一种新的累加自动地形生成方法*

提出了一种新的基于分形的累加自动地形生成方法,首先引入断裂形成算法作为地形高度生成器的初始模型,通过控制幅度和迭代次数,生成形态各异的地形轮廓,然后从分形理论fBM数学模型出发,使用中点位移法对初始模型进行迭代处理,生成丰富的地形细节。该方法的主要优点是自动性和可控性的结合,一方面通过设置断裂形成算法的参数可以自动生成特征模板,另一方面通过控制分形参数,生成任意层次的地形细节。实验表明,使用该方法可以生成真实感较强的地形,该方法是可行且有效的。     

基于概要图的数字地形生成方法

针对地形生成算法在易用性、可控性、真实感、速度等方面难以平衡的问题, 提出了一种基于概要图的地形生成方法. 该方法使用生成对抗网络, 在隐空间中对地形坡度、坡向等信息建模, 使生成的地形符合用户手绘概要图约束. 提出基于地形高度图的概要图提取算法, 可从真实地形高度图中提取出类似用户手绘效果的概要图, 快速构建数据集. 提出多尺度地形细节填充算法, 通过引入多尺度的概念, 使地形纹理细节得到了动态补充, 真实感美观度大幅提升. 提出了基于用户反馈的地形满意度评价方法, 并据此进行实验验证, 结果表明该地形生成方法可以准确高效地生成符合用户预期的数字地形.     

结合深度图像和强度图像的人脸浅浮雕生成算法

针对单纯基于深度图像压缩方法生成的三维浮雕模型容易存在大量噪声,并且易丢失细节的问题,为了生成特征表达准确且具有艺术美感的人脸浅浮雕,提出一种基于三维深度图像和与之对应的二维强度图像的混合人脸浅浮雕的生成算法.首先对三维深度图像的高度场进行压缩生成浮雕基网格;然后提取二维强度图像的灰度信息、梯度信息和显著度信息,并基于显著度信息对基网格的高度场相应地叠加灰度和梯度信息,以保持脸部五官的细节;最后根据显著度信息使用Laplace算子对网格进行光顺处理,使脸部光滑.实验结果表明,与单纯使用基于深度图像压缩方法相比,文中算法生成的浅浮雕模型可以更好地保持五官的细节特征;与基于图像的浮雕生成方法相比,该算法避免了复杂交互操作,可以更好地保持人脸的整体轮廓和形状.     

一种新的兼具自动性和可控性的地形生成方法

文章给出了一种面向虚拟环境的地形自动生成新方法。首先引入Perlin噪声作为地形高度生成器的基本模型,通过控制噪声的幅度和频率,生成形态各异的地形特征模板,然后从分形理论中的fBM数学模型出发,使用中点位移法对特征模板进行迭代处理,进一步生成丰富的地形细节。该方法的主要优点是自动性和可控性的结合,一方面根据设定的参数可以自动生成特征模板,以少量的数据来表征地形大致外貌,另一方面通过控制分形迭代参数,可以生成任意层次的地形细节。实践证明,用该方法在普通PC平台上能够生成真实感较强的地形,是一种在虚拟环境中自动产生地形的实用方法。     

基于最小生成树的加权中值滤波算法

根据图像纹理分布特点,提出一种基于最小生成树的加权中值滤波算法。依据最小生成树计算像素点的相关度,对像素点进行初次分类。对初次分类中不能确定性质的像素点,采用模糊理论进行二次分类。根据像素点的分类结果,保持像素点的原有灰度值或采用不同的滤波方法进行滤波处理。仿真实验结果表明,在去除噪声和图像细节保持方面,该算法优于其他中值滤波算法。     

地形可视化中的改进Geoclipmap算法

在大地形实时绘制中,大规模的地形数据和有限的硬件数据通信带宽是限制地形绘制效率的主要原因。在Geoclipmap算法的基础上,通过使用几何场景图(GSG)组织结构提高数据外存加载效率,在mipmap棱锥生成过程中采取sinc滤波方法进行重采样,避免地形细节丢失。为减少CPU到图形处理器（GPU）的数据流量,提出一种基于层次包围球的二级视锥体裁剪技术,并将法线的生成放到GPU的片段着色器中。实验结果表明,算法保持地形真实感,并有效提高绘制效率,能满足大地形的实时渲染要求。     

基于曲率的小比例尺地貌晕渲图生成方法

晕渲法是在平面地图上产生地貌立体效果的主要方法。以DEM(Digital Elevation Model)数据为基础,由计算机自动生成的小比例尺地貌晕渲图,通常有很多干扰的地形细节,影响晕渲图的整体效果。提出一种新的小比例尺地貌晕渲图生成方法,该方法将DEM数据整体滤波后,借助曲率属性提取特征地形并做夸大或加深处理,再利用处理后的数据生成晕渲图。实验表明:该方法有效地移除了破碎的地形细节,同时保护重要的特征地形,生成的晕渲图整体效果很好。     

基于灰度值算法与Diamond-Square算法的三维地形生成

分形地形的生成是三维自然景物的模拟的重要组成之一。研究了基于灰度值算法与分形插值算法的三维分形地形的生成。利用灰度值算法或Diamond-Square算法生成高度数据,同时作平滑处理,然后对高度数据着色并利用OpenGL纹理映射技术实现三维分形地形的生成并显示。这种方法可按照地形需求改变地形崎岖程度和地貌,在实验上基本上达到了真实感的效果。     

一种结合双线性插值和Perlin Noise的地形生成算法

针对传统三维地形生成算法在生成大规模地形数据时用时较多的问题,提出了一种结合双线性插值和Perlin Noise的地形生成算法.该方法首先将初始地形数据进行扩展,之后利用双线性插值和Perlin Noise进行地形细节生成.该方法能够有效降低生成大规模地形数据时的时间,并且该算法还可利用低分率地形数据生成高分辨率地形数据.     

利用动态多分辨率LOD技术的地形简化研究

使用三角形二叉树数据结构,对地形进行合适的分块处理,使得每次只处理局部的地形;提出包围球与包围圆锥混合的方法对地形进行合理的裁剪,并依据视点变化和对应的顶点误差生成自适应地形层次细节。减少了大量的冗余操作,避免了裂缝的出现和细节转换时地形的跳跃问题,减少了数据处理量并降低了计算复杂度。     

利用小波进行多尺度地形生成方法的研究

针对随机中点位移法难以生成符合ｆＢｍ特征的三维地形之缺点，本文把地形看成层次性随机统计过程，提出了利用小波进行多尺度地形生成的新方法，首先利用扩展的随机－相关法按给定的地形参数（均值、地形高程标准差、地形相关长度、地形粗糙度等）形成一定数量用来表示地形骨架的地形特征点，然后与通过小波机制产生的多尺度地形局部细节信号相综合，通过小波多尺度合成获得符合要求的具有任意细节水平的“真实”的三维地形。试验证明这一方法切实可行，可作为随机中点位移法的改进     

地形生成技术与方法的研究

三维地形生成与仿真有助于更好地理解地形结构和提高地理数据分析的水平,但由于实际地形起伏千差 万别,非常不规则,因此按给定条件进行地形的生成与仿真是非常困难的.本文把地形看成随机统计过程,将分形 几何模型与随机点生成技术及实用回归技术相结合,提出了一套切实可行的地形生成技术与方法,在给定地形特 征或地形参数(如平均高程、最大高程及其位置、最小高程及其位置、高程标准差、相关长度等)条件,通过模拟符合 地形统计特征的随机过程,即可通过计算机自动产生符合要求的“真实”的三维地形。模拟与仿真的结果证明了本 方法的可     

Domino Tiling: A New Method of Real-Time Conforming Mesh Construction for Rendering Changeable Height Fields

In this paper we present a novel GPU-oriented method of creating an inherently continuous triangular mesh for tile-based rendering of regular height fields. The method is based on tiling data-independent semi-regular meshes of non-uniform structure, a technique that is quite different from other mesh tiling approaches. A complete, memory efficient set of mesh patterns is created by an off-line procedure and stored into the graphics adapter's memory at runtime. At rendering time, for each tile, one of the precomputed mesh patterns is selected for rendering. The selected mesh pattern fits the required level of details of the tile and ensures seamless connection with other adjacent mesh patterns, like in a game of dominoes. The scalability potential of the proposed method is demonstrated through quadtree hierarchical grouping of tiles. The efficiency is verified by experimental results on height fields for terrain representation, where the method achieves high frame rates and sustained triangle throughput on high resolution viewports with sub-pixel error tolerance. Frame rate sensitivity to real-time modifications of the height field is measured, and it is shown that the method is very tolerant and consequently well tailored for applications dealing with rapidly changeable phenomena represented by height fields.     

由等高线重构曲面的HASMOC方法应用研究

HASM优化控制方法（High Accuracy Surface Modeling-Optimal Control,HASMOC）是在高精度曲面建模（HASM）方法的基础上,增加更多约束条件方程后形成的一种方法。通过对等高线间格网点高程范围的约束优化控制,最小化HASM基本方程的模,HASMOC方法既能保证地形曲面的整体光滑性,又保证地形曲面对于原始等高线数据的忠实性。实际案例表明,HASMOC方法得到的地形曲面结果优于TIN方法的地形曲面模拟结果;比较分析地形曲面的回放等高线、地形光滑程度和地形曲面的高程分布频率等,可以看出,HASMOC方法能较好地克服TIN的缺点。     

屏幕空间自适应的地形Tessellation绘制

为了在大规模真实感地形渲染中利用GPU硬件加速的Tessellation技术,在对地形Tessellation原理分析的基础上,提出一种屏幕空间自适应的地形Tessellation绘制算法,实现了在GPU内部对地形模型的三角形自适应细分。该算法采用Tile和Patch的形式对地形数据进行分层组织,在CPU和GPU上分别以Tile和Patch为基础实现地形LOD(level of detail)的自适应简化;提出在Hull Shader上基于Patch边界的细分系数计算模型,确保了Patch细分时的无缝连接;给出了Domain Shader上置换贴图的处理过程,以实现细分顶点的高程纹理映射;并且采用了两级视锥体裁剪机制,减少了渲染数据的冗余量。实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的屏幕空间自适应性和渲染性能,能够在输入粗糙网格的基础上,渲染输出高分辨率几何细节特征的地形模型。     

Terrain synthesis from digital elevation models

In this paper, we present an example-based system for terrain synthesis. In our approach, patches from a sample terrain (represented by a height field) are used to generate a new terrain. The synthesis is guided by a user-sketched feature map that specifies where terrain features occur in the resulting synthetic terrain. Our system emphasizes large-scale curvilinear features (ridges and valleys) because such features are the dominant visual elements in most terrains. Both the example height field and user's sketch map are analyzed using a technique from the field of geomorphology. The system finds patches from the example data that match the features found in the user's sketch. Patches are joined together using graph cuts and Poisson editing. The order in which patches are placed in the synthesized terrain is determined by breadth-first traversal of a feature tree and this generates improved results over standard raster-scan placement orders. Our technique supports user-controlled terrain synthesis in a wide variety of styles, based upon the visual richness of real-world terrain data.     

A fault tolerant gait for a hexapod robot over uneven terrain

The fault tolerant gait of legged robots in static walking is a gait which maintains its stability against a fault event preventing a leg from having the support state. In this paper, a fault tolerant quadruped gait is proposed for a hexapod traversing uneven terrain with forbidden regions, which do not offer viable footholds but can be stepped over. By comparing performance of straight-line motion and crab walking over even terrain, it is shown that the proposed gait has better mobility and terrain adaptability than previously developed gaits. Based on the proposed gait, we present a method for the generation of the fault tolerant locomotion of a hexapod over uneven terrain with forbidden regions. The proposed method minimizes the number of legs on the ground during walking, and foot adjustment algorithm is used for avoiding steps on forbidden regions. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy over uneven terrain is demonstrated with a computer simulation.     

基于形态学图像处理的定日镜故障诊断方法研究

针对如何在塔式太阳能发电系统中快速确定故障定日镜的问题,通过对采集到的定日镜场图像进行图像二值化等预处理操作,利用形态学开闭运算消除阴影、支架等无关信息,得到形态学去噪后的目标图像,提取每个定日镜连通分量,并与定日镜场正常图像进行灰度值比较,从而识别并标注出灰度值异常的故障定日镜。为检验本算法,选取了定日镜现场图像为测试图像进行仿真实验,结果显示,形态学图像处理技术在定日镜场故障诊断中具有较高的准确性和可靠性。     

Forest canopy height and carbon estimation at Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, UK, using dual-wavelength SAR interferometry

Forest canopy height is a critical parameter in better quantifying the terrestrial carbon cycle. It can be used to estimate aboveground biomass and carbon pools stored in the vegetation, and predict timber yield for forest management. Polarimetric SAR interferometry (PolInSAR) uses polarimetric separation of scattering phase centers derived from interferometry to estimate canopy height. A limitation of PolInSAR is that it relies on sufficient scattering phase center separation at each pixel to be able to derive accurate forest canopy height estimates. The effect of wavelength-dependent penetration depth into the canopy is known to be strong, and could potentially lead to a better height separation than relying on polarization combinations at one wavelength alone. Here we present a new method for canopy height mapping using dual-wavelength SAR interferometry (InSAR) at X- and L-band. The method is based on the scattering phase center separation at different wavelengths. It involves the generation of a smoothed interpolated terrain elevation model underneath the forest canopy from repeat-pass L-band InSAR data. The terrain model is then used to remove the terrain component from the single-pass X-band interferometric surface height to estimate forest canopy height. The ability of L-band to map terrain height under vegetation relies on sufficient spatial heterogeneity of the density of scattering elements that scatter L-band electromagnetic waves within each resolution cell. The method is demonstrated with airborne X-band VV polarized single-pass and L-band HH polarized repeat-pass SAR interferometry using data acquired by the E-SAR sensor over Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, UK. This is one of the first radar studies of a semi-natural deciduous woodland that exhibits considerable spatial heterogeneity of vegetation type and density. The canopy height model is validated using airborne imaging LIDAR data acquired by the Environment Agency. The rmse of the LIDAR canopy height estimates compared to theodolite data is 2.15 m (relative error 17.6%). The rmse of the dual-wavelength InSAR-derived canopy height model compared to LIDAR is 3.49 m (relative error 28.5%). From the canopy height maps carbon pools are estimated using allometric equations. The results are compared to a field survey of carbon pools and rmse values are presented. The dual-wavelength InSAR method could potentially be delivered from a spaceborne constellation similar to the TerraSAR system.