无核葡萄自交胚挽救技术研究

本文以二倍体种子败育型无核品种奥迪亚无核、红宝石无核、希姆劳特、无核白鸡心自交胚珠为材料,分析亲本基因型、取样时期、胚发育培养温度对无核葡萄胚挽救效果的影响。结果显示:亲本选择对胚挽救效果影响显著,不同品种自交胚发育率和萌发率从高到低为:奥迪亚无核自交、红宝石无核自交、希姆劳特自交、无核白鸡心自交;不同品种自交最佳取样期不同,奥迪亚无核、希姆劳特自交最佳取样期为授粉后54 d,红宝石无核自交胚珠最佳取样期为授粉后61 d;奥迪亚无核、红宝石无核的自交胚珠在25℃培养的胚发育率都显著高于4℃条件下胚发育率,胚珠在低温下培养会抑制胚的发育。     

几个鲜食葡萄品种的抗寒性比较

本文对引进的18个鲜食葡萄品种的抗寒性进行了比较,结果表明:矢富罗莎、大粒六月紫、红玉霓、葡萄园皇后、京秀等抗寒性较强;无核白鸡心、红提、奇妙无核、克瑞森无核和宝石无核等抗寒力较弱,有核品种抗寒力强于无核品种。     

第一个三倍体葡萄品种

早已确定,欧亚种葡萄的某些品种中有染色体加倍(2n=76)的类型(B.NePel.1929;E.Wagner.1958等;到目前为止,较有名的四倍体品种有大粒白沙斯拉、大粒粉红沙斯拉。在凉州牧、里斯林、沙巴斯、无核白、无核紫、白玫瑰等品种的一些大粒类     

美人指等13个葡萄品种引种初报

本试验于1999年1月引进美人指、粉红亚都蜜、优无核、秦龙大穗、无核白鸡心、皇家秋天奇妙无核、红宝石无核、维多利亚、京玉、夏黑无核、高妻、红双味等13个葡萄品种，以巨峰为对照，定植在常德市澧县小渡口镇，观测了其生长特性、物候期及其果实产量与品质。结果表明：13个品种于避雨栽培条件下，适应常德市澧县的气候条件，定植后第二年美人指等品种平均株产超过7.5kg，品质较好，可在湖南适量发展。     

湖南部分鲜食葡萄及刺葡萄杂交后代对霜霉病的抗性鉴定

本试验采用室内离体叶圆片接种试验的方法,研究了阳光玫瑰、夏至红、红宝石无核、香妃等20个鲜食葡萄品种及刺葡萄杂交后代对霜霉病的抗病性。试验初步筛选出金皇后、夏至红、红宝石无核、巨玫瑰、香妃等几个抗病品种,其中金皇后抗性最强,其他几个品种为感病品种,奥地亚无核最感病,并对部分刺葡萄杂种后代对霜霉病的抗病性进行了初步评价。     

5个晚熟鲜食葡萄品种的引种观察

以红地球、魏可、红宝石无核、巴西、秋红5个晚熟鲜食葡萄品种为试材,在避雨设施条件下,对其主要物候期、果实经济性状、产量等情况进行观察。结果表明:5个品种间在成熟期、产量、品质、结果习性、抗病性等方面有着明显差异;按综合性状比较,表现最好的是红宝石无核,其次为红地球,红宝石无核在避雨栽培条件下在我区有着很好的推广价值。     

不同葡萄类型光合特性的对比研究初报

本文以腺枝葡萄、刺葡萄、毛葡萄、夕阳红、金星无核、红宝石无核为试材,运用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定系统测定了5个葡萄种类品种的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度、蒸腾速率等,结果表明:腺枝葡萄的净光合速率比普通栽培品种夕阳红要高,且不表现"午休现象"。腺枝葡萄在光合性能方面比葡萄栽培品种具有更优越的表现,可以作为高光合育种材料。     

‘红宝石无核’与玫瑰香型葡萄杂交胚挽救技术研究

为了培育玫瑰香型、无核、大粒葡萄新品种,以二倍体‘红宝石无核’葡萄做母本,二倍体‘玫瑰香’葡萄和四倍体‘巨玫瑰’葡萄作父本杂交,进行不同父本、发育培养基、萌发培养基对无核葡萄胚挽救效果影响的研究。结果显示:杂交组合‘红宝石无核’ב玫瑰香’的胚发育率和胚萌发率较‘红宝石无核’ב巨玫瑰’的要高;适于杂交组合‘红宝石无核’ב玫瑰香’‘红宝石无核’ב巨玫瑰’杂交胚发育的培养基为:Nitsch+1.5 mol/L IAA+0.5 mol/L 6-BA+0.5 mol/L GA3+60 g/L蔗糖+5 g/L琼脂+1 g/L活性炭;1/2MS和WPM均可作为‘红宝石无核’ב玫瑰香’的萌发培养基,其中1/2MS作为‘红宝石无核’ב玫瑰香’的萌发培养基效果较好。     

“北冰红”山葡萄新品种适宜砧木的筛选

北冰红枝条作接穗,左山一、双红、公酿一号和贝达葡萄枝条作砧木进行硬枝嫁接试验,筛选出北冰红适宜的砧木为贝达,其嫁接生根率平均76.1%,催根幼苗根系多,移栽苗圃地成活率高,出圃成苗率72.1%.北冰红与公酿一号、双红和左山一嫁接生根率平均37.8%、分别低于北冰红硬枝扦插和贝达嫁接41.5%和38.3%,公酿一号、双红和左山一的枝条不宜作北冰红硬枝嫁接的砧木.     

美国人为失去有籽品种不感到惋惜

在加州8月末,Schletewitz家庭农场生产的葡萄有４个品种在市场上出售,它们是火焰无核 （Flame Seedless)、汤姆逊无核（Thompson Seedless）、小粒“汤姆逊”和红地球,红地球在标签上被描述为“世界上果粒最大的生食葡萄”,一个“没有额外处理的有籽”品种。大多数美国人愿意花高价购买无核葡萄,葡萄育种者被迫不断向生产上投放无核品种来弥补汤姆逊无核的不足,后者是所有无核品种的前辈。火焰无核是70年代育成的,现在美国市场上位居第二。红地球在美国市场上很少,除了它有核以外,还有其他原因,大多数的红地球被出口到亚洲,在…     

Field performance of organically propagated and grown strawberry plugs and fresh plants

This research was carried out during the growing seasons of 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 years in Ayd?n province in Turkey. Ayd?n is 50 km from the Aegean Sea, at an altitude of 74 m. Field performance of strawberry plants that were propagated and grown organically were investigated in order to determine the marketable yield. Chandler and Camarosa runner plants were planted separately in trays containing either perlite, peat, a 1:1 mix of perlite + peat, or sand for rooting. Fifty‐cell plug trays filled with peat were used for rooting plug plants. Rooted plants grown in either peat, perlite, the 1:1 mixture or sand were considered as fresh plants. Cold‐stored and bare‐root (frigo) nursery plants were used as controls. Results of the present study showed that peat‐grown and plug plants rooted and grew more vigorously than those grown in perlite, the perlite + peat mix or sand in the rooting unit. Plug plants had a high field performance in terms of marketable yield in organic conditions. Yields were higher and better than fresh plants and equal to bare‐root cold‐stored plants. In conclusion we suggest that strawberry runner plants can be easily propagated in plugs under organic conditions and used successfully for growing strawberries organically. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

砂和珍珠岩混合无机基质在烤烟漂浮育苗的应用

为寻求可替代草炭、使用简便的烤烟育苗基质,采用不同配比的砂和珍珠岩混拌进行育苗试验。结果表明,适宜配比的砂和珍珠岩混合无机基质可满足烟苗出苗和生长发育的要求。适宜的混配比例(体积比)为砂20%～40%,珍珠岩80%～60%,最优组成是30%砂+70%珍珠岩,所培育的烟苗出苗率达95%以上,螺旋根发生率低于2%,成苗率大于93%,与对照无显著差异,壮苗率高于对照,育苗成本降低45.18%～47.50%,经济效益明显,可完全替代常规漂浮育苗的草炭基质。     

Comparative evaluation of oxidative enzyme activities during adventitious rooting in the cuttings of grapevine rootstocks

BACKGROUND: This study investigated changes in peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities through adventitious rooting in hardwood cuttings of grapevine rootstocks. Three grapevine rootstocks with different propensity to produce adventitious roots were selected: recalcitrant (Ramsey), non‐recalcitrant (Rupestris du Lot) and intermediate (99R) cultivars. RESULTS: The averages of root number at 65 days were 96 in Lot, 76 in 99R and 30 in Ramsey. Both enzyme activities characteristically increased before adventitious rooting, regardless of rooting ability of the rootstocks, and then decreased. POX activity increased in Ramsey cuttings at 22 days, in Lot and 99R cuttings at 14 days after planting, and then decreased gradually until 51 days. The highest POX activity was determined in Ramsey rootstock with the highest rooting ability and the lowest activity was determined in the rootstocks with the lowest rooting ability. PPO activity gradually increased in Ramsey rootstock cuttings from 10 days to 22 days, in Lot and 99R cuttings at 14 days, and then decreased until 51 days. A significant correlation was identified between high POX activity and adventitious rooting capability in rootstocks, but the same result was not determined with PPO activity. CONCLUSION: A recalcitrant rooting variety cannot increase POX activity sufficiently before rooting. Therefore applications that could increase POX activity in stem cuttings during rooting may facilitate increased rooting in such rootstocks. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

烟草简易型直播漂浮式育苗技术研究

研究了烟草的直播漂浮式育苗,包括基质、育苗盘、施肥、剪叶及炼苗等方面的试验。开发出适合中国实际的简易型配套技术。应用该技术可生产出均匀、健壮的烟苗。与传统的营养土两段育苗相比,成本降低78%,劳力节省91.7%,苗床面积减少91.7%。成功地开发出炭化谷壳和炭化玉米德轴两种新质。试验证明,其育苗效果与蛙石、泥炭、白云母、岩棉等相当,且成本低廉,不滋生藻类。育苗盘以200型成苗质量最佳。起始营养增添微量元素并在出苗后20天添加一次营养液。剪叶频率以4天为宜。成苗后控制水肥炼苗,以4~6天较好。      

氮磷钾化肥配合施用对无核白葡萄品质与产量的影响

通过大田施肥试验研究了尿素、过磷酸钙、硫酸钾不同施用水平对无核白葡萄产量与品质的影响.结果表明,氮磷钾合理配施可有利于维持葡萄树体营养生长和生殖生长的平衡,适宜配比可增加葡萄坐果数与单果重,提高产量;并增加葡萄果实中Vc、可溶性固形物和有机酸含量,改善果实品质.整体而言,葡萄生长季的栽培过程中氮磷钾(N:P2O5:K2O)的追施比例为1:0.5～0.8:1时,表现出最佳的经济效益和最高的产量.     

秸秆气化残余物在烟草漂浮育苗系统中的应用研究

为解决基质成本的问题,拟选用1种新型基质材料—秸杆气化残余物（以下简称稻草灰）,通过烟草育苗试验,研究了稻草灰与常用栽培基质—泥炭的不同配比对烟草苗期生长的影响。通过测定和分析烟草苗期生物量和形态指标以及光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量、根系活力等生理指标,结果表明:稻草灰完全替代泥炭作为栽培基质是可行的;部分替代泥炭将会取得更好的效果,最佳替代比例为40%(v/v),即在所有基质配比方案中以泥炭:稻草灰:蛭石:珍珠岩=30:20:20:30（v/v）为最好,且可培育出高品质的幼苗;由试验结果还反推出烟草苗期氮磷钾养分需求比例N:P2O5:K2O应在1:0.35:0.75左右。      

低温贮藏结合SO2保鲜剂对无核白葡萄保鲜效果研究

以新疆无核白葡萄为试材,研究了在不同贮藏温度（0、-1℃）下CT-2、CT-5保鲜剂处理的葡萄果实品质变化。结果表明:低温配合保鲜剂处理能有效抑制果穗呼吸,减少葡萄贮藏期间的腐烂率、落粒率、果穗失重率,延缓果实贮藏过程中可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量的下降,使果梗耐拉力保持较高水平。其中-1℃结合保鲜剂贮藏能够减轻果实漂白伤害,贮藏70 d的漂白率为2.69%,好果率也显著高于其余处理,为88.15%（p<0.05）,处理效果更好。综上所述,-1℃结合保鲜剂处理能够有效延长无核白葡萄贮藏期,保持果实品质。      

Growth and mineral acquisition response of grapevine rootstocks (Vitis spp.) to inoculation with different strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)

BACKGROUND: Effects of the plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains Burkholderia gladii BA‐7, Bacillus subtilis OSU‐142, Bacillus megatorium M‐3 and Azospirillum brasilense Sp 245 on vegetative development and mineral uptake of 1103 P and 41 B grapevine rootstocks were investigated. The roots of nursery plants of the grapevine rootstocks were immersed in bacterial solutions and transplanted to a sterilised peat and perlite mixture in 5 L pots. Plants were cultivated in a semi‐controlled glasshouse during the vegetation period. RESULTS: Vegetative development of grapevine rootstocks was obviously promoted by bacterial inoculation, with the maximum increase induced by Sp 245. Inoculation with Sp 245 also significantly improved the chlorophyll concentrations of the leaves of the two rootstocks. Among the bacteria, OSU‐142 also significantly stimulated vegetative development and mineral acquisition of the plants. Nutrient contents of the leaf blades of the plants were generally higher than those of control plants. CONCLUSION: Overall investigations revealed that A. brasilense Sp 245 and B. subtilis OSU‐142 performed more efficiently than the other strains. Therefore these bacteria seem to have considerable potential in reducing the need for inorganic fertiliser. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

A PROCEDURE FOR QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF MALIC AND TARTARIC ACIDS OF GRAPE JUICE

The ion-exchange behaviors of succinic, malic and tartaric acids on Amberlite resins are evaluated. Retention and detector response data on silyl derivatives of several organic acids are presented. A procedure for the purification of grape juice by use of ion-exchange resins prior to gas chromatography is described. The malic and tartaric acid contents (g/100 ml juice) respectively, of commercially acceptable grapes were found to be: Thompson Seedless 0.25, 0.90; Cardinal 0.31, 0.91; Beauty Seedless 0.19, 0.62; Perlette 0.26, 0.97; Exotic 0.27, 0.36; and Robin 0.41, 0.37.     

铁(Fe2+)对红地球葡萄试管苗生长发育的影响

通过向培养基中添加Fe2 (Fe-EDTA),以探讨Fe2 对葡萄试管苗生长发育的影响。结果表明:随Fe2 浓度的升高,根萌动时间提前,芽萌动时间推迟,根冠比和叶绿素含量增加;Fe2 浓度为13.9mg/L时,株高、节间数、叶片数以及地上部干鲜重均达到最大。Fe2 浓度低于13.9mg/L时,根系活力随Fe2 浓度升高而增强,而Fe2 浓度高于13.9mg/L时,根系活力随Fe2 浓度升高而减弱。