基于PLL的数字式频率合成器分析

文章简要介绍了数字式频率合成器的工作原理，在此基础上提出了实现数字式频率合成器的设计方案。并依据其实现形式引出了单环和双环数字锁相式频率合成器的实现方案。尤其是对双环数字锁相式频率合成器作了较详细的分析。     

基于双环X波段低相噪频率合成器的设计与实现

基于相位噪声特性,对数字锁相式频率合成器进行了研究和分析。在对比传统单环锁相技术的基础上,介绍了一种双环技术的X波段低相噪锁相式频率合成器。在满足小频率步进、低杂散的情况下,设计所得到的X波段频率合成器其绝对相位噪声≤-100 dBc/Hz@1 kHz。     

C频段宽带低杂散频率合成器的设计与实现

在此介绍了小数分频锁相频率合成器的相关理论。设计一个带宽为580 MHz、杂散抑制度≤-60 d Bc、相位噪声≤-85 d Bc/Hz@10 k Hz的C频段宽带低杂散频率合成器。利用双环锁相频率合成技术和小数分频锁相技术,实现了宽带、低杂散的锁相频率合成器的设计。最后经过测试近端杂散指标≤-60 d Bc,远端杂散指标≤-70 d Bc,偏移10 k Hz的相位噪声为-89.95 d Bc/Hz,技术指标都优于设计要求。     

一种双环高速跳频频率合成器

文章介绍了双环锁相频率合成器的电路设计方法、频率关系计算方法和频率的置换方法。     

一种基于双环小数分频锁相的低杂散频综设计

为解决传统单环小数分频锁相电路存在的整数边界杂散的问题,该文设计了一种基于双环小数分频锁相的电路结构。设置两级锁相环,通过前级锁相环产生可变参考信号,进入后级小数锁相环进行频率合成,实现了宽带小步进、低杂散频综的设计,电路结构简单,可靠性高;同时也提高了宽带频率合成器在细步进模式下的杂散抑制能力,是一种实现宽带细步进频率合成的好方法。     

X频段取样锁相频率合成器——PDRO

对取样锁相频率合成器的工作原理、技术特点等进行了描述,着重分析了其低相噪、低杂散特性,讨论了环路滤波器与环路扩捕的设计对环路稳定性的贡献,最后给出了X频段取样锁相频率合成器的电技指标.     

一种基于集成锁相技术的宽带频率合成器

简述了机载火控雷达频率合成器的设计方法,着重介绍了一种基于集成锁相技术式的宽带、高可靠的实用型频率合成器.对合成器相噪指标、带宽、捷变频时间进行了深入分析,详细阐述了合成器的设计思想和电路实现方案,其相噪指标类似于锁相合成器而频率切换时间类似于直接合成器.合成器具有大带宽、捷变频、低相噪等特点,可应用于小型化的雷达及信号模拟器系统.     

低相噪高纯谱数字捷变频合器的实现

介绍一种X波段频率合成器的设计方案,此方案将直接式和数字锁相相结合,完成快速捷变功能。     

低相噪数字锁相间接频率合成器的研究

在较详细分析常规移频数字锁相频率合成器的基础上,提出了倍相反馈、双反馈及相噪相消三种以数字锁相为核心的低相噪间接频率合成器,并对此进行了较详细的理论分析和讨论。     

低相噪、低杂散数字锁相频率合成器

本文分析了数字锁相频率合成器的相位噪声,用控制论方法对低相噪、低杂散锁相环的环路滤波器进行了设计,并通过某L波段频率合成器的成功研制得到了验证。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks