基于微定位工作台的精密磨削过程动力学建模与误差补偿技术

为了消除传统平面磨床砂轮振动对加工精度的影响,提出了采用自行设计的纳米级微定位工作台进行在线动态补偿的方法。为了对平面磨床的动平台上安装有微定位工作台的新型机床磨削过程的特性进行研究,分析了磨头-砂轮-微定位工作台组成系统的动力学行为。运用模态综合理论和拉格朗日方程建立了磨削过程模态坐标下的动力学模型,并利用状态空间方法得到了磨床在模态坐标下振动响应的数值计算公式。由振型叠加原理,得到具有微定位工作台补偿装置的新型平面磨床在物理坐标下的响应。在此基础上分析了磨床系统的动态特性和补偿前后的加工精度。仿真结果表明,采用微定位工作台进行在线振动补偿,可有效地提高加工工件的表面质量。     

Time-varying positioning error modeling and compensation for ball screw systems based on simulation and experimental analysis

Thermal expansion of ball screw systems affects the machining accuracy of machine tools significantly. This paper intends to provide a comprehensive error compensation method for the time-varying positioning error of machine tools. To confirm the thermal deformation mechanism of ball screw systems, experiments have been designed to study the thermal behaviors of a ball screw system under varying temperature conditions. An exponential algorithm is proposed to predict the temperature variation pattern of the ball screw based on finite element analysis, and the actual thermal boundary conditions of the ball screw system are exactly defined according to the proposed algorithm and the experimental results. Then, a comprehensive compensation model is established based on the decomposition of the initial geometric error and thermal error components. Finally, a real-time error compensation system is developed for machine tools based on the function of external machine original coordinate shift and fast Ethernet data interaction, and satisfactory results have been achieved for the compensation experiments on a machining center.     

Modeling and compensation of geometric errors in simultaneous cutting using a multi-spindle machine tool

A volumetric error compensation method for a machining center that has multiple cutting tools operating simultaneously has been developed. Due to axis sharing, the geometric errors of multi-spindle, concurrent cutting processes are characterized by a significant coupling of error components in each cutting tool. As a result, it is not possible to achieve exact volumetric error compensation for all axes. To minimize the overall volumetric error in simultaneous cutting, a method to determine compensation amount using weighted least squares has been proposed. This method also allows tolerance distribution of machining accuracy for different surfaces of a workpiece. A geometric error model has been developed using an arch-type, multi-spindle machine tool, and the error compensation simulation results based on this model are presented. The simulation results demonstrated effectiveness of the proposed error compensation algorithm for use with multi-spindle simultaneous cutting applications.     

A new high-efficiency error compensation system for CNC multi-axis machine tools

To enhance the accuracy of CNC machines for the request of modern industry, an effective static/quasi-static error compensation system composed of an element-free interpolation algorithm based on the Galerkin method for error prediction, a recursive software compensation procedure, and an NC-code converting software, is developed. Through automatically analyzing the machining path, the new error prediction method takes into consideration the fact that the machine structure is non-rigid, and can efficiently determine the position errors of the cutter for compensation without computing a complex error model on-line. The predicted errors are then compensated based on a recursive compensation algorithm. Finally, a compensated NC program will be automatically generated by the NC-code converting software for the precision machining process. Because of the advantage of the element-free theory, the error prediction method can flexibly and irregularly distribute nodal points for accurate error prediction for a machine with complex error distribution characteristics throughout the workspace. To verify the algorithm and the developed system, cutting experiments were conducted in this study, and the results have shown the success of the proposed error compensation system.     

轴颈外圆磨削成圆过程的双转子耦合模型及仿真算法

主轴轴颈外圆的圆度对机床主轴部件的回转精度具有直接而重要的影响。磨削加工是实现轴颈外圆高精度加工的最重要的手段。虽然磨削技术在主轴外圆加工上已长期应用,但是利用现有的研究成果,还难以对一个既定的磨削系统的磨削成圆过渡过程进行完整有效的定量仿真,也难以对磨削工件的最终圆度进行科学合理的预测。在吸收国内外磨削转子系统模型成果的基础上,进一步考虑外圆磨削过程中砂轮和工件之间的相互耦合作用、材料去除、转子振动及变形协调规律,建立了外圆磨削系统的双转子耦合振动模型,提出了模拟轴颈材料去除和圆度变化的"磨削力-瞬时磨削深度"迭代算法。利用所建立的双转子模型和迭代算法,对不同磨削策略下轴颈外圆成圆的过渡过程进行了定量仿真,再现了轴颈材料去除和外圆轮廓变化的全过程;比较研究了不同磨削策略对磨削效率和最终加工圆度的影响规律。进行了相应的磨削试验和对比验证,试验结果证实了所提出的轴颈外圆磨削的双转子模型和迭代算法的有效性和合理性。     

机器人柔性磨削机床的恒磨削力补偿机构及其动力学分析

介绍了用于机器人柔性磨削系统的柔性砂带磨削机床,提出了恒磨削力补偿机构。分析了机器人柔性砂带磨削机床转位机构实现在线多工位磨削加工的创新设计和恒磨削力补偿机构的原理。建立了恒磨削力补偿机构的运动学、静力学和动力学数学模型,并对其进行了数值仿真。讨论了机器人柔性砂带磨削机床的结构参数对恒磨削力补偿机构的运动学特性和动力学特性的影响,为机器人柔性砂带磨削机床的机械设计和机器人的轨迹规划提供了理论依据。最后,对具有恒磨削力补偿机构的柔性磨床组成的机器人柔性磨削系统进行叶片加工实验,结果表明其加工精度完全满足复杂曲面的高加工精度要求。     

RESEARCH ON PARALLEL GRINDING METHOD OF NON-AXlSYMMETRIC ASPHERIC LENS

In order to resolve the problems of machining non-axisymmetric aspheric lens,which is short of flexibility in mould grinding and needs high accuracy CNC machine center in globe diamond wheel grinding,a new parallel grinding method that utilizes common arc diamond wheel is put forward.Base on the approach calculation of machining locus,the advantages of parallel grinding that machines non-axisymmetric aspheric lens by 2.5-axis CNC machine center have been obtained.The results of grinding experiment show the new method can meet the need of grinding high accuracy non-axisymmetric aspheric lens.     

RESEARCH ON PARALLEL GRINDING METHOD OF NON-AXISYMMETRIC ASPHERIC LENS

In order to resolve the problems of machining non-axisymmetric aspheric lens, which is short of flexibility in mould grinding and needs high accuracy CNC machine center in globe diamond wheel grinding, a new parallel grinding method that utilizes common arc diamond wheel is put forward. Base on the approach calculation of machining locus, the advantages of parallel grinding that machines non-axisymmetric aspheric lens by 2.5-axis CNC machine center have been obtained. The results of grinding experiment show the new method can meet the need of grinding high accuracy non-axisymmetric aspheric lens.     

数控随动磨床加工凸轮方法及其精度补偿策略

针对凸轮随动磨削中因工件轴转速差、伺服系统响应偏差、硬件制造误差等重复性误差影响因素造成的零件制造精度下降问题,将在线测量技术和Sinumerik 840D数控系统的插补表与电子齿轮功能应用到机床运动控制系统中,开展了随动磨削工艺的运动轨迹和控制方案分析,提出了由内嵌在系统PCU上的VB程序来处理在线测量获得的360个离散误差补偿数值,自动生成带插补表与电子齿轮功能的专用加工程序,利用同轴运动叠加控制方法,把补偿值叠加到进给轴上,使带误差补偿数据的凸轮加工NC程序不断根据实际加工状态更新,最后在工程样机上进行了磨削试验。试验结果表明,发动机凸轮轴的廓型最大加工误差降到了2.6μm以下,残余误差主要来源为机械振动、非线性摩擦扰动等随机性偏差。该运动控制和误差补偿方法能在实际加工中较好地补偿重复性误差因素对工件精度产生的影响。     

An integrated error compensation method based on on-machine measurement for thin web parts machining

Thin webs are widely used in the aerospace industry for the advantages of compact structure, light weight and high strength-to-weight ratio. Due to its low rigidity, serious machining error may occur, therefore, Finite Element method and mechanism analysis are usually utilized to modeling its deformation. However, they are very time-consuming and only suitable for elastic deformation error. In this study, an integrated error compensation method is proposed based on on-machine measurement (OMM) inspection and error compensation. The OMM inspection is firstly applied to measure the comprehensive machining errors. The Hampel filtering is then used to eliminate outliers, followed by the triangulation-based cubic interpolation as well as a machine learning algorithm which are used to establish the compensation model. At last, the real time compensation of high-density cutting points is realized by developing the compensation system based on External Machine Zero Point Shift (EMZPS) function of machine tool. Three sets of machining experiment of a typical thin web part are conducted to validate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method. Experiment results revealed that after compensation, the comprehensive machining errors were controlled under different machining conditions and 58.1%, 68.4% and 62.6% of the machining error ranges were decreased, respectively. This method demonstrates immense potential for further applications in efficiency and accuracy improvement of thin-walled surface parts.     

机械制造业数控机床几何误差自动控制

为了降低数控机床几何误差,提升加工精度,提出机械制造业数控机床几何误差自动控制方法。通过激光跟踪仪辨识机械制造业数控机床的几何误差,采用快速定位补偿算法与圆弧插补补偿算法相结合的方法补偿数控机床几何误差。利用计算机辅助制造软件生成刀位文件,依据刀位文件生成数控机床加工程序,通过补偿控制器生成数控机床各轴运动的控制指令,数控机床伺服系统接收控制指令后,自动控制数控机床各轴运动,以达到数控机床几何误差自动控制的目的。实验结果表明,采用该方法自动控制数控机床几何误差后,方向与角度的几何误差分别低于0.03 mm与0.1°,实际应用效果较好。     

五轴数控机床加工误差动态修正方法研究

为修正五轴数控机床加工误差,提高五轴数控机床加工质量,提出一种新的五轴数控机床加工误差动态修正方法.构建五轴数控机床加工误差计算模型,获取五轴数控机床加工的刀心方位、刀轴方位轮廓误差;锁定误差方位后,通过五轴数控机床误差的动态实时补偿方法,实现五轴数控机床加工误差动态修正.研究结果表明:所提方法可实现全方位、高效率的五...     

A methodology for systematic geometric error compensation in five-axis machine tools

To enhance the accuracy, an efficient methodology was developed and described for systematic geometric error correction and their compensation in five-axis machine tools. The methodology is capable of compensating the overall effect of all position-dependent and position-independent errors which contribute to volumetric workspace. It was implemented on a five-axis grinding machine for error compensation and for the check of its effectiveness. Error compensation algorithm was designed, and a routine was written in Matlab software. The developed technique and software are based on an error table which interprets the function of axis through cubic spline technique and synthesis modeling of a machine tool. Recursive compensation methodology was used to remove the machine errors from the actual tool path and inverse technique was implemented to find the corrected positions of prismatic and rotary joints. Moreover, it can convert the corrected tool paths into practical compensated NC codes. The generated, corrected and modified NC codes directly fed to the controller of a five-axis machine tool. Validation of the technique was preceded by repeated experimentation of measurement and through machining of typical standard workpieces with some additional specific features. Experimental results exhibit effective compensation and remarkable improvement in the parametric and volumetric-workspace accuracy of the five-axis machine tool.     

龙门式多轴联动机床的几何误差建模

设计一台集加工、检测于一体的小型龙门式多轴联动加工系统,以实现小型或微小型零件的铣、钻、磨削加工。机床除了从结构上提高精度外,也采取了误差补偿的措施,通过对机床进行几何误差建模,得到几何误差模型,以便进行补偿,提高精度。     

Manufacturing models for design and NC grinding of truncated-cone ball-end cutters

This paper presents a set of mathematical models for the design and manufacture of the helical flute and cutting-edge curve of a pair of truncated-cone ball-end cutters. The section profile and relative feeding velocities of the grinding wheel in NC machining of the cutter are deduced. In addition, the deviation of the cutting-edge curve, residual material and the land lack caused by the modified radial feeding velocity are taken into consideration. In order to finish the residual material and rebuild the land of the cutter, the technique for compensation has been developed in this research. The accuracy of the theoretical models is verified by means of an experimental machining test using a WALTER CNC grinding machine. The experimental results are in good agreement with those predicted theoretically, thereby confirming the accuracy and reliability of the proposed models. This study serves as a valuable reference for researchers investigating the NC machining of cutters with special forms.     

精密数控机床主轴热伸长补偿技术研究

针对目前精密数控机床热误差补偿问题,在基于主轴热误差测量系统的基础上,提出一种基于FCM聚类、多元线性回归的热误差补偿模型。通过对某卧式加工中心主轴恒定转速和变速工况下进行温敏点测量,建立关键温敏点与机床主轴热伸长的几何关系,通过补偿结果和切削试验表明该方法可以有效地降低主轴热伸长误差,提升零件的加工精度。     

Geometric error compensation software system for CNC machine tools based on NC program reconstructing

It has been proved that error compensation is an effective approach to improve machining accuracy of a machine tool cost efficiently. In this paper, the framework of an error compensation software system, which can realize software error compensation via numerical control (NC) programs reconstructing, is investigated. And the algorithms relating to error prediction are discussed in detail, such as positioning movement error compensation, linear interpolation movement, and circular interpolation movement error compensation. To realize the error compensation, NC program is reconstructed according to the predicted errors during virtual machining before it is fed to the actual machining. Two controlled machining experiments were carried out. The results show that error compensation methods via reconstructing NC programs can improve the movement accuracy of a computer numerical control CNC machine tool obviously.     

工件分特征下的五轴数控机床关键几何误差分析与补偿方法

提出了工件分特征下的五轴数控机床关键几何误差分析与补偿方法,将复杂工件进行特征分解,通过灵敏度分析辨识工件分特征下的关键几何误差并补偿,从而提高工件整体加工精度。以某一复杂工件为例,首先,将其分解为平面、斜面、圆柱和圆锥台四个典型特征;然后,基于灵敏度分析分别辨识出各典型特征对应的关键几何误差;最后,分特征地进行误差补偿。在AC双转台五轴数控机床上进行了实验验证,实验结果表明,辨识得到的关键几何误差灵敏度系数之和占比均大于90%,补偿后工件四个典型特征的加工精度提高了20%~30%。研究结果表明,所提方法能有效辨识不同工件分特征下的关键几何误差,从而提高复杂工件的加工精度。     

Spindle Thermal Error Optimization Modeling of a Five-axis Machine Tool

Aiming at the problem of low machining accuracy and uncontrollable thermal errors of NC machine tools, spindle thermal error measurement, modeling and compensation of a two turntable five-axis machine tool are researched. Measurement experiment of heat sources and thermal errors are carried out, and GRA(grey relational analysis) method is introduced into the selection of temperature variables used for thermal error modeling. In order to analyze the influence of different heat sources on spindle thermal errors, an ANN(artificial neural network) model is presented, and ABC(artificial bee colony) algorithm is introduced to train the link weights of ANN, a new ABCNN(Artificial bee colony-based neural network) modeling method is proposed and used in the prediction of spindle thermal errors. In order to test the prediction performance of ABC-NN model, an experiment system is developed, the prediction results of LSR(least squares regression), ANN and ABC-NN are compared with the measurement results of spindle thermal errors. Experiment results show that the prediction accuracy of ABC-NN model is higher than LSR and ANN, and the residual error is smaller than 3 lm, the new modeling method is feasible. The proposed research provides instruction to compensate thermal errors and improve machining accuracy of NC machine tools.     

轴对称非球面加工误差分离及补偿技术

分析轴对称非球面磨削加工中砂轮尺寸精度和形状精度等因素对加工工件精度的影响,提出适用于非球面加工的工件表面误差多参数分步分离的数学模型。新方法解决了原有加工存在的系统误差分离不彻底、补偿加工所需要的各项参数难确定等问题。试验结果表明：该数学模型更接近于理论计算轨迹,可以有效地减小加工误差,进一步提高工件的加工精度。