铜铝复合板渐进成形回弹缺陷研究

为了讨论不同工艺参数对复合板渐进成形回弹的影响,建立了包含工具头、复合板材和复合界面的三维有限元模型,通过对比T形剥离结果得到复合界面内聚力单元参数,通过实验验证了有限元模型的可靠性.实验结果表明,成形角对双金属复合板渐进成形回弹最敏感,工具头直径对回弹敏感度最低,另外,内聚力单元能有效模拟双金属复合板结合界面,模拟误...     

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of multistage incremental sheet forming

Multistage forming is usually adopted to form those parts which have steep angles or even vertical walls during incremental sheet forming (ISF) process. In order to study the multistage incremental forming further, based on a finite element method model which was experimentally verified, different forming strategies were adopted to form a frustum of cone with a wall angle of 30° to research the influence of the number of forming stages (n) and the incremental wall angle between the two adjacent stages (?α) on the formability of ISF. The simulation results including the thickness distribution, the equivalent plastic strain, and the magnitude of springback were analyzed in detail. It was found that with the growth of n, the minimum thickness increases largely, and more uniform thickness distribution is achieved, but the quantity of springback becomes larger in contrast with a single-pass process because of the accumulation of springback during each forming stage. Furthermore, an expression to figure out the appropriate value of n was given. In addition, the maximum thickness reduction decreases initially and then increases as the value of ?α grows. Meanwhile, it indicates that there is no relation between ?α and the quantity of springback.     

基于响应面法的单点增量成形过程变形能优化

单点增量成形过程中的变形能对加工成本控制及工具头与材料之间的热效应和摩擦效应有直接影响。以典型圆锥形制件为研究对象,采用BBD实验方法,设计四因素三水平实验方案,利用响应面法研究工具头直径d、层间距Z、板厚t和成形角α对变形能的影响,并得到变形能的多元二次预测模型,最后以变形能最小为目标对该模型进行优化。实验结果表明：板厚对变形能的线性影响最显著,随着板厚的增大变形能增大,工具头直径越大所需变形能越大,成形角增大时所需的变形能增大;变形能最小的工艺参数组合是工具头直径4.0mm、层间距0.95mm、板厚0.57mm、成形角45°。     

Laser shock forming of SUS304 stainless steel sheet with elliptical spot

A novel forming method by laser shock wave with elliptical spot is reported. The mechanism of laser shock forming (LSF) and equation of pressure pulse were presented, and SUS304 stainless steel with a thickness of 0.4?mm was experimentally investigated. Firstly, the deformed specimen was measured by ARGUS optical measuring system, and the results of major and minor strain and material thickness reduction of sheet metal to analyze the deformation qualities were provided. Secondly, the major and minor strains were imported into forming limit diagram (FLD) to evaluate the forming parameters. The result clearly shows that all measurement points are below the forming limit curves of the SUS304 steel. Finally, the thickness reduction along long-axis direction was simulated and analyzed by using ABAQUS finite element (FE) software. The simulated results are basically in agreement with the experiment data.     

Thickness improvement in single point incremental forming deduced by sequential limit analysis

Multistage forming is one of the most practical solutions to avoid severe thinning in single point incremental forming (SPIF). A successful implementation of multistage SPIF is strongly dependent on an appropriate deformation path. In this paper, firstly, a simplified modeling technique is proposed using sequential limit analysis. It is shown that sequential limit analysis can predict the thickness distribution faster than an equivalent model in a commercial finite element modeling code like Abaqus can. The reliability of the model is assessed by comparing experimental and simulated results for single-stage and multistage SPIF cones. This model is utilized to study the effect of various deformation paths on the thickness distribution. As a result, a new multistage strategy is designed and implemented to form a 70° wall angle cone in three stages. The thickness distribution of the cone is improved significantly compared to cones formed by a single-stage and a conventional three-stage strategy. Besides this improvement, the new multistage SPIF can be carried out in much less time.     

数控渐进成形中的鼓包问题分析

针对渐进成形过程中的鼓包问题,分析了该现象的形成原因,利用简单试验法分析了零件成形角度、成形深度、成形零件直径、零件形状对鼓包问题的影响规律;并采用三因素两水平的正交试验方法分析了工具头直径、板料厚度、每层进给量及其交互作用对成形结果的影响。结果表明:板料成形角度越小鼓包高度越大,通过优化成形工艺参数可以减小鼓包高度,采用渐进成形正成形方法可以从根本上解决鼓包问题。     

An elasto-plastic finite element analysis of the sheet metal stretch flanging process

The incremental updated Lagrangian elasto-plastic finite element method (FEM) was employed in this study to analyse the stretch flanging of circular plates with a pre-determined smaller hole at the centre of the sheet metal. An extended r _min technique was employed such that each incremental step size is determined not only by the yielding of an element Gaussian point, but also by the change in the boundary condition along the tool-sheet interface. The experimental results, using a low-carbon (BA-CQ₂) sheet plate with a thickness of 1.0 mm, have been obtained and compared with the corresponding theoretical results. It was found that the flange thickness does not always decrease monotonically from the die shoulder to the flange edge. Reducing the punch diameter and increasing the flange height significantly reduced the flange thickness. Web width does not influence the thickness distribution of the flange. The tendency of flange thickness to thin decreases as punch diameter increases. The reduction of thickness at the die shoulder depends on the die shoulder radius. Simulation results of punch load of stretch flanging, the deformed geometry, and the distribution of thickness are compared with experimental data and found to satisfactorily agree.     

高速车削镍基高温合金GH4169的切削力仿真研究

基于Deform 3D仿真软件建立了GH4169高温合金高速车削的有限元模型,采用四因素三水平正交试验方法研究了切削用量和刀具几何参数对切削力的影响规律,并建立了切削力经验公式。研究结果表明:在高速车削GH4169的过程中,对切削力影响最大的参数是切削深度,其次是进给量和前角,最后是刀尖圆弧半径;切削力随切削深度和进给量的增大而增大,随前角的增大呈现先降低又升高的趋势,而刀尖圆弧半径增大时切削力变化不大;最佳参数组合为:进给量0.2mm/r,切削深度0.4mm,前角10°,刀尖圆弧半径0.2mm。     

锥台形壳体液压胀形过程的数值模拟

等边双圆锥台壳体具有形状简单、容易制作的优点,常用于小直径球形容器的无模成形。但在成形过程中,壳体赤道环焊缝处极易向内收缩,从而引发该处的失稳起皱,严重影响了球形容器的质量。针对这一问题,用刚塑性有限元对壳体在内压作用下的胀形过程进行了数值模拟,在此基础上,对锥台形壳体的初始形状进行了改进,以限制赤道环焊缝处向内的收缩。数值模拟结果表明,改进后的初始壳体既具有形状简单的优点,又能避免赤道处的起皱,且能获得圆度较好的球形容器,而这是等边双圆锥台壳体自由胀形所无法实现的。     

A formability index for the deep drawing of stainless steel rectangular cups

The effects of process parameters on the formability of the deep drawing of rectangular cups made of SUS304 stainless steel were investigated by both the finite element analysis method and the experimental approach. A statistical analysis was employed to construct an orthogonal chart which reflects the effects of the process parameters and their interactions on the formability of rectangular cup drawing. The material properties and the forming limit diagram (FLD) of SUS304 stainless steel were obtained from the experiments conducted in the present study and were employed by the finite element simulations. In the finite element analysis, the strain path that led to fracture in the drawing process was examined and the failure modes caused by different process parameters were also identified. With the help of statistical analysis, a formability index for the deep drawing of SUS304 stainless steel rectangular cups was constructed and the critical value of the formability index was determined from the finite element simulation results. The actual drawing processes of rectangular cups were also performed in the present study. The validity of the finite element simulations and the formability index were confirmed by the good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data. The formability index proposed in the present study provides a convenient design rule for the deep drawing of SUS304 stainless steel rectangular cups.     

An analysis of the formability of aluminum/copper clad metals with different thicknesses by the finite element method and experiment

In this research, the possibility of applying forming limit diagrams to the formability and fracture prediction of clad metal sheets is examined. The forming limits of clad metal sheets with different thickness combinations (e.g., A1050 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm/C1100 1.0 mm) are investigated via forming limits test (punch stretching tests). The true stress–strain curves of Al/Cu clad metal sheets are obtained through tensile tests. Using the experimental forming limit diagrams and the stress–strain curves, the fracture prediction of clad metal sheets are simulated by finite element analysis. Moreover, deep drawing tests are carried out to compare the experimental with the numerical results. These results can verify the accuracy of finite element model. Finally, significant differences in formability are found, and comparisons of the fracture prediction of clad metals with different initial thickness ratios are analyzed both numerically and experimentally.     

Modeling and experimental validation for truncated cone parts forming based on water jet incremental sheet metal forming

Dieless sheet metal forming technology has many advantages for prototypes and small batch productions, but it is limited by its accuracy. This paper introduces a water jet incremental sheet metal forming (WJISMF) technology for dieless sheet metal forming. It gave a comprehensive study on truncated cone parts forming based on WJISMF, including its forming theoretical model and experimental validation. Firstly, a theoretical model for truncated cone forming based on WJISMF was developed based on plane strain assumption and work-energy theorem. The theoretical model mainly revealed the relationships between the key process parameters (especially water jet pressure) and truncated cone parts forming angle, which was very useful to predict the forming angle in certain water jet pressure or to determine the water jet pressure for different cone angle parts. Then, to validate the theoretical model, truncated cone workpiece was manufactured on a built WJISMF machine. Experimental results show that theoretical model matched the experiment well.     

Multi-response optimization on single-point incremental forming of hyperbolic shape Al-1050/Cu bimetal using response surface methodology

In present work, experimental and numerical investigations were carried out on single-point incremental forming of explosive bonded clad sheets. The sheets were produced by explosion welding from 1050 aluminum alloy and C10100 copper alloy sheets. A generatrix of hyperbolic curve was utilized as profile of final shapes formed by SPIF process. During some investigations, the interaction and main effect of the process parameters viz. tool diameter, step down, rotational speed, and sheet arrangement were evaluated on the fracture depth and wall thickness at fracture using ANOVA method. For experimentation, a customized design table was built with three quantify and one qualify factors in two levels. The design table totally provides four input factors and two responses in 12 runs. The responses are fracture depth and wall thickness. A multi-response optimization was conducted to find optimum values for input parameters using response surface methodology (RSM) and the confirmatory experiment revealed the reliability of RSM in this regard. Moreover, predictive models were presented in confidence interval of 95% to formulate the relationship between the responses and the input factors using RSM approach. Additionally, a finite element analysis was carried out on the SPIF based on optimal input parameters to depict reaction force changing, thickness variation, and stress distribution.     

旋转控制头密封胶芯性能三维有限元分析与结构优化

为提升带压起下钻过程中旋转控制头胶芯密封性能,基于虚功原理得到动态密封过程的有限元控制方程,并进行橡胶单轴压缩试验确立胶芯变形过程中的Yeoh本构模型;运用ABAQUS试验平台建立胶芯三维有限元模型,通过模拟起下钻过程中胶芯动态密封过程,得出密封面上受力分布规律;研究胶芯内锥角、外锥角、内径等结构参数对密封性能的影响....     

微小尺寸等壁厚不锈钢螺旋管充液压制成形方法研究

为了解决常规螺杆钻具寿命短与微小尺寸螺杆钻具等壁厚定子难加工的问题,本文采用充液压制成形工艺加工微小尺寸等壁厚螺旋管,基于304不锈钢拉伸实验,建立了充液压制成形等壁厚螺旋管有限元模型,用数值模拟方法研究管件外径、壁厚、液压力大小、液压力加载路径、压制速度、摩擦系数对螺旋管质量的影响。结果表明,管件外径为51.8 mm,壁厚为5.3 mm时,螺旋管质量较好,最大液压力为650 MPa,液压力加载路径为路径5,模具挤压速度为0.429 m/s,摩擦因数不超过0.125时,螺旋管加工质量较好,导程误差近似为0,壁厚误差小于8%,平均厚度为5 mm,螺旋管中部壁厚误差小于3%。研究结果可为生产实际中微小尺寸等壁厚不锈钢螺旋管的成形工艺提供参考。     

Improving profile accuracy in SPIF process through statistical optimization of forming parameters

In single-point incremental forming (SPIF) process, a number of parameters are involved and need to be adjusted before the commencement of the forming operation. The inappropriate selection of these parameters could be detrimental to process accuracy. In this paper, the effect of five parameters, namely, sheet thickness, tool radius, step size, wall angle, and pre-straining level of sheet, on the profile accuracy of the produced part of AA1060 with SPIF is experimentally investigated. A response surface method is employed for the experimental design and regression analysis. The experimental results are presented in the form of graphical three-dimensional response surfaces. The results of ANOVA show that the sheet thickness, wall angle, step size, and the interaction between the sheet thickness and wall angle are extremely significant in terms of their effect on profile accuracy. Furthermore, an empirical model is proposed to achieve improved profile accuracy in terms of the optimized parameters.     

不同硬化模型对铝合金板冲压成形模拟结果的影响

研究不同塑性变形硬化模型对汽车5182-O铝合金板材冲压成形模拟结果的影响。采用材料单向拉伸试验得到应力应变关系曲线,基于Hollomom、Krupskowsky与Power方程对曲线进行拟合,建立材料室温下塑性变形硬化模型,对厚度为1.5 mm和0.85 mm的5182板材进行冲压试验和有限元模拟分析,对比分析冲压试验与模拟结果。试验与模拟结果显示,当板料厚度为1.5 mm时,板料冲压试验的成形力最大为42.95 kN,板料拉深深度为30.58 mm,基于Power方程计算得到的最大成形力为41.5kN与试验结果比较接近,Hollomom方程计算得到的拉深深度为30.546 mm,板材成形厚度分布与试验结果比较接近;当板料厚度为0.85 mm时,板料冲压试验的成形力最大为34.47kN,板料拉深深度为33.792 mm,基于Power方程计算得到的最大成形力为34.27 kN与试验结果比较接近,Hollomom方程计算得到的拉深深度为33.636 mm,板材成形厚度分布与试验结果比较接近。基于三种硬化模型铝合金冲压成形过程的计算模拟分析结果,并通过与试验对比得到不同硬化模型对铝合金板材冲压成形计算模拟的影响,进一步为汽车铝合金覆盖件在成形工艺的研究分析提供理论指导。     

Force prediction for single point incremental forming deduced from experimental and FEM observations

The aim of the study was to establish practical formulae allowing to predict the forces occurring during the single point incremental forming process. This study has been based on a large set of systematic experiments on the one hand and on results of finite elements modeling simulations on the other. This led to analytical formulae allowing to compute the three main components of the force for five selected materials in function of the working conditions (sheet thickness, wall angle, tool diameter, and step down) with a good precision. Moreover, a general model has been deduced, allowing to compute an approximate value for the force for any material, based on knowledge of the tensile strength only.     

Diametrical growth in the forward flow forming process: simulation,validation, and prediction

In the present study, the phenomenon of diametric growth in the forward flow forming process has been studied through finite element simulation and experimental investigation. Implicit integration scheme was employed in the simulation to achieve good accuracy for diametric growth prediction. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experiments for both types of materials considered, the aluminum alloy AA6061 and stainless steel SS304L. The residual stresses in the flow-formed parts were measured using x-ray diffraction to validate the model as well as provide the explanation for the diametric growth behavior. Based on the numerical and experimental results, an empirical function was proposed here to describe the amount of diametric growth in the flow-formed parts, which can be used as a predictive tool for dimension control in the flow forming process.     

Three-dimensional finite-element method simulations of stamping processes for planar anisotropic sheet metals

A three-dimensional finite-element method (FEM) was developed to simulate forming processes with arbitrarily shaped tools for planar anisotropic sheet metals. An implicit, updated Lagrangian formulation based on an incremental deformation theory was employed along with a rigid-viscoplastic constitutive equation. Contact and friction were considered using the mesh-normal scheme which compatibly describes arbitrary tool surfaces and FEM meshes without depending on the explicit spatial derivatives of tool surfaces. The consistent full set of governing relationships, which includes the equilibrium equation and mesh-normal geometric constraints, was appropriately linearized. Based on membrane approximation, linear triangular elements were used to describe formed sheets. The non-quadratic strain-rate potential previously developed by Barlat et al. was employed to account for the in-plane, anisotropic properties of sheets. Numerical simulations were performed for the deep drawing of a cylindrical cup and the stamping of an automotive front fender panel to test the planar anisotropic finite element code. In the cup-drawing analysis of a 2090-T3 aluminium alloy sheet sample, the predicted earing profile and cup height were compared with experiments. The predicted and experimental thickness strains were in relatively good agreement, even though thinning trends between rolling and transverse directions were reversed. In the fender stamping analyses of both the aluminum alloys and a mild steel sheet, the numerical stability, accuracy, and usefulness of the formulation were confirmed for automotive applications. In-plane, anisotropic effects on the forming limit curves are also discussed.