牛初乳功能食品的开发现状和前景

本文主要概述牛初乳的食用历史、安全性、功能性组份,医学、营养学专家对牛初乳的生理功能评价,以及牛初乳的食品和生物加工特性,并探讨了牛初乳功能性食品开发的相关问题、对策和前景。     

牛初乳——一种新型的功能性乳制品

从牛初乳的特性、独特的营养组分和保健功能方面，系统地介绍了一种新型的功能性乳制品——牛初乳，并对其在食品工业中的应用进行了展望。     

牛初乳--一种新型的功能性乳制品

从牛初乳的特性、独特的营养组分和保健功能方面,系统地介绍了一种新型的功能性乳制品—牛初乳,并对其在食品工业中的应用进行了展望。     

牛初乳的营养保健功能及其生物活性成分的开发利用

天然的牛初乳含有丰富的营养及生物活性成分,有很强的营养保健功能。介绍了天然牛初乳的营养成分和生物活性物质,列举了牛初乳的一些加工特性及目前国内外牛初乳产品的开发现状,阐述了在开发功能性牛初乳制品中存在的问题,展望了牛初乳功能性保健制品的未来发展前景。     

口服牛初乳及其组分的保健功能

综述了口服牛初乳的动物、人体功能性实验结果。基于牛初乳内各种生长因子、乳铁蛋白与乳过氧化物酶体系，口服牛初乳具有抗感染、强化机体免疫力、促进生长发育、改善运动性能、促进胃肠组织创伤愈合等功能。     

牛初乳的营养保健功能及开发利用

介绍了牛初乳的概念和应用现状,重点论述了其营养、功效成分以及其保健功能,探讨了牛初乳功能性食品开发的相关问题、对策和发展前景,论证牛初乳是一种非常有潜力的功能性食品原料。     

液态牛初乳功能性食品开发及应用前景

牛初乳粉作为普通食品原料可添加到各类固态食品中,但受到原料微生物水平的限制,很难应用到液态食品中。本文分析了牛初乳产品市场现状和液态牛初乳功能性食品的开发,展望了液态牛初乳功能性食品的应用前景,可拓展牛初乳的产品类型,发展前景广阔。     

牛初乳免疫球蛋白微胶囊化方法的研究进展

免疫球蛋白是牛初乳中最重要的免疫因子,大量研究表明:牛初乳免疫球蛋白具有多种生理功能.通过对各种微胶囊化方法进行比较,阐述了不同方法的特点,并对牛初乳免疫球蛋白微胶囊化方法进行了展望.     

牛初乳促生长与保健作用研究进展

天然牛初乳含有丰富的营养及生物活性成分,有很强的营养保健功能。口服牛初乳具有调节肠道菌群、改善胃肠道功能、促进生长发育、增强智力等功能。作为功能性食品重要原料,牛初乳具有广阔的开发利用前景。     

功能性低聚糖保健食品的开发

功能性低聚糖是一类具有生理功能的甜味剂,本文综述功能性低聚糖的生理功能,食品加工特性及其在食品中的应用。     

牛初乳与牛乳中乳清蛋白质组成及功能的对比分析

乳清富含多种功能特性和生物活性的蛋白质,本研究利用SDS-PAGE电泳将牛初乳与牛乳中乳清蛋白质的组成部分进行分离鉴定,发现牛初乳与牛乳中乳清蛋白质的组成存在较大的差异,且在牛初乳乳清中鉴定出290种蛋白,牛乳乳清中鉴定出325种蛋白。由GO功能注释分析发现,在生物过程中,牛初乳乳清蛋白在细胞定位建立和细胞定位中的作用略高于牛乳乳清蛋白。在分子功能上酶抑制活性作用是牛初乳乳清蛋白和牛乳中乳清蛋白的主要分子功能。在细胞组成上牛初乳乳清蛋白参与较多的是细胞外部分和细胞外空隙,与牛乳乳清蛋白相比参与的细胞组成大体相同。通过KEGG代谢通路分析可知,牛初乳和牛乳乳清蛋白均参与过补体及凝血级联反应通路。对牛初乳乳清蛋白组成进行研究,不仅能够增加牛初乳的利用率,并且为日后以乳清蛋白作为原料生产乳制品提供理论依据。     

微滤-超滤联用技术优化牛初乳乳清中IgG富集工艺

为了高效富集IgG的同时减轻牛初乳的浪费问题,提高产品价值,本文采用微滤-超滤联用技术对牛初乳乳清中IgG进行富集。首先探究了微滤技术在牛初乳乳清除菌中的应用,并对其操作工艺进行优化,其次,利用超滤技术对微滤除菌后的牛初乳乳清进行富集,在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面对超滤工艺进行优化,并对富集后的牛初乳乳清进行品质分析。结果表明:牛初乳乳清微滤除菌的最佳工艺参数为:微滤压力为0.2 MPa、温度为30 ℃,超滤富集的最佳工艺参数为:超滤压力为0.15 MPa、温度为35 ℃、浓缩倍数为6倍、稀释次数为4次,按此条件进行牛初乳乳清的微滤-超滤操作,此时的IgG浓缩率为58.19%,膜通量为204.46 L/m2·h。富集后的牛初乳乳清品质分析表明:IgG含量为22760 μg/mL,IgG活性为718.31 IU/L,蛋白质含量为7.86%,脂肪含量为0.035%,菌落总数为2.4 lg CFU/mL。本研究为牛初乳乳清中IgG的进一步开发与综合利用提供了一定的参考依据。     

牛初乳制品功能性成分的分析

利用牛初乳中的免疫球蛋白活性因子，开发具有独特生理功能的乳制品成为牛初乳利用的热点。本研究利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺电泳法和酶联免疫吸附法对市售的牛初孔制品的质量进行了分析与评价。结果表明，目前牛初乳制品的蛋白含量与组成有很大的差异，并且活性免疫球蛋白含量较低。目前牛初乳制品存在的问题亟待解决，市场亟待规范。     

HPLC法检测牛初乳中lgG含量

建立了牛初乳中IgG的高效液相色谱检测法,并测定了 初乳中IgG的经时变化过程。结果显示,IgG浓度在0.2～ 15mg/mL的范围内峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系, 回收率实验平均大于98.5％。采用本法测定了六头幽门螺 杆菌免疫牛初乳中IgG及两头正常牛初乳中IgG的经时 变化过程。母牛分娩后24h内,初乳中免疫球蛋白IgG平 均含量在40～70mg/mL之间;3d后,初乳中免疫球蛋白 总量下降较快;至第7d,初乳中免疫球蛋白含量平均在 1～5mg/mL之间。     

口服牛初乳生理功效的最新研究进展

综述了口服牛初乳最新功能性试验，包括对人体消化道、上呼吸道、组织缓冲系统、人体皮肤的生理效应及其作为运动员营养补剂的应用效果。     

Effect of dietary IgG source (colostrum, serum, or milk-derived supplement) on the efficiency of Ig absorption in newborn Holstein calves

This study was designed to compare the absorptive efficiency of IgG from a commercial bovine serum product (bovine serum), cow colostrum (positive control), and two commercial milk-derived IgG supplements (supplement 1 and supplement 2). Newborn Holstein calves, collected at birth and prior to the consumption of colostrum, were allotted to treatment by alternating birth order. Colostrum supplement treatments were fed according to manufacturer's recommendations at birth and again at 12 h. This strategy resulted in varying masses of total IgG being offered to the calves (200, 90, 50, and 60 g of IgG for colostrum, bovine serum, supplement 1, and supplement 2, respectively). Blood samples were collected at 0, 12, and 24 h after the end of treatment administration. Plasma volume was estimated as 9.10% of birth weight. Apparent efficiency of IgG absorption at 24 h was determined. Plasma IgG concentrations at 24 h differed for each treatment (12.1, 6.8, 2.2, and 3.5 g of IgG/L for colostrum, bovine serum, supplement 1, and supplement 2, respectively). Apparent efficiency of IgG absorption was greatest for bovine serum compared with colostrum and supplement 1. No treatment differences were detected on the occurrence of mortality. However, calves fed bovine serum tended to have fewer treatments for illness compared with calves fed colostrum and supplement 1. Calves receiving bovine serum-derived IgG had improved IgG absorption efficiency and a tendency toward fewer medical treatments compared with calves consuming colostrum or a dried colostrum product.     

两代繁殖实验研究牛初乳粉对大鼠生殖发育的影响

为探讨围产期接受牛初乳粉对子代生殖发育的影响,设计了两代繁殖实验,分析亲代和子代雌雄鼠血清激素水平,生殖器官发育和生殖受孕变化。结果表明:食用含有牛初乳粉的饲料后,亲代和子代雌鼠生殖受孕指标及雄鼠精子密度和活率与空白组相比无显著差异(p>0.05)。亲代和子代雄鼠血清激素水平与空白组相比无显著差异(p>0.05),但亲代雌鼠血清中催乳素和孕酮显著低于空白组(p<0.05),子一代血清中催乳素显著低于空白组(p<0.05)。子二代雌鼠F2a生殖器间距与空白组相比显著降低(p<0.05),子二代F2b的阴道开口时间推迟(p<0.05),不能确定是偶然发生还是受生理影响所致,需要重复实验的验证。      

Influence of bovine antiserum (Bo-Bac 2X) injection on colostral immunoglobulin G absorption in neonatal dairy calves

On the background of positive survival data from farms in Mississippi, treating calves with antiserum injection in addition to normal colostrum administration, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of a single subcutaneously administered bovine antiserum injection (0.031 g of IgG/kg of body weight) and pooled colostrum administration on efficiency of Ig absorption and on 24-h plasma IgG concentration in neonatal bull calves. Twenty-nine male dairy calves (21 Holsteins and 8 Jerseys) were assigned randomly at parturition to receive one of four treatments: 1) colostrum (n = 9), 2) colostrum and bovine antiserum injection (n = 7), 3) milk replacer (n = 5), or 4) milk replacer and bovine antiserum injection (n = 8). At birth, calves either did or did not receive an injection of bovine antiserum and were fed pooled colostrum or milk replacer (Holsteins, 3.8 L; Jerseys, 1.9 L) via an esophageal feeder. Blood was collected immediately before administration of the colostrum or milk replacer, then again at 24 and 48 h postpartum. Immunoglobulin G concentrations of colostrum, milk replacer, antiserum, and plasma were monitored by single radial immunodiffusion. Colostrum administration and injection of bovine antiserum each increased plasma Ig concentration at 24 h posttreatment. In addition, antiserum injection increased the apparent efficiency of absorption of colostral Ig by 42% over that for calves fed colostrum alone. The increase in plasma IgG for antiserum-treated calves exceeded the total amount of IgG administered in the antiserum injection; hence, this increase appeared to be the result of an increase in total absorption of colostral IgG, or possibly antiserum injection somehow triggered active synthesis of IgG. Injection of antiserum might possibly serve as a beneficial adjunct to a colostrum management program by enhancing the acquisition of passive immunity from colostral sources.