Discrete-time mode switching control with application to a PMSM position servo system

This paper presents a mode switching control (MSC) scheme in discrete-time domain for fast and precise set-point tracking in servo systems subject to control saturation and unknown disturbance. The basic idea is to combine the proximate time-optimal servomechanism (PTOS) and the composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control, using the output position as the only measurable information for feedback. The PTOS is responsible for fast targeting in servo systems when the tracking error is large, and once the system trajectory enters into some specified region, the CNF will take over the control to ensure a smooth settling without compromising the fast transient performance. A reduced-order extended state observer is adopted to estimate the speed signal for feedback and the disturbance for compensation. The asymptotical stability of the proposed MSC scheme is analyzed and the switching conditions are provided. Simulation and experimental results on a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo system verify that the proposed control scheme is effective in improving the tracking performance for a wide range of target set-points.     

精密海陆跟踪伺服控制系统的设计与实现

针对陆地和船体上稳定平台的特点,设计并研制了一种新型精密海陆伺服跟踪控制系统.首先通过分析双环伺服控制系统的优势,形成了位置外环和速度内环的双环复合控制方案,然后重点对速度内环进行设计.在速度内环中,主要由速率陀螺作为反馈元件,由直流伺服电机作为执行机构,由补偿环节作为校正机构.由陀螺的技术指标和幅相响应的关系,提出了一种新型的选型依据;由实际测量的伺服电机对输入电压的响应,实现了电机模型的降维辨识;针对系统对于快速性和稳定性的要求,设计了一种新型的PIP串联校正方法,分析校正参数的选择过程.最后进行综合理论模拟分析,在实际应用中验证了其有效性和实用性,并对以后的数字速度内环设计进行了展望.     

Robust Smooth-Trajectory Control of Nonlinear Servo Systems Based on Neural Networks

The electromagnetic torque introduces ripples into the electromechanical motion system due to nonlinearities, such as uncertain changes of magnet field, load, and friction, which generate speed oscillations and deteriorate the tracking performance of servo system. Furthermore, the minimum time response and smooth trajectory tracking are cruces in servo control. In this paper, an available method is proposed to solve them by using neural networks (NNs) and a nonlinear smooth trajectory filter (STF) for the robust smoothing feedforward control of a class of general nonlinear systems. First, the online weight-tuning scheme based on Lyapunov function can guarantee the boundedness of tracking error by good performance of NNs modeling nonlinear functions. Second, a feedforward controller based on the output of nonlinear STF is designed to guarantee minimum time response and smooth trajectory tracking. Finally, as a example, the motion system can be equivalent to the two-order system under the linear closed-loop current control in view of the (d,q) mathematic model for PM synchronous motor, so that this robust smoothing control method using neutral networks can be applied into position servo control. Moreover, the validity and effectiveness of this control method are verified through simulations and experiments     

光电跟踪转台伺服控制策略研究

针对高性能光电跟踪转台负载重、摩擦大、跟踪精度要求高等特点,提出了基于复合控制的伺服控制策略,速度环路设计了带有扰动观测器的线性二次最优反馈控制器,并在前向通道增加了零相位误差跟踪控制器(ZPETC),提高速度环的跟踪性能,位置环采用非线性PID反馈控制方式降低超调,提高稳态精度;将低速率的位置给定信息分别进行插值细分和滤波,通过高增益微分器和卡尔曼预测滤波,对转台速度和加速度进行预测和估计,进行前馈实现复合控制,实践证明,这种策略可以有效提高大加速度下的跟踪精度。     

A microcomputer-based control and simulation of an advanced IPMsynchronous machine drive system for electric vehicle propulsion

Describes a high-performance microcomputer-based control and digital simulation of an inverter-fed interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machine that uses a neodymium-iron-boron magnet. The fully operational four-quadrant drive system includes a constant-torque region with zero speed operation and a high-speed field-weakening constant-power region. The control uses the vector or field-oriented technique in constant-torque region with the direct axis aligned to the stator flux, whereas the constant-power region control is based on torque angle orientation of the impressed square-wave voltage. All the key feedback signals for the control are estimated with precision. The drive system is basically designed with an outer torque control loop for electric vehicle application, but speed and position control loops can be added for other industrial applications. The distributed microcomputer-based control system is based on Intel-8096 microcontroller and Texas Instruments TMS32010 type digital signal processor     

永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统的仿真研究

文章分析了永磁同步电机直接转矩控制的原理,阐述传统直接转矩控制系统转矩脉动的缺点,本文将空间矢量脉宽调制技术引入永磁同步电机的直接转矩控制系统中,利用空间矢量的调制过程,可在相同的系统硬件条件下得到更多的、连续的电压空间矢量,进而得到对电机更准确的控制。仿真结果表明,该方案既保持了直接转矩控制快速动态响应,又减小了电机转矩的脉动。     

Sensorless speed control of nonsalient permanent-magnet synchronous motor using rotor-position-tracking PI controller

This paper presents a new velocity estimation strategy of a nonsalient permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive without a high-frequency signal injection or special pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) pattern. This approach is based on the d-axis current regulator output voltage of the drive system that has the information of rotor position error. Rotor velocity can be estimated through a rotor-position-tracking proportional-integral (PI) controller that controls the position error to zero. For zero and low-speed operation, the PI controller gains of rotor position tracking controller have a variable structure according to the estimated rotor velocity. In order to boost the bandwidth of the PI controller around zero speed, a loop recovery technique is applied to the control system. The proposed method only requires the flux linkage of the permanent magnet and is insensitive to parameter estimation error and variation. The designers can easily determine the possible operating range with a desired bandwidth and perform vector control even at low speeds. The experimental results show the satisfactory operation of the proposed sensorless algorithm under rated load conditions.     

Sensorless vector and speed control of brushless motor drives

In the present paper an approach is presented to the speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motors without mechanical transducers. The rotor position, which is an essential component of any vector control scheme, is calculated through the instantaneous stator flux position and an estimated value of the load angle. A closed-loop state observer is implemented to compute the speed feedback signal. Experimental results on a laboratory tested motor drive are presented to validate the proposed procedure     

Robust control using neural network uncertainty observer for linearinduction motor servo drive

A robust controller, that combines the merits of integral-proportional (IP) position control and neural network (NN) observed technique, is designed for a linear induction motor (LIM) servo drive in this study. First, the secondary flux of the LIM is estimated using a sliding-mode flux observer on the stationary reference frame and the feedback linearization theory is used to decouple the thrust and the flux amplitude of the LIM. Then, the IP position controller is designed according to the estimated mover parameters to match the time-domain command tracking specifications. Moreover, a robust controller is formulated using the NN uncertainty observer, which is implemented to estimate the lumped uncertainty of the controlled plant, as an inner-loop force controller to increase the robustness of the LIM servo drive system. Furthermore, in the derivation of the online training algorithm of the NN, an error function is used in the Lyapunov function to avoid the real-time identification of the system Jacobian. In addition, to increase the speed and accuracy of the estimated flux, the sliding-mode flux observer is implemented using a 32 bit floating-point digital signal processor (DSP) with a high sampling rate. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by both the simulated and experimental results     

一种矢量跟踪环路及其抗干扰性能分析

针对GPS信号在接收端的功率较弱,接收机在载噪比低的环境中很容易受到其他信号的干扰,该文提出一种基于矢量跟踪环路的接收机设计方法,在跟踪环路环节对干扰信号进行抑制。以实际的伪距、伪距率误差为状态量,量测得到的伪距、伪距率误差为观测量构建跟踪环路滤波器,利用更新后的接收机位置,计算出接收机与可视卫星间的观测矢量,完成闭合反馈回路。接收机的信号跟踪与导航解算部分融合一体,改变了传统接收机的结构。对比分析标量和矢量跟踪环路的预测伪距方差,来研究矢量跟踪环路对干扰信号的抑制性能。采用实际卫星星历进行仿真实验,验证了矢量跟踪环路比标量跟踪环路的预测伪距方差小,抗干扰能力强。     

基于反推的永磁同步电动机伺服系统的位置跟踪控制

永磁同步电动机工作性能优越，在当前交流伺服系统的驱动控制当中起着越来越重要的作用。为了实现永磁同步电动机的精确位置跟踪，把一种新颖非线性控制方法Backstepping应用于永磁同步电动机伺服系统控制器的设计。Backstepping控制器的设计以保证系统的全局一致渐近稳定为原则，因此该控制器不但可以保证系统的全局一致渐近稳定，而且系统具有快速跟踪，定位精确的特点。系统的设计能够有效降低转矩变化对位置跟踪性能的影响。最后通过Matlab仿真验证了系统设计的有效性和可行性。     

Current sensorless position–flux tracking controller for induction motor drives

An innovative indirect field-oriented output feedback controller for induction motor drives is presented. This solution is based on output feedback since only speed and position of the motor shaft are measured, while current sensors are avoided. This approach is suitable for low cost applications, where the position sensor cannot be removed to guarantee accurate position tracking.The proposed method provides global asymptotic tracking of smooth position and flux references in presence of unknown constant load torque. It is based on the natural passivity of the electromagnetic part of the machine and it guarantees asymptotic decoupling of the induction motor mechanical and electrical subsystems achieving at the same time asymptotic field orientation. Lyapunov analysis and nonlinear control design have been adopted to obtain good position tracking performances and effective torque–flux decoupling. The cascaded structure of the controller allows performing a constructive tuning procedure for speed and position control loops.Results of experimental tests are presented to demonstrate the tracking and robustness features of the proposed solution.     

Identification and compensation of torque ripple in high-precisionpermanent magnet motor drives

Permanent magnet synchronous machines generate parasitic torque pulsations owing to distortion of the stator flux linkage distribution, variable magnetic reluctance at the stator slots, and secondary phenomena. The consequences are speed oscillations which, although small in magnitude, deteriorate the performance of the drive in demanding applications. The parasitic effects are analyzed and modeled using the complex state-variable approach. A fast current control system is employed to produce high-frequency electromagnetic torque components for compensation. A self-commissioning scheme is described which identifies the machine parameters, particularly the torque ripple functions which depend on the angular position of the rotor. Variations of permanent magnet flux density with temperature are compensated by on-line adaptation. The algorithms for adaptation and control are implemented in a standard microcontroller system without additional hardware. The effectiveness of the adaptive torque ripple compensation is demonstrated by experiments     

High-performance speed servo system considering Voltage saturation of a vector-controlled induction motor

Generally, a speed servo system of a vector-controlled induction motor has limitations of motor voltage and current. When the speed servo system has a large torque reference, the output of its PI controller is often saturated. In this case, the conventional servo system stops the integral calculation of its PI controller. However, this system often has a large overshoot and/or an oscillated response caused by both a windup phenomenon and phase error on the vector control condition. This paper proposes a new speed servo system considering voltage saturation for the vector-controlled induction motor. The proposed control method compensates the phase error on vector control condition quickly, and always keeps the vector control condition. The experimental results show that the proposed system well regulates the motor speed and the secondary magnetic flux for a large torque reference without a windup phenomenon.     

A position control differential drive wheeled mobile robot

For more accurate path tracking of a four-wheeled two-degrees-of-freedom mobile robot (WMR), a position control algorithm is proposed with two separated feedback loops, a velocity feedback loop and a position feedback loop. In the most conventional position control system of a WMR, internal error is mainly considered, while external error has, as yet, hardly been treated, although it plays an important role in accurate position control. This external error is caused by unexpected environmental situations. The proposed control algorithm is designed to compensate for both internal error and external error. This algorithm makes it possible to accurately follow the designed trajectory     

基于迭代学习控制的潜望式激光通信终端系统的动态跟踪设计

为提高潜望式激光通信终端伺服系统的动态跟踪性能,针对基于永磁同步电机的二维伺服转台的控制系统进行了设计。通过采取空间矢量控制方法实现电机的解耦控制,建立控制模型并完成了各控制回路的设计。针对动目标跟踪设计了迭代学习控制方法以提高通信终端的动态跟踪性能,并对控制系统的速度阶跃响应进行测试,分析通信终端系统的低速平稳性。最后,搭建了4.62 km激光通信的动态跟踪实验,利用六自由度转台模拟平台抖动,为动态跟踪验证实验创造外部平台扰动条件。实验结果表明:通信终端系统速度阶跃响应的稳态误差为±0.02 (°)/s,表明伺服系统速度回路具有较快的动态响应特性和较高的稳态精度,在最大加速度为0.219 (°)/s2的正弦波扰动条件,二维伺服转台的动态粗跟踪精度可以达到62 μrad,粗精复合跟踪精度优于2 μrad,验证了通信终端伺服系统的有效性及其动态跟踪性能,为进一步提高终端系统的跟踪精度奠定基础。     

Position control of high performance hydrostatic actuation system using a simple adaptive control (SAC) method

This paper deals with the issue of position tracking control of a high performance hydrostatic actuation system using simple adaptive control. For energy-efficiency and savings, a speed-controlled fixed displacement pump is utilized to drive a symmetrical linear actuator instead of a directional control servo valve. The whole control system is composed of a pair of interconnected subsystems, that is, a feedback control system and a feedforward control system to enhance the tracking performance. The experiment using the proposed control scheme has been performed and a significant reduction in position tracking error is achieved compared to a conventional PID control.     

两轴水平框架式粗跟踪结构及其控制系统设计

根据天基平台激光辐照空间碎片捕获系统的应用需求,设计了一种两轴水平框架式粗跟踪结构,提出了一种基于加速度闭环的PI速度环控制方法用于实现跟踪系统的闭环高带宽控制和高精度跟踪。首先,根据光束传播路径和负载几何尺寸要求设计了水平式粗跟踪框架的经纬轴结构,并对单轴结构进行了模型简化,建立了单轴二质阻尼刚度简化模型的动力学方程;对系统进行了振动分析,根据系统的谐振频率和电机锁定转动频率确定了跟踪架主要结构参数;设计了一种速度加速度双闭环控制系统,确定了系统控制器和控制参数;最后对控制系统进行了性能测试。测试结果显示,控制系统满足性能指标要求,相较于带有结构滤波器的PI速度环控制系统,带宽提升了28.2%;基于加速度闭环的PI速度环控制系统在调节时间上提升了78.6%,超调量降低了94.08%;基于加速度闭环的PI位置环控制系统的调节时间为0.085 s,超调量为11.66%,具备较小的跟踪误差和较强的抗干扰能力。     

IBVS based on adaptive sliding mode control for a quadrotor target tracking under perturbations

This paper presents the design of a visual control formulated on an adaptive sliding mode controller for a quadrotor executing a target tracking task subject to disturbances. An image projection of the target from a virtual camera approach, and an image-based visual servoing technique are considered to obtain a singularity-free set of image features to control the position and yaw of the rotorcraft. While, an adaptive sliding mode strategy improves the robustness against bounded external perturbations and uncertainties and provides adaptivity to the visual servoing scheme. Furthermore, an analysis based on Lyapunov theory provides sufficient conditions that guarantee the stability of the closed-loop system. A comparison of the proposed adaptive visual servoing against two recent visual servoing strategies is provided, showing superiority in simulation results. Finally, experimental tests of a Parrot AR.Drone 2.0 tracking a static and moving target further demonstrates the advantages and performance.     

Design and fabrication of a micro electromagnetic vibration energy harvester

This paper presents a new micro electromagnetic energy harvester that can convert transverse vibration energy to electrical power.It mainly consists of folded beams,a permanent magnet and copper planar coils.The calculated value of the natural frequency is 274 Hz and electromagnetic simulation shows that the magnetic flux density will decrease sharply with increasing space between the magnet and coils.A prototype has been fabricated using MEMS micromachining technology.The testing results show that at the resonant frequency of 242 Hz,the prototype can generate 0.55μW of maximal output power with peak-peak voltage of 28 m V for 0.5g(g = 9.8 m/s~2) external acceleration.