Comparison of novel coding techniques for a fixed wavelength hopping SAC-OCDMA

The optical code division multiple access (OCDMA), the most advanced multiple access technology in optical communication has become significant and gaining popularity because of its asynchronous access capability, faster speed, efficiency, security and unlimited bandwidth. Many codes are developed in spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) with zero or minimum cross-correlation properties to reduce the multiple access interference (MAI) and Phase Induced Intensity Noise (PIIN). This paper compares two novel SAC-OCDMA codes in terms of their performances such as bit error rate (BER), number of active users that is accommodated with minimum cross-correlation property, high data rate that is achievable and the minimum power that the OCDMA system supports to achieve a minimum BER value. One of the proposed novel codes referred in this work as modified random diagonal code (MRDC) possesses cross-correlation between zero to one and the second novel code referred in this work as modified new zero cross-correlation code (MNZCC) possesses cross-correlation zero to further minimize the multiple access interference, which are found to be more scalable compared to the other existing SAC-OCDMA codes. In this work, the proposed MRDC and MNZCC codes are implemented in an optical system using the optisystem version-12 software for the SAC-OCDMA scheme. Simulation results depict that the OCDMA system based on the proposed novel MNZCC code exhibits better performance compared to the MRDC code and former existing SAC-OCDMA codes. The proposed MNZCC code accommodates maximum number of simultaneous users with higher data rate transmission, lower BER and longer traveling distance without any signal quality degradation as compared to the former existing SAC-OCDMA codes.     

OCDMA系统中多码长地址码的设计及性能研究

为了满足光码分多址系统中不同用户能够获得不同发送速率的需求,根据所需地址码的容量和码重,通过MATLAB编程,设计出没有重复数字的间隔集,得到具有理想相关性的多码长地址码。根据该地址码的构造特点推导计算出该地址码的误比特率,并绘制出误比特率随同步用户数变化图。设计并仿真了多速率光码分多址系统,分析了误比特率和系统性能。结果表明,该多码长地址码具有良好的相关性和误比特率性能,能够满足各种速率需求的用户。通过系统编解码后能够理想地恢复出原始信号,得到优良的眼图。此研究对光码分多址多速率系统的进一步发展是有帮助的。     

Design of spread spectrum multicode CDMA transport architecture formultimedia services

We investigate a new application of the well-known spread spectrum code division multiple access (SS-CDMA) techniques to multimedia services related to the development of the next-generation wireless mobile networks interconnecting with a wireline ATM-based broadband network. Such services allow users to share novel multimedia applications without any geographical restrictions. However, since the mobile radio channel has a fixed limited bandwidth, the traditional SS-CDMA system may not be sufficient to accommodate the variable bit rate (VBR) multimedia services requested by multiple mobile users simultaneously. Moreover, the traffic load at the base station can change dynamically due to the time-varying throughput requirement of these requested multimedia services. To tackle this difficulty, a multicode CDMA (MC-CDMA) technique is proposed to provide multirate multimedia services by varying the number of spreading codes assigned to each user in order to meet its throughput requirement. In MC-CDMA, a spreading code can be used to transmit information at a basic bit rate. Users (video or data) who need higher transmission rates can use multiple codes in parallel. Meanwhile, the maximum available number of codes in the MC-CDMA system is still limited. Hence, a cost-effective dynamic code allocation scheme has then been proposed to dynamically assign an appropriate number of codes to each user for achieving the maximum resource utilization for multiuser multimedia services via the mobile radio channel. Finally, a number of real multimedia titles generated from the well-known MacroMind Director are conducted to evaluate performance     

Construction and performance analysis of variable-weight optical orthogonal codes for asynchronous OCDMA systems

A construction scheme of variable-weight optical orthogonal codes （VW-OOCs） for asynchronous optical code division multiple access （OCDMA） system is proposed. According to the actual situation, the code family can be obtained by programming in Matlab with the given code weight and corresponding capacity. The formula of bit error rate （BER） is derived by taking account of the effects of shot noise, avalanche photodiode （APD） bulk, thermal noise and surface leakage currents. The OCDMA system with the VW-OOCs is designed and improved. The study shows that the VW-OOCs have excellent performance of BER. Despite of coming from the same code family or not, the codes with larger weight have lower BER compared with the other codes in the same conditions. By taking simulation, the conclusion is consistent with the analysis of BER in theory. And the ideal eye diagrams are obtained by the optical hard limiter.     

基于时域/频域OCDMA系统的一种新型二维变码重光正交码构造

构造了一种适用于光码分多址(OCDMA)系统的新型二维变码重光正交码(2D-VWOOC),用于满足不同用户及业务对服务质量(QoS)的不同要求,以两两正交拉丁方阵序列(MOLS)为波长跳频序列,以一维严格变码重光正交码(1D-SVWOOC)为扩时序列。分析了该码字在不同参数(码长、码重及波长数)下的码字性能;在相同条件下与其他二维变码重光正交码进行对比,该码字码容量较大,误码率相对其他码字低9～17个数量级。在Optisystem仿真中,当系统传输速率为16 Gbits/s时,码重为4比码重为2的用户误码率低2个数量级,能获得清晰端正的眼图。     

Performance of zero cross correlation resultant weight spectral amplitude codes in lower Earth orbit‐based optical wireless channel system

A consolidated performance investigation and design of newly constructed zero cross correlation resultant weight (ZCCRW) code is presented without mapping over optical wireless channel (OWC) in lower Earth orbit (LEO). Multiple access interference (MAI) is suppressed by incorporating proposed 1‐D code at 10 Gbps with an algorithm. A further state of the art comparison of diverse optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) codes such as multi diagonal codes and diagonal double weight codes is accomplished with proposed code in terms of root mean square (RMS) jitter, extinction ratio, MAI, quality factor (QF), and bit error rate (BER) at different linewidths, chip sizes, link lengths, and active users. It is perceived that for ZCCRW code, QF obtained is 16.5 for chip size (0.1 ns), and at 4000 km, BER 10^‐9 is achieved using the forward error correction (FEC) technique. OWC system in LEO with lasers in spectral amplitude code (SAC) OCDMA is proposed for the first time as per the author's best knowledge.     

大容量可共享光编解码器的设计与性能分析

提出了一种二维时间/波长、大容量、可共享的光码分多址(OCDMA)解编码器,以很少的硬件实现多用户的应用.编解码器利用阵列波导光栅实现多用户的同时共享,通过可编程的结构对OCDMA的编程,实现对其他用户的再分配.该OCDMA系统利用二维时间/波长Reed-Solomon 码,降低了硬件的数量.运用VPI软件模拟该系统,得到了眼图和BER结果,验证了系统的性能.     

Construction of two-dimensional wavelength/time optical orthogonal codes using difference family

A new family of two-dimensional (2-D) wavelength/time optical orthogonal codes (OOCs) for asynchronous optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems is proposed. The construction scheme uses the difference family (DF), which is an assemblage of difference sets in the combinatorial theory. It is proven that the proposed codewords satisfy the correlation properties required for the asynchronous OCDMA systems. The code dimension of the proposed codes is more flexible than that of the conventional 2-D codewords. The performance of the system with the proposed codes is analyzed by using the Markov-chain method. Numerical results show that the bit error rate (BER) has a minimal value given the number of simultaneous users. It is also observed that the maximum number of simultaneous users of the system can be achieved by properly choosing both the code weight and cross correlation of the 2-D OOCs.     

An OCDMA Scheme to Reduce Multiple Access Interference and Enhance Performance for Optical Subscriber Access Networks

We propose a new optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) scheme for reducing multiple access interference (MAI) and enhancing performance for optical subscriber access networks using modified pseudorandom noise (PN)‐coded fiber Bragg gratings with bipolar OCDMA decoders. Through the bipolar OCDMA decoder and the modified PN codes, MAI among users is effectively depressed. As the data are encoded either by a unipolar signature sequence of the modified PN code or its complement according to whether the data bit is 1 or 0, the bit error ratio (BER) can be more improved with the same signal to interference plus noise ratio over the conventional on‐off shift keying‐based OCDMA system. We prove by numerical analysis that the BER of the proposed bipolar OCDMA system is better than the conventional unipolar OCDMA system. We also analyze the spectral power distortion effects of the broadband light source.     

基于光纤光栅编解码和修正素数跳频码的一种光码分多址系统方案研究

在素数跳频码（PHCs）的基础上，研究了修正素数跳频码（MPHCs）的构造方法和性能，提出了基于光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）编解码实现修正素数跳频码这种二维地址码的光码分多址（OCDMA）系统方案。并通过对素数跳频码和修正素数跳频码这两种码字误码性能的分析，得到以下结论：对于相同的素数P，当系统误码率（BER）B≤10^-9，P≥37时，修正素数跳频码所容纳的最大用户数大于素数跳频码；在光纤布拉格光栅阵列上修正素数跳频码所需要的编码光栅数相对素数跳频码减少（P一1）／2个，从而降低了光纤布拉格光栅阵列的制作难度。     

A new family of three-dimensional codes for optical CDMA systems with differential detection

Two-dimensional codes for OCDMA have been shown to be more versatile compared to the one-dimensional codes for their good spectral efficiency as well as better BER performance. The two-dimensional (2-D) codes also benefit from the reduction of the wavelength/time-like property over the one-dimensional (1-D) codes. The three-dimensional (3-D) codes are important as these produce a larger code set. In this paper, we present a new family of 3-D single-pulse per plane codes for differential detection (SPDD) for OCDMA systems (based on the 1-D golomb ruler sequences), which achieve good code cardinality and a very high BER performance. The improved BER performance is obtained by using two codes to encode ‘1’ and ‘0’ bits in the encoder and differential detection in the receiver. The comparison of 3-D SPDD with some of the best reported 2-D/3-D codes, shows that the 3-D SPDD codes perform significantly better than the others. A larger number of simultaneous users is supported at 1e-9 compared to the earlier proposed 2-D/3-D orthogonal codes.     

OCDMA系统中新型正交码的设计及性能研究

为了得到性能较为良好的正交码,采用没有重复数字的全间隔集,进行了地址码的设计和系统仿真验证,设计出的正交码具有理想的相关性和灵活的码字容量。分析整个系统,在考虑各种噪声和多址干扰的影响下,推导出正交码的误比特率公式。自行设计并搭建了采用光纤延时线作为编解码器的异步光码多分址系统。结果表明,该正交码能够适应更多用户的需求,通过误比特率公式计算和系统仿真得到的结果都较为理想,此研究对需要大容量的光码多分址系统的进一步发展具有一定的帮助。     

A new family of 2D variable-weight optical orthogonal codes for OCDMA systems supporting multiple QoS and analysis of its performance

A new family of two-dimensional variable-weight and constant-length optical orthogonal codes (2D VWOOCs) is proposed, and the code cardinality and BER performance for the corresponding OCDMA system are analyzed in this article. It is shown that the cardinality of 2D VWOOC is larger than that of constant-weight 2D OOC and close to the upper bound in theory. In an OCDMA network, the users employing 2D VWOOC codewords with larger Hamming weight outperform the users using 2D VWOOC codewords with smaller Hamming weight in bit-error-rate performance. Therefore, the OCDMA network employing 2D VWOOC can support diverse quality-of-services (QoS) classes and multimedia services, and make the better use of bandwidth resources in optical networks.

Optical domain service differentiation using spectral-amplitude-coding

We have implemented a new service differentiation technique in the optical domain using a spectral-amplitude-coding (SAC) variant of optical code division multiple access (OCDMA). The newly developed code, named KS (Khazani–Syed) is compared mathematically with other codes which use similar techniques. In our proposal, multiple weights are used to support ‘triple-play’ services (audio, video and data) with different quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. The results characterizing the bit-error-rate (BER) with respect to the total number of active users show that KS offers a significantly improved performance over the previous reported techniques by accommodating additional 30 users with shorter code length and smaller code weight at BER of 10^?9. In variable weight system, we have shown that KS codes with larger weight always have the best performance when other users of different weights are present in the system.     

光码分多址系统中双极性码的应用研究

基带双极性光码分多址(OCDMA)系统，采用码的极性转换思想，实现在考虑信道非理想下的单极性信道中传输双极性码。研究了Gold序列，m序列在系统中的应用和传输信道对光码分多址系统性能的影响。仿真得到了双极性码在光码分多址系统的自相关和互相关特性。基于不同码字的光码分多址系统用户数与误码率的关系和基于非理想传输信道的系统性能影响曲线。结果表明，Gold序列和m序列适合双极性光码分多址系统，但Gold序列较m序列更适合应用到双极性光码分多址系统，当系统激活用户数为20，系统误码率分别达到了10^-9，10^-7，非理想传输信道对系统性能有较大的影响(恶化近20dB)，在系统研究中不可忽略。     

New Two-dimensional Modified Quadratic Congruence Code/Optical Orthogonal Code for OCDMA

A new family of two-dimensional optical orthogonal code（2-DOOC）, namely, modified quadratic congruence code（MQCC ）/optical orthogonal code（OOC） is proposed who employs MQCC and OOC as wavelength hopping and time-spreading patterns, respectively. Through analyzing the performance of MQCC/ OOC, we can see that the correlation properties of the MQCC/OOC are still ideal. Simultaneously, our analysis shows that the proposed new code families can get more cardinalities than other codes and can improve the bit error rate（BER） of optical code division multiple access（OCDMA） effectively.     

Enhancing spectral efficiency and capacity in synchronous OCDMA by transposed-MPC

This paper investigates a newly proposed spreading code-set based on the prime code (PC) families referred to as ‘transposed modified prime codes (T-MPC)’ for the enhancement of spectral efficiency of synchronous incoherent optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) networks. This code family increased the code-set cardinality up to twice of existing PC families’ size. This also implies that a greater number of users can be accommodated by the network. Since there is no longer a time-shift feature in T-MPC like in conventional modified prime codes (MPC), the code is not predictable and thus even more secure. Since the code structure is similar to MPC, its deployment in a system/network already running MPC will not require hardware modification. Due to the higher code utilization factor of T-MPC, a greater number of users are accommodated under certain bit-error rate (BER) resulting in remarkable improvement in the spectral efficiency (SE) and capacity. The T-MPC compatibility with low-weight energy-efficient MPC construction is also investigated. The BER and SE performances are analyzed and compared with existing code families. The results indicated that the T-MPC employment can improve up to 50% higher spectral efficiency.     

OCDMA中一种新的多倍长多波长RS码

提出了一种新的容量大、相关性好的多倍长、多波长reed-solomon（MW RS）码编码方案,并构造了多倍长MW RS码.对同时使用具有两种码长的多倍长MW RS码的OCDMA系统性能分析表明,使用该多倍长MW RS码的系统性能良好,使用短码序列信号的误码率性能好于使用长码序列信号的误码率性能.该特征能满足将来大容量多媒体OCDMA网络系统对同时传输的不同速率信号所需传输质量不同的需求.     

An optical CDMA system based on chaotic sequences

In this paper, a coherent asynchronous optical .code division multiple access （OCDMA） system is proposed, whose encoder/decoder is an all-optical generator. This all-optical generator can generate analog and bipolar chaotic sequences satisfying the logistic maps. The formula of bit error rate （BER） is derived, and the relationship of BER and the number of simultaneous transmissions is analyzed. Due to the good property of correlation, this coherent OCDMA system based on these bipolar chaotic sequences can support a large number of simultaneous users, which shows that these chaotic sequences are suitable for asynchronous OCDMA system.     

A novel method for increasing the spectral efficiency of optical CDMA

Given K simultaneously active users, an Optical CDMA (OCDMA) receiver needs to discriminate among K codes. Since the number of available codes C is always C >> K at any given time for any truly asynchronous OCDMA system that employs quasi-orthogonal codes, there is always a set of unused codes. We here propose to exploit these unused codes to increase the spectral efficiency of the system. This can be accomplished by exclusively assigning to each user a set of M codes which represent a log/sub 2/(M)-tuple of bits so that each user effectively uses a multi-dimensional modulation (multiple information bits per code are conveyed). In this paper, we analyze the performance of such a system and find in closed form an upper bound on the average probability of error. Moreover, we report for the first time that, under lightly loaded, non interference-limited conditions, the multi-dimensional OCDMA scheme here proposed allows us to obtain both higher spectral efficiency and lower biterror probability (BEP) than a conventional OCDMA system, which employs one code only per user. The analysis here presented allow us to formulate a useful system design criterion that yields truly asynchronous OCDMA systems with very high spectral efficiency.