter; based on the calibration curve, this is 0.91%. The present result shows that there is a maximum 3% difference between the output of the Coriolis flow meter and the mass flow rates of the multi-nozzle calibrator, even though the Coriolis flow meter was calibrated using water. Therefore, for the development of a calibration facility that can calibrate a flow meter under the same conditions as those encountered in actual use, it will be important to develop a new flow meter.     

Simulation of flow meter calibration factors for various installation effects

The determination of flow meter calibration factors has been made using a computer simulation approach. The proposed technique is based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The CFD tools were used to determine the flow field in a flow meter as developed by three different pipe configurations. These flow fields were used to determine the calibration factor for an ultrasonic flow meter. The results have been compared with calibration factors obtained by CFD using detailed LDV input boundary data, analytical calculations and experimental data. Tests were made for reference conditions of 10013 straight-pipe and for single- and double-elbow pipe configurations using Reynolds numbers from 100 to 100,000. For reference conditions good agreement is shown. For disturbed flow conditions the simulations well resembled the experimental data. However we find differences for transitional and swirl flows.     

涡轮流量计在不同粘度介质下标定曲线形态的实验研究

涡轮流量计的准确度受被测介质及其运动粘度变化的影响。使用体积流量和仪表系数无法从变粘度实验中取得形态一致且可预测的标定结果。应用量纲分析导出雷诺数和斯特劳哈尔数作为描述涡轮流量计性能的无量纲参数。通过改变丙二醇-水溶液的体积浓度得到5个不同运动粘度的介质,分别用于标定一台DN25涡轮流量计。对比结果表明,不同粘度下的标定曲线在雷诺数小于7 400区域出现分离,标定数据最大相差0.9%。随着雷诺数增加,仪表系数中轴承阻滞部分的影响相对减小,标定曲线簇由分散趋于聚拢,标定数据差异小于0.1%。叶片表面的流动边界层发生层湍转捩时阻力的突变导致标定曲线出现驼峰,运动粘度越低,驼峰趋于平缓。轴承阻滞中的静态阻力部分是造成相同雷诺数下仪表系数差异的主要原因,这种差异随雷诺数减小而增加,所以,当校准介质和工作介质的运动粘度有显著差异时,涡轮流量计要避免工作在低雷诺数区域。     

Influence of flow disturbances on the performance of industry-standard LNG flow meters

In the last decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of measurement traceability for LNG inline metering technologies such as Coriolis and ultrasonic flow meters. In 2019, the world's first LNG research and calibration facility has been realised thus enabling calibration and performance testing of small and mid-scale LNG flow meters under realistic cryogenic conditions at a maximum flow rate of 200 m³/h and provisional mass flow measurement uncertainty of 0.30% (k = 2) using liquid nitrogen as the calibration fluid. This facility enabled, for the first time, an extensive test programme of LNG flow meters under cryogenic conditions to be carried out to achieve three main objectives; the first is to reduce the onsite flow measurement uncertainty for small and mid-scale LNG applications to meet a target measurement uncertainty of 0.50% (k = 2), the second is to systematically assess the impact of upstream flow disturbances and meter insulation on meter performance and the third is to assess transferability of meter calibrations with water at ambient conditions to cryogenic conditions. SI-traceable flow calibration results from testing six LNG flow meters (four Coriolis and two ultrasonic, see acknowledgment section) with water in a water calibration facility and liquid nitrogen (LIN) in the LNG research and calibration facility under various test conditions are fully described in this paper. Water and LIN calibration data were compared and it was observed that the influence of removing the meter insulation on mass flow rate measurement accuracy can be more significant (meter error > ±0.50%) than the influence of many typical upstream disturbances when the meter is preceded by a straight piping length equal to twenty pipe diameters (20D) with no additional flow conditioning devices, in particular for ultrasonic meters. The results indicate that the correction models used to transfer the water calibration to cryogenic conditions (using LIN) can potentially result in mass flow rate measurement errors below ±0.5%, however, the correction models are specific to the meter type and manufacturer. This work shows that the target measurement uncertainty of 0.50% can be achieved if the expanded standard error of the mean value measured by the meter is smaller than 0.40% (k = 2). It is planned to repeat these tests with LNG in order to compare the results with the LIN tests presented in this paper. This may reveal that testing with an explosion safe and environmentally friendly fluid such as LIN produces representative results for testing LNG flow meters.     

流量计校准装置的改进与再设计

以流量计校准装置为改造对象,针对原有系统中标准金属量器体积庞大、需要油箱大量储油、校准效率偏低和设备老化等缺点,将原系统中的标准金属量器替换为高精度流量计,通过总线技术分别把标准流量计和需要校准的流量计中测得的流量数值传输到计算机控制端。通过计算分析,对被测试流量计进行参数校准,然后把计算好的结果输入被测流量计中,完成校准;最后对校准完成的流量计进行再次测试,确认其是否校准成功。此方法能提高校准精度,大幅度提高效率,能提供及时、准确的流量计校准服务。     

一种液位检测方法在流量标准装置上的应用

本文介绍了超声波壁外透射衰减式定点液位测量的原理,提出了非介入式定点液位测量方法在动态容积法流量标准装置上的应用方案。定点液位测量提高了流量标准装置的工作效率,能够使流量标准装置直接检定腐蚀性液体流量计,并且可以实现校准过程的自动化、数据的自动采集和自动化管理。     

Improved hydrogen consumption detection method with flow meter of fuel cell vehicle

With the vigorous development of fuel cell vehicles, the hydrogen consumption in the driving process of fuel cell vehicles has become a major concern of automobile manufacturers and fuel suppliers. However, the measurement accuracy of flow meter in hydrogen medium cannot meet the requirements. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics software is used to simulate the velocity distribution of water and hydrogen in Coriolis flow meter with different mass flow rates without tube vibration. Aiming at the measurement error of Coriolis flow meter, a flow calibration device based on sonic nozzle was designed, and the results of measuring hydrogen mass flow by Coriolis flow meter and thermal flow meter were calibrated. Finally, the accuracy of the calibrated flow meter for measuring hydrogen mass flow under stable and dynamic conditions is tested. The test results show that the accuracy of calibrated Coriolis flow meter for hydrogen mass flow is less than ±1%, which can meet the accuracy requirements of fuel cell vehicle hydrogen consumption measurement. This study provides an important reference for the application of flow meter method in fuel cell vehicle economic evaluation method.     

无磁热量表中的一种流量校准方法

热量表是计量热流回路所释放热量的智能仪器。它主要由流量传感器、配对温度传感器、主控MCU和液晶显示等部分组成。其中流量计量的准确程序直接决定了热量表的精度等级。论述了以TI MSP430F135作为主控MCU的热量表的工作原理，讨论了该叶轮式无磁热量表流量测量的动态校准原理，并给出软硬件设计及分析。     

水表安装时的计量误差实验探讨

水表在实际现场安装中如果达不到安装要求,就会引起弯头、T型接头、变径及其所处的位置上、下游扰动,影响非容积式水表的精确度。利用水表检定装置做了模拟现场的相关试验,并得出了结论,及时掌握这些扰动带来的水表计量误差及趋势,以供水表安装人员参考。