固溶温度和晶粒尺寸对S31608不锈钢挤压管超低温冲击功的影响

对1060～1020℃固溶、晶粒尺寸50.2～17.6μm的S31608不锈钢(/%:0.065C,16.50Cr, 11.80Ni, 2.2Mo)Φ168 mm×13 mm挤压无缝管进行了20℃和-40～-269℃超低温冲击试验。并用扫描电子显微镜进行冲击断口分析。结果表明,S31608钢在-296～20℃具有较高冲击功,即290～360 J,且晶粒尺寸只对-80℃和-120℃冲击功明显的影响,25.3～50.2μm晶粒钢(1060～1040℃固溶处理)的-80℃和-120℃冲击功为330～360 J,17.6μm晶粒钢(1020℃固溶处理)的-80℃和-120℃冲击功为320～360 J。     

碳在热轧316L、310S奥氏体不锈钢-0.16%C Q345钢复合板界面的扩散行为

0.017%C 316L/0.076%C 310S钢与0.160%C Q345钢复合坯经1 200℃2 h加热,开轧1 150℃,终轧1 000℃,道次压下量20%~25%,轧制5道次,轧成试验用复合板。采用Thermo-Calc软件计算了复合板中不锈钢的伪二元平衡相图,得到了316L和310S钢在轧制温度下析出碳化物的临界碳含量分别为0.082%和0.076%,并利用菲克第二扩散定律对碳在热轧不锈钢-低碳钢复合板中的浓度分布进行分析计算,据此得出316L钢和310S钢碳的扩散距离分别为10μm和12μm(碳在316L钢中扩散距离为7μm),并与草酸腐蚀试验结果基本相符。复层用316L钢的复合板的耐蚀性优于310S钢。     

316L奥氏体不锈钢的氮合金化

采用金相显微镜、XRD、拉伸试验机及高低温冲击试验机等,并结合Thermo-calc软件计算研究了氮对316L奥氏体不锈钢微观组织、析出相、力学性能和耐点蚀性能的影响.结果表明:氮合金化能够抑制316L不锈钢中σ相和Chi相的析出,增加Cr2N的析出倾向,对奥氏体晶粒细化不明显;氮的添加能够提高316L不锈钢的室温强度和-100℃以上温度的夏比冲击功,降低-100℃以下的夏比冲击功,但对室温拉伸塑性影响不明显.此外,氮能够改善316L不锈钢的耐点蚀能力.     

奥氏体化温度对辗压圈圆成型NM360-YLJ耐磨钢组织与性能的影响

设计研发了360度辊压成型压路机振轮耐磨钢NM360-YLJ,研究结果表明:最佳的奥氏体化温度为870～910℃,淬火马氏体板条上分布着沿多个惯析方向析出的碳化物,宽度15～50 mm,长度60～110 mm,马氏体板条束内包含多个由大角度晶界构成的板条块,大角度晶界取向差主要分布在60°左右,所占比例为63.5%～66.9%,马氏体块宽度0.08～6.6μm,钢的屈服强度980～1 000 MPa、抗拉强度1 182～1 198 MPa、延伸率22%～25%、表面维氏硬度值363～379HV, -40℃低温冲击功160～175 J,具有良好的强韧性匹配以及辊压成型性能。     

长期时效对一种镍基合金组织及冲击性能的影响

研究了一种合金在750℃、800℃、850℃长期时效过程中室温冲击性能与组织变化的关系。利用扫描电子显微镜对合金显微组织、冲击断口进行了观察;利用透射电镜对析出相进行了鉴定;通过相分析方法定量分析了长期时效过程中碳化物相的重量百分数。结果表明:该合金在750～850℃长期时效过程中主要有两种碳化物,分别为MC(微量)和M23C6。M23C6在晶界析出且其析出量受时效时间及温度的影响;合金的冲击韧性随着时效时间延长呈下降趋势,温度愈高下降愈快,其断裂方式以沿晶断裂为主;合金的冲击韧性随着晶界M23C6浓度的提高而降低,且基本呈线性关系;链条状连续析出对室温冲击韧性不利,为使合金具有一定的冲击功(Ak>10J/cm2),时效温度不宜高于750℃,时效时间不宜长于1000h。     

时效处理对15-5PH沉淀硬化马氏体不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了1000℃和1040℃30min水冷固溶480～620℃4 h时效对15-5PH钢(/%:0.065C、0.46Si、0.58Mn、0.022P、0.004S、14.77Cr、5.19Ni、2.91 Cu、0.22Nb)组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,该钢在480℃4 h时效后,开始析出富铜相和碳化物Nb(C,N),随时效温度升高,部分析出相长大;550℃时效15-5PH钢具有最佳综合力学性能:屈服强度R_p0.2530～625 MPa,抗拉强度R_m1050～1070 MPa,冲击功值a_kv113～115 J/cm²。     

时效处理对Cr20Ni32AlTi合金室温冲击性能的影响

 研究了铁镍基耐热耐蚀合金Cr20Ni32AlTi在1150℃、15min固溶处理并经450~850℃、05~5h的时效处理后室温冲击性能的变化规律。结果表明,450℃时效冲击性能最好。随时效温度升高,时效时间延长,冲击性能下降。450~850℃时效时,在合金晶界上有碳化物M23C6析出,且随温度增加和时间延长,析出增加。850℃时冲击功最低,此时碳化物M23C6析出相呈连续颗粒状析出,布满整个晶界。且观察到一些部位碳化物M23C6析出相形成薄膜,冲击时因基体变形而脆断成条块状。     

高压锅炉用12Cr2Mo高强韧406mm×40.5mm钢管的热处理、组织和性能

试验用12Cr2Mo(/%:0.09C,0.30Si,0.34Mn,0.007P,0.006S,2.10Cr,0.93Mo,0.014Al)406 mm×40.5 mm钢管的生产流程为120tBOF-LF-RH-410mm×530mm连铸-锻制∞90mm管坯-460mmASSEL机组轧制成管。采用JMatPro软件计算实验用钢平衡相转变图,得出12Cr2Mo钢相变点Ac_3为862℃,Ac_1为781℃,并对910℃正火,700℃回火处理的试验钢进行组织和力学性能检验。结果表明,试验12Cr2Mo钢正火-回火后的基体组织为贝氏体+少量铁素体,同时大量不规则的M_(23)C_6碳化物在晶界和晶内析出,少量颗粒状的M_6C碳化物沿晶界析出,大量细小针状的Mo_2C碳化物在晶内析出,该钢力学性能优良-强度R_(el)515~520 MPa,Rm640~650 MPa,塑性A 22%~25%,Z 76%~80%,以及-60℃冲击功AKv 268~293 J。     

V-N对中碳SiMn非调质钢显微组织的影响

用光学显微镜和透射电镜研究了0.130%V-0.021 5%N、0.130%V-0.0304%N和0.001%V- 0.020 7%N三种V-N含量的(%)0.37～0.38C、0.82～0.92Si、1.78～1.81Mn、0.06 Ti、0.015Nb非调质钢的组织,用Gleeble 1500热模拟机测定了该钢的应力-应变曲线,并用JMatPro 4.1软件计算了该钢的CCT曲线以及900℃和600℃平衡状态下钢中各相的含量。结果表明,该钢的组织为珠光体+先共析铁素体,随氮含量增加,珠光体增多,晶界铁素体变粗;随钒含量减少,珠光体数量显著增加,贝氏体及铁素体变粗;共析铁素体和先共析铁素体中的析出物尺寸≤3 nm;V和/或N含量高的钢,应变时应力大。     

15CrMoR钢的显微组织与时效冲击性能

 为探索原始组织形态对15CrMoR钢时效过程低温冲击性能的影响,明确15CrMoR钢具有高时效冲击性能稳定性的原始组织形态,通过控制奥氏体化后的冷却方式获得了15CrMoR钢的3种原始组织,使用OM、SEM、EPMA和EBSD等材料结构表征方法和低温冲击测试研究了15CrMoR钢的显微组织和时效态低温冲击性能。结果表明,15CrMoR钢奥氏体化后分别以炉冷、空冷和风冷的方式冷却至室温,分别获得了粗大铁素体+片状珠光体组织、铁素体+退化珠光体组织和粒状贝氏体组织。片状珠光体组织中碳化物主要呈层片状,退化珠光体中的碳化物主要呈断续短杆状和颗粒状,粒状贝氏体中的富碳M-A岛主要沿晶界分布。3种原始组织形态的15CrMoR钢在循环时效过程中均发生了晶界碳化物析出和长大,导致低温冲击性能不断恶化。当晶界碳化物呈链状分布时,15CrMoR钢的低温冲击性能较差。粗大的铁素体+片状珠光体组织晶界面积较少,导致晶界碳化物容易呈链状分布;粒状贝氏体中主要沿晶界分布的富碳M-A岛也容易导致晶界碳化物呈链状分布。因此,原始组织为铁素体+退化珠光体的15CrMoR钢在循环时效过程中具有较好的冲击性能稳定性,经历6次循环时效后,-10 ℃平均冲击吸收功仍高达196 J;而原始组织为铁素体+片状珠光体和原始组织为粒状珠光体的15CrMoR钢,经历4次循环时效后,晶界处已形成呈链状分布的碳化物,-10 ℃平均冲击吸收功均仅为18 J。     

Low Cost High Performance Steel Plate With Superior HAZ Toughness for Large Heat Input Welding

In this paper, a laboratory study has been made to develop low cost high performance steel plates with superior HAZ toughness for large heat input welding. Simulated results show that the absorbed impact energy of heat-affected zone (HAZ) at -20℃reaches above 200J when large heat inputs of 100 to 400kJ/cm were applied, suggestive of superior HAZ toughness for large heat input welding of developed steel plate. The microstructures in HAZ are transformed from mainly fine ferrite and bainite at 100kJ/cm, through an intermediate stage of ferrite, bainite and pearlite at 200 and 300kJ/cm, to nearly fine ferrite and pearlite at 400kJ/cm. The prior austenite grain size and ferrite grain size in HAZ are controlled to ～50 and ～20μm, respectively. The high HAZ toughness is due to the inhibition of prior austenite grain size at high temperatures and the formation of beneficial microstructures to HAZ toughness during continuous cooling.     

碳氮化物析出模型在Nb微合金船板钢连铸工艺中的应用

针对含铌微合金钢(D36船板钢,%:0.12～0.16C、0.25～0.45Si、1.25～1.45Mn、≤0.020P、≤0.010S、0.015～0.040Als、0.015～0.025Nb、≤0.009 0N)连铸过程裂纹敏感性大的问题,建立了Nb(C,N)和A1N在奥氏体中的析出模型,以分析板坯在850～1150℃矫直时Nb(C,N)和AlN析出对铸坯热塑性的影响。结果表明,含铌微合金钢中碳氮化物的析出方式主要是晶界和位错线形核,在950℃时Nb(C,N)的综合析出速度和AlN在晶界上的析出速度最大。因此,含铌微合金钢的矫直温度应大于950℃。     

550 MPa级海洋工程用钢板低温韧性波动原因分析

 550 MPa级海洋工程用钢在低温冲击功波动较大。为了进一步探究产生低温韧性波动的原因,在不同温度(-100 ℃~室温)对试验钢进行冲击试验。结合光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电镜等设备,分析冲击断口、显微组织、第二相、夹杂物。结合热力学计算等对低温韧性波动原因进行分析讨论。结果表明,试验钢强度满足等级要求,随着温度降低冲击吸收功不断降低,韧脆转变温度为-50 ℃左右。在-60 ℃下冲击功出现较大波动,出现了18 J的极低值,断口为准解理断裂,剪切断面率为8%,裂纹源处存在Ti,Nb(C,N)和MnS的复合夹杂。而在相同温度下冲击功为122 J的试验钢,剪切断面率为34%,断口发现有明显的韧窝。试验钢组织主要为回火贝氏体加极少量铁素体,贝氏体板条中存在高密度位错,晶界上有(Fe,Cr)₃C合金渗碳体与少量NbC和富Cu析出相。试验钢以小角度晶界为主,大角度晶界占比较低。基体中有少量(Ca,Al,Mg,Mn,S)等复合夹杂物,多呈近圆形和多边形,大小多为1~3 μm,占检测到的总数量的85.87%。占比例最高的是CaS-Oxide-MnS类夹杂,为31.2%。热力学计算结果表明试验钢凝固过程中TiN先于MnS析出。晶界与晶内粗大的析出相、夹杂物、较高比例的小角度晶界与塞积的不可动位错等多种因素对低温冲击韧性产生不利影响,存在大颗粒含钛析出相是造成冲击韧性波动大的关键原因。     

120 t BOF-LF-CC板坯-8 mm板流程Nb-Ti微合金化大梁钢750L的开发与实践

采用120 t BOF-LF-连铸-控轧控冷工艺流程,开发出8 mm高强度汽车大梁钢750L（R_m≥750 MPa）。结果表明,通过750L钢Nb-Ti复合微合金化（/%:0.074C,0.11Si,1.51Mn, 0.020P,0.002S,0.042Als,0.033Nb,0.109Ti）,结合控轧控冷技术（精轧区压下量≥40%）,生产的750L钢带的抗拉强度782～810 MPa,伸长率≥17.5%,晶粒度11.5～12.5级,冲击功≥90 J,各项技术指标满足并优于标准的要求。     

A Study of Submicron Grain Boundary Precipitates in Ultralow Carbon 316LN Steels

This article reports our efforts in characterization of an ultralow carbon 316LN-type stainless steel. The carbon content in the material is one-third that in a conventional 316LN, which further inhibits the formation of grain boundary carbides and therefore sensitizations. Our primary effort is focused on characterization of submicron size precipitates in the materials with the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique complemented by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Thermodynamic calculations suggested that several precipitates, such as M₂₃C₆, Chi, Sigma, and Cr₂N, can form in a low carbon 316LN. In the steels heat treated at 973 K (700 °C) for 100 hours, a combination of EBSD and AES conclusively identified the grain boundary precipitates (≥100 nm) as Cr₂N, which has a hexagonal closed-packed crystallographic structure. Increases of the nitrogen content promote formation of large size Cr₂N precipitates. Therefore, prolonged heat treatment at relatively high temperatures of ultralow carbon 316LN steels may result in a sensitization.     

Microstructure and Precipitation Behavior in HAZ of V and Ti Microalioyed Steel

Three steels containing 0.05%C-0.1%V-0.01%N (steel V-LN),0.05%C-0.1%V-0.02%N (steel V-HN),and 0.05%C-0.1%V-0.02%N-0.01%Ti (steel V-HN-Ti),which were all essentially vanadium microalloyed steels,were subjected to simulating the microstructure of a coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ).The process involved reheating to 1 350 ℃,rapid cooling to room temperature,and varying the welding heat input from 15 kJ/cm to 54 kJ/cm,including four cooling rates of t8/5 equal to 7.5 s,20 s,40 s,100 s,and the relationship of heat input to t8/5 was calculated by Quiksim software.The microstructure and precipitation of vanadium and titanium carbon nitrides are studied.The results indicate that the microstructure consists of granular bainite and some side plate ferrite in the grain boundary when the steels are produced with the highest heat input.As the heat input decreased,numerous polygonal ferrites and grain boundary ferrites appeared,and the size apparently increased.When the steel contained high nitrogen,it was considerably easier to form martensite-austenite island,which was even worse for the toughness and other properties of the steel.For the limitation of cooling time,vanadium carbon nitrides could not precipitate sufficiently,but as titanium was added,the unmelted or precipitated TiN on cooling absorbed some fraction of nitrogen in the matrix and made more precipitate positions for the round V(C,N),and thus several useful round particles could be seen in titanium-contained steel,and most of them were around TiN.By this experiment,we can conclude that with the help of titanium,nitrogen-enhanced steel had a better prior austenite grain size,was considerably easier to precipitate,reduced free nitrogen in the matrix effectively,and provided a very effective mechanism for restriction grain growth in the HAZ.     

微钛固氮降低含铌钢皮下裂纹敏感性的机理

 降低含铌低合金钢铸坯的裂纹敏感性,是实现热装热送工艺的必要条件,采用超高温激光共聚焦显微镜(HT-CLSM)、透射电镜(TEM)等手段研究了钛含量不同的含铌低合金钢(Q390、Q390GJD)高温铸坯的晶粒度及析出物特征,旨在揭示微钛固氮降低含铌钢皮下裂纹敏感性的机理。热力学计算与TEM检测结果表明,增加钢中钛质量分数(由0.010%上升到0.023%)提高了氮化钛粒子的析出温度(大于1 400 ℃),高温析出细小弥散的氮化钛粒子可钉扎奥氏体晶界,细化高温铸坯的晶粒度(由4级变成6.5级),晶粒尺寸降低了约44%,使高温铸坯的裂纹敏感性明显降低;氮化钛粒子优先析出固氮降低了铌碳氮化物、氮化铝的开始析出温度,并作为异质形核核心,抑制了铌、铝析出物在晶界析出概率,降低了析出物脆化晶界的危害。通过微钛固氮调控氮化物的析出温度、析出位置及细化晶粒的作用,有效降低了含铌钢第三脆性温度槽的宽度和深度,同时,高温抗拉强度提高了21.3%~27.5%,铸坯皮下裂纹发生率降低了80%以上。为了避免析出物的晶界链状析出导致含铌钢铸坯热装轧制裂纹,应将其钛质量分数控制在0.015%~0.020%的合理范围。     

TMCP工艺轧制桥梁用不锈钢复合板的组织与性能

为了获得桥梁用不锈钢复合板良好的综合性能,采用控轧控冷(thermal mechanical control process,简称TMCP)工艺轧制了桥梁用不锈钢复合板316L+Q370qD,利用金相、扫描、拉伸、冲击、弯曲、剪切和晶间腐蚀等手段研究了该复合板的组织与性能。结果表明,316L+Q370qD桥梁用不锈钢复合板的界面实现了完全冶金结合,未发现孔洞、裂纹等缺陷以及大颗粒的析出物及氧化物夹杂等;复合板的屈服强度为421~446MPa,伸长率为24.0%~28.0%,-20℃纵向冲击吸收能量平均值为200J,180°内、外弯曲合格,平均剪切强度为412 MPa,复合板的各项力学性能均满足GB/T 8165—2008《不锈钢复合钢板和钢带》标准要求。按照GB/T 4334—2008方法 E进行晶间腐蚀试验,复层不锈钢316L未出现晶间腐蚀现象,具有良好的耐晶间腐蚀性能。