软件进化研究综述

软件进化是软件产品交付给客户之后所发生的一系列改进活动,是有目的地从早期版本来产生新版本的过程,是软件工程中的一个重要领域。对软件进化进行了综述性的介绍,讨论了其定义、发展历程及主要研究内容,介绍了指导软件进化的几种典型方法,分析了人们在软件进化过程中面临的一些挑战和问题。     

Tools to engineer new technologies into applications

How will consumers, engineers, and businesses benefit from the latest computer technology? Technologists envision graphical, multimedia interfaces to the information highway, but technology like graphical user interfaces, multimedia, and groupware does not appear in applications by magic. Whether the target application is an information system, a consumer product, or a real-time embedded system, developers must expand their engineering environments to incorporate tools for new technologies. To win the race to market, suppliers must pursue various approaches to improve their engineering process. The authors explore these key aspects of development support for new applications: technology-specific tools, reuse, computer-aided software engineering, testing, and integrated development environments     

一种面向体系结构的自适应软件构件分派模型及算法

自适应演化软件是近年来软件工程领域的研究热点,而以体系结构为中心的自适应演化尤其受到重视.针对当前演化中对非功能性约束关注的不足,着重对面向体系结构的自适应演化框架中构件的分派优化问题进行研究.首先详细描述了基于体系结构模型的构件分派问题,并建立能够满足嵌入式软件构造机制中非功能性约束的分派模型,接着证明该分派问题为NP完全问题,最后提出一种启发式分派算法找出近似最优解,实验表明,与贪婪和整线性规划算法相比,该算法具有多目标均衡的优势;而与整线性规划算法相比,虽然不能保证找到最优解,但具有较大的计算时间优势.     

软件工程系列课程考核探索

软件教育已由面向编程转向以软件工程为中心,软件工程专业是适应信息技术发展的新兴专业,文章探索了该专业系列课程的考核模式,给出了作者的实践,介绍了《软件工程》课程及实验考核方式的研究成果,给出了《软件体系结构》课程的考核模式及《软件工程经济》课程考核模式,讨论了《软件项目管理》课程考核模式。     

Prospects for an engineering discipline of software

Although software engineering is not yet a true engineering discipline, it has the potential to become one. Older engineering fields are examined to ascertain the character that software engineering might have. The current state of software technology is discussed, covering information processing as an economic force, the growing role of software in critical applications, the maturity of development techniques, and the scientific basis for software engineering practice. Five basic steps that the software engineering profession must take to become a true engineering discipline are described. They are: understanding the nature of expertise, recognizing different ways to get information, encouraging routine practice, expecting professional specializations, and improving the coupling between science and commercial practice     

基于维基百科的领域历史沿革信息抽取

针对在软件工程的教学过程中,由于领域概念种类多、演变快,导致学生理解记忆困难的问题,提出了通过抽取软件工程领域历史沿革主题信息构建知识库的方法。该方法首先结合自然语言处理技术与Web信息抽取技术从维基百科的自由文本中抽取实体与实体关系构建候选集;再利用关键词抽取方法TextRank从候选集中抽取与历史沿革关系最密切的实体关系;最后以关键实体关系为核心,抽取邻近的时间实体与概念实体组成五元组构建了知识库。在抽取信息的过程中,结合文本的语义信息对TextRank算法进行了改进,提高了抽取的准确率。实验结果表明,该知识库能够将软件工程领域的概念按时序特征组织在一起,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

The 'Grand Challenge' in Informatics: Engineering Software-Intensive Systems

The science of information and information processing, informatics comprises many areas and includes principles of computing, storing, communicating, and visualizing information, and formalisms to describe information-processing procedures. The development and production of information-processing systems is based on software support systems such as software tools or product data repositories. Software and systems engineering is thus the key discipline for constructing information-processing systems. In particular, software and systems engineering addresses issues such as requirements engineering, architectural design, implementation, reliability engineering, and long-term maintenance. Developing a methodology for specifying and verifying software-intensive systems poses a grand challenge that a broad stream of research must address     

Managing Software Engineering Projects: A Social Analysis

Managing software engineering projects requires an ability to comprehend and balance the technological, economic, and social bases through which large software systems are developed. It requires people who can formulate strategies for developing systems in the presence of ill-defined requirements, new computing technologies, and recurring dilemmas with existing computing arrangements. This necessarily assumes skill in acquiring adequate computing resources, controlling projects, coordinating development schedules, and employing and directing competent staff. It also requires people who can organize the process for developing and evolving software products with locally available resources. Managing software engineering projects is as much a job of social interaction as it is one of technical direction. This paper examines the social arrangements that a software manager must deal with in developing and using new computing systems, evaluating the appropriateness of software engineering tools or techniques, directing the evolution of a system through its life cycle, organizing and staffing software engineering projects, and assessing the distributed costs and benefits of local software engineering practices. Ths purpose is to underscore the role of social analysis of software engineering practices as a cornerstone in understanding what it takes to productively manage software projects.     

逆向工程发展现状研究

随着软件产业的发展，越来越多的遗产系统需要维护和改善，逆向工程已经成为遗产系统维护与演化的关键技术之一。介绍了逆向工程的定义，综述了逆向工程的研究进展。通过对现有工具的分析探讨了逆向工程研究中的不足之处，给出了未来的发展趋势。     

Application of Metamodel Inference with Large-Scale Metamodels

In software engineering, new technologies and methodologies have been developed with the aim of simplifying the software development process and improving software productivity. Model-driven engineering is considered as one potential alternative to the classical code-based approach to software development. A current challenge in model-driven engineering is the model evolution problem, which is focused on maintaining the relationships among modeling artifacts in the presence of change. A variety of model-driven technologies have been widely researched and applied both in academia and industry to address the model evolution problem. Reverse engineering technologies have been applied in many areas including software engineering to address issues of software evolution. This paper describes one application of reverse engineering, using an approach that uses Metamodel Inference from Models (MIM) to address a specific aspect of the model co-evolution problem related to metamodel evolution. In order to illustrate the problem clearly, a set of examples are used to present our experimental results from applying MIM on diverse industry-focused domains.     

大型自由和开源软件进化研究

大型自由和开源软件的各种版本源代码和相关开发信息是软件工程研究者研究开源软件项目的重要数据源.归纳开源软件项目的数据源及数据收集方法,给出Linux、FreeBSD操作系统内核的软件进化的分析方法和相关分析结果.重点分析了系统和主要子系统的复杂性进化趋势及推动进化主要原因,提出了快速测算大型开源软件复杂性的方法.得出系统目前以超线性方式进化,而进化的主要推动力是适应系统硬件资源的进化.     

Embracing dynamic evolution in distributed systems

Distributed systems aren't only more widespread than they used to be, but they've become more critical than ever, having moved from client-server systems to multitier heterogeneous systems. Many of these applications - such as telephone exchange systems - must be operational 24 hours a day, so shutting them down isn't a viable option for administrators who must make systemwide changes. As a system becomes larger and more complex, the likelihood of defects increases, which means a greater number of required fixes. Studies have found that nearly half the software development effort in complex distributed systems is devoted to maintenance. Furthermore, the industry currently favors iterative and incremental development approaches over the traditional waterfall approach in software engineering to flexibly handle requirements and reduce project risks by deploying smaller changes. These changes are regular and predictable. So, how can we build distributed systems to handle these kinds of changes? The answer, we argue, is dynamic evolution. From a business perspective, dynamic evolution permits frequent upgrades, which reduces the time between releases. Dynamic evolution also enhances flexibility in implementing changes to unforeseen and fluctuating business requirements. Many specialized distributed systems will benefit from factoring dynamic evolution into their designs. We can easily achieve dynamic evolution in a component-based distributed system. The abstraction of components and their connectors facilitates system structures to accommodate changes.     

基于本体的构件化软件演化信息获取及度量研究

软件演化信息是一种重要的、能反映软件变化历史的信息.然而,传统的软件演化信息以文件或者项目作为跟踪软件变化的基本单元,不能有效地支持构件化软件演化信息的存储和检索.提出了采用本体概念表示构件化软件演化信息的策略,并利用Jena推理机实现构件化软件演化信息的荻取.该方法不仅能检索构件化软件的基本演化信息,而且可以通过定义规则的方式检索出蕴含的演化信息.同时,文中也提出了一种构件化软件演化度量的模型,该模型通过对演化属性的计算分析来预测构件化软件的演化趋势.     

Fundamental Laws and Assumptions of Software Maintenance

Researchers must pay far more attention to discovering and validating the principles that underlie software maintenance and evolution. This was one of the major conclusions reached during the International Workshop on Empirical Studies of Software Maintenance. This workshop, held in November 1996 in Monterey, California, brought together an international group of researchers to discuss the successes, challenges and open issues in software maintenance and evolution. This article documents the discussion of the subgroup on fundamental laws and assumptions of software maintenance. The participants of this group included researchers in software engineering, the behavioral sciences, information systems and statistics. Their main conclusion was that insufficient effort has been paid to synthesizing research conjectures into validated theories and that this problem has slowed progress in software maintenance. To help support this vision they identified the following supporting conclusions. (1) need to develop a genuine scientific approach—more than just using empirical methods, (2) other disciplines can help, (3) need to explore a wider range of approaches to empirical studies, (4) need to study both evolution and maintenance. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Design and implementation of a knowledge-based decision support system for estimating software development work-effort

Up to now, the assessment of work-effort in software engineering is based on statistical methods. Among the best known are COCOMO (Boehm [2]) or SPQR (Jones [6]). Nevertheless it is generally recognized that many qualitative factors enter into the cost of development, such as effectiveness of the team, user's motivation, and accuracy of the specifications. We have designed a Decision Support System (DSS) for estimating the work-effort, in which the processing of the qualitative data is made by an expert system while a function points analysis provides the theoretical work-effort according to the type of software and the past experience. The evaluation is performed at two levels: global and detailed. The global evaluation is made at the beginning of the development according to the data that are, at this moment, available. The detailed evaluation takes place when the design of the software becomes more precise. The software manager can follow the evolution of the changes at the detailed level during the development.In software development, project leaders mostly reason by using their past experience. It therefore follows that a DSS must contain a learning process. We have accordingly designed our system to record the data of the completed developments. These data serve for the new evaluations. At the end of each project, the learning module examines to what extent the already-recorded information must be updated. Thus our system combines statistic data and knowledge-based reasonings.     

Using the Semantic Web technologies in virtual engineering tools to create extensible interfaces

Ideas and tools developed for the Semantic Web can also be applied to and integrated with engineering tools and software. The ideas upon which the Semantic Web are founded, along with the technologies that are used to implement it, provide a platform on which virtual engineering tools and interfaces can be extended to create a web in which contextual information is readily accessible to engineers. When the Semantic Web and virtual engineering methods are fully realized, computer hardware and networking capabilities will work to provide information and tools to access information meaningfully. The question that must be answered today is: how will information be integrated in a manner that will allow commercial and proprietary software tools to remain separate while also being integrated so that the end user can control and query these tools with little to no knowledge of the tools’ implementation or inner-working details? The answer to this question will depend largely on the ability to implement open interfaces and schemas that can evolve over time as well as open source toolkits that enable development teams to collaborate at a high level. This paper discusses potential applications of the Semantic Web to explore these questions. In addition, specific capabilities being developed in VE-Suite are discussed.     

基于工控机的工程机械单机车载终端的实现

在大规模的机群控制中,主控站必须了解各个控制车辆的位置和状态信息,以便对所有车辆进行调度和控制。这就需要车载终端负责完成这些信息的发送及控制信息的接收。介绍了如何在工控机上架构车载终端来实现以上需求,同时探讨了在WLAN和GSM两种无线网络中实现监控中心和车载终端的数据通信,重点讨论了该系统软件的实现。该车载终端通过WLAN和GSM网络实现了单机与控制中心之间高效的信息传输,达到了信息共享的目的,从而有效解决了传统的工程机械单机信息“孤岛”的问题。     

多层次的软件演化追踪关系逆向恢复

软件资产追踪关系逆向恢复是软件维护和逆向工程领域的一个重要研究内容。然而,大多数现有的资产追踪研究都是针对同一软件版本内的追踪关系。与已有的研究工作不同,文中主要关注多个层次(变更文档层、配置管理层、实现代码层)上的演化信息之间的追踪关系逆向恢复。这些演化信息之间追踪关系的恢复对于理解软件演化和维护过程、学习并借鉴软件维护知识都具有重要的意义。针对不同层次演化信息的特点,提出了一种结合关键字检索和启发式规则的演化信息追踪关系逆向恢复方法,并针对一个开源软件系统的演化过程进行了实验分析。