涡轮端壁流动传热与冷却性能研究进展

随着进口燃气温度的不断增大和燃烧室出口温度的均匀化,燃气涡轮端壁承受极高的热负荷。涡轮端壁处的复杂流动结构使端壁部分区域冷却困难,容易造成端壁烧蚀从而降低涡轮气动性能且威胁涡轮的安全运行。为了提高涡轮的冷却和气动性能,需要深入分析端壁附近的流动结构和传热冷却特性。本文以端壁冷却为出发点,对燃气涡轮的气动传热和冷却技术的发展进行总结分析,结合实验和数值计算结果,对端壁流动传热和冷却相关的先进实验和数值研究结果进行分析讨论。在此基础上,对涡轮端壁的先进冷却技术和非轴对称端壁下冷却结构优化进行了展望。     

非轴对称端壁造型技术在透平中的应用和发展

非轴对称端壁的设计和应用可以有效地减少透平叶栅中的二次流损失,提高透平机械通流部分的气动性能。对非轴对称端壁造型技术的应用背景、端壁造型方法及其在透平机械中的研究现状进行了综述,详细介绍了非轴对称端壁对叶栅和透平级气动性能的影响,阐述了气动性能得以提高的机理,结合实验结果介绍了非轴对称端壁对叶栅和透平级变工况特性的影响。在透平叶栅非轴对称端壁成型研究进展的基础上,对非轴对称端壁造型技术在高负荷透平叶片研发和叶片三维造型中的应用前景进行了展望。     

高压涡轮叶身/端壁融合技术研究

为解决燃气轮机涡轮在端区二次流动造成的流动损失,对叶身/端壁融合(Blended Blade and End Wall,BBEW)技术在涡轮气动优化中的有效性进行研究,以E3模型高压涡轮第一级叶栅为研究对象,对涡轮叶片吸力面下端壁进行不同形式的叶身/端壁融合造型。设置入口总温为709 K,总压为344.74 kPa。通过数值模拟研究叶身/端壁融合技术在降低端壁气动损失及提高涡轮级效率和做功能力方面的贡献。研究结果表明：融合技术的应用能够有效减少端区局部流动损失,提升涡轮级做功能力,但同时会增加最大融合圆角半径位置处的流动损失;当静叶最大融合圆角相对半径和相对轴向弦长位置分别为0.16和0.47时,涡轮得到最佳的整体提升效果,此时等熵效率提高了0.010 %,比功率提升了0.141%。     

动叶轮缘泄漏对非轴对称端壁端部损失及冷却的作用

应用数值方法研究了单级涡轮轮缘泄漏对动叶非轴对称端壁端部二次流损失及冷却效果的影响,得到了不同封严冷气质量流量比(MFR)下的叶栅内部流场特征,并与轴对称端壁模型进行对比。结果表明:轮缘泄漏吹扫使得非轴对称端壁对气流偏转的改善作用削弱;当冷气量从0.4%增大到1%时,相比于轴对称端壁模型,应用非轴对称端壁所产生的轴向涡量减小量从11.02%下降到了5.65%,非轴对称端壁的效果明显减弱;封严气流在动叶非轴对称端壁表面形成了三角形的气膜冷却区域,但绝热气膜有效度在流动的周向以及轴向方向上较轴对称端壁均有一定程度的减小,主要发生在叶片吸力面角区以及压力面侧马蹄涡的偏转路径上。     

基于燃气涡轮动叶的非轴对称端壁数值研究

为揭示非轴对称端壁控制涡轮动叶二次流的物理机制,建立了一种新型的Bezier曲线造型方法,采用数值模拟的方式,对某一燃气涡轮的第一级动叶进行研究。结果表明,此造型法通过合理地调整横向压力梯度,从而有效地推迟通道涡的发展,使得通道涡的强度和尺度都小于轴对称端壁对应的情况,进而减小了损失,提升了效率,最优方案使得相对总压损失减小了4.7%,效率提升了0.48%。     

非轴对称端壁抑制叶栅二次流分离的实验研究

应用热线测量和颗粒图像测速(PIV)技术,测量平端壁叶栅(FEW)和非轴对称端壁叶栅(CEW)的二次流动。基于叶栅内的涡结构和剪切应力,分析非轴对称端壁降低二次流损失的流动机理。实验结果表明:二次流在叶片吸力面的边界层分离导致壁面涡与主流流体的剪切掺混,这是叶栅二次流损失的主要来源;非轴对称端壁通过降低端壁横向压力梯度推迟二次流分离的发生,使壁面涡与主流区产生剪切掺混的范围缩小,并使端壁二次流的流向速度提高、壁面涡的强度降低,在上述两方面作用下叶栅内的剪切应力减小,叶栅二次流损失降低。     

非轴对称端壁控制高负荷叶片端区流动的数值研究

用数值模拟的方法研究了非轴对称端壁对端部流动的机理,分析了非轴对称端壁对横截面涡量和总压损失的影响。研究表明:在亚音速流动条件下,流道后半部分端壁区流动参数变化较小,降低后半端壁的翘曲幅度,均能进一步提高翘曲端壁对端壁流动的控制效果;端壁翘曲通过延长端壁附面层流动、形成扩散性流道等途径降低了端壁横向压力梯度,减少了进入吸力侧壁角的端壁横流及其与吸力面相互作用产生的通道涡量,有效降低了端壁流动的总压损失。     

轴流压气机非轴对称轮毂造型对间隙流控制研究

对带静子间隙的单级轴流压气机进行了全三维数值模拟,流场分析表明静子间隙泄漏流在通道端壁区引起较大的流动分离。为控制流动损失,对静子轮毂进行了非轴对称造型,造型后的压气机总性能得到改善。流场分析表明:非轴对称端壁造型改变了壁面静压分布,改善了间隙泄漏流在通道内的流动结构,消除了通道出口处的回流损失区,使压气机总压比增加,等熵效率提高0.9%。     

基于二次流控制的叶栅前缘端壁造型

基于Langston叶型的数值模拟结果,分析了叶栅前缘端区的流动特征,建立并优化了一种新型端壁造型。对比评估了新模型与原始模型的流动现象并对两者的流动机理进行分析。结果表明:新型端壁造型能够疏导前缘位置的低能流体并消除鞍点与分离线的产生;新型端壁造型能够减小马蹄涡及下游的通道涡强度,并使得叶栅出口总压损失系数下降6.831%。     

端壁射流对高压涡轮二次流损失影响研究

为了研究端壁射流对端区二次流动的控制效果及作用机理,以GE-E~3高压涡轮为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法,在涡轮进口总温为711 K、总压为345 951 Pa、出口静压为89 177 Pa和动叶转速为8 279 r/min的条件下,分析射流位置、角度及射流比等参数对控制效果的影响。结果表明:端壁射流能够有效组织涡轮内部三维流场,阻断二次流之间的相互掺混,削弱二次流强度;射流位置对控制效果的影响最大,在30%轴向弦长位置处,射流比为1.06%的情况下,可提高涡轮级效率约1.24%;当射流比大于0.057%时,效率随着射流比的增大而线性增加;射流角度影响射流流向分量的大小,因此随着射流角的增大,控制效果递减。     

Investigation of non-axisymmetric endwall contouring in a compressor cascade

The current paper presents experimental and computational results to assess the effectiveness of non-axisymmetric endwall contouring in a compressor linear cascade. The endwall was designed by an endwall design optimization platform at 0° incidence(design condition). The optimization method is based on a genetic algorithm. The design objective was to minimize the total pressure losses. The experiments were carried out in a compressor cascade at a low-speed test facility with a Mach number of 0.15. Four nominal inlet flow angles were chosen to test the performance of non-axisymmetric Contoured Endwall(CEW). A five-hole pressure probe with a head diameter of 2 mm was used to traverse the downstream flow fields of the flat-endwall(FEW) and CEW cascades.Both the measured and predicted results indicated that the implementation of CEW results in smaller corner stall,and reduction of total pressure losses. The CEW gets 15.6% total pressure loss coefficient reduction at design condition, and 22.6% at off-design condition(+7° incidence). And the mechanism of the improvement of CEW based on both measured and calculated results is that the adverse pressure gradient(APG) has been reduced through the groove configuration near the leading edge(LE) of the suction surface(SS).     

多级轴流透平通流三维气动优化研究

燃气轮机单机功率的增大使得透平级负荷不断增加,从而对通流部分的气动造型提出了更高的要求.采用包括弯叶片和非轴对称端壁的三维通流造型系统对某两级高压透平进行了优化设计研究.优化结果表明,使用弯叶片或非轴对称端壁造型,能够改善流道内部压力分布,抑制二次流的发展,提高透平效率,分别使透平整机绝热效率提高0.37％和0.17％;而同时采用二者进行联合优化时,整机绝热效率提高了0.48％.     

Numerical investigation of a high-subsonic axial-flow compressor rotor with non-axisymmetric hub endwall

The major source of loss in modem compressors is the secondary loss. Non-axisymmetric endwall profile contouring is now a well established design methodology in axial flow turbines. However, flow development in axial compressors is differ from turbines, the effects of non-axisymmetric endwall to axial compressors requires flow analysis in detail. This paper presents both experimental and numerical data to deal with the application of a non-axisymmetric hub endwall in a high-subsonic axial-flow compressor. The aims of the experiment here were to make sure the numerically obtained flow fields is the physical mechanism responsible for the improvement in efficiency, due to the non-axisymmetric hub endwall. The computational results were first compared with avail- able measured data of axisymmetric hub endwall. The results agreed well with the experimental data for estima- tion of the global performance. The coupled flow of the compressor rotor with non-axisymmetric hub endwall was simulated by a state-of-the-art multi-block flow solver. The non-axisymmetric hub endwall was designed for a subsonic compressor rotor with the help of sine and cosine functions. This type of non-axisymmetric hub end- wall was found to have a significant improvement in efficiency of 0.45% approximately and a slightly increase for the total pressure ratio. The fundamental mechanisms of non-axisymmetric hub endwall and their effects on the subsonic axial-flow compressor endwall flow field were analyzed in detail. It is concluded that the non-axisymmetric endwall profiling, though not optimum, can mitigate the secondary flow in the vicinity of the hub endwall, resulting in the improvement of aerodynamic performance of the compressor rotor.     

1000MW超超临界汽轮机中压缸进汽蜗壳的数值模拟研究

汽轮机实际运行环境中非轴对称通流(进、排、抽汽等)部件产生的非轴对称流场将导致叶片排内部流场的变化.针对某1 000MW超超临界汽轮机的中压缸进汽蜗壳进行了详细的数值模拟研究,并将进汽蜗壳与第一级静叶进行了联算,结果显示进汽蜗壳的非轴对称进汽导敛叶片排进口流场的岗向和径向不均匀,并对叶片性能产生影响.     

一级半轴流式透平级内部若干非定常流动现象的试验研究

设计研制了具有亚音速透平高压级气动特性的一级半轴流式试验透平,采用试验方法对时序效应、叶栅壁面非定常静压幅频特性以及动叶出口非定常速度场进行了研究。结果表明:时序效应具有改善轴流式透平气动性能的潜力;动、静叶排压力有势场干涉引发的基频信号和上游静叶尾迹片段引发的两阶倍频信号,构成了第二列静叶壁面静压非定常分量的基本频率特征,其间还伴随高达六阶的倍频信号,主要由动叶尾缘高频脱落的涡街扰动产生;尚未完成掺混的第一列静叶尾迹片段出现在动叶出口,由其引发的负射流显著改变了动叶出口局部位置处的气流偏转角。     

中等折转角涡轮直叶栅端壁流场结构和涡系效应的分析

应用商用软件Fine/Turbo对一中等折转角涡轮直叶栅的流场进行了数值模拟,清晰地捕捉到了叶栅端壁处叶片前缘的马蹄涡及其吸、压力面分支,对马蹄涡的吸、压力面分支的相互作用过程和通道涡的发生发展过程给出了较为清晰的描述,获得了较为详细的叶栅端壁处二次流流动结构。通过对叶栅流道中各个近似垂直于流动方向的截面上的总压分布图的分析,揭示了在上述各个截面上端壁区域流动损失产生的机理。     

Flowfield and heat transfer past an unshrouded gas turbine blade tip with different shapes

This paper describes the numerical investigations of flow and heat transfer in an unshrouded turbine rotor blade of a heavy duty gas turbine with four tip configurations. By comparing the calculated contours of heat transfer coefficients on the flat tip of the HP turbine rotor blade in the GE-E³ aircraft engine with the corresponding experimental data, the κ-ω turbulence model was chosen for the present numerical simulations. The inlet and outlet boundary conditions for the turbine rotor blade are specified as the real gas turbine, which were obtained from the 3D full stage simulations. The rotor blade and the hub endwall are rotary and the casing is stationary. The influences of tip configurations on the tip leakage flow and blade tip heat transfer were discussed. It’s showed that the different tip configurations changed the leakage flow patterns and the pressure distributions on the suction surface near the blade tip. Compared with the flat tip, the total pressure loss caused by the leakage flow was decreased for the full squealer tip and pressure side squealer tip, while increased for the suction side squealer tip. The suction side squealer tip results in the lowest averaged heat transfer coefficient on the blade tip compared to the other tip configurations.     

透平叶栅非轴对称端壁优化目标比较

基于双控制曲线和改进的Kriging代理模型建立了非轴对称端壁优化设计系统.以Durham叶栅的端壁优化为例,研究不同优化目标对优化结果的影响.研究表明:在通道涡形成段减小横向压力梯度可以有效抑制通道涡强度,进而减小流动损失;在通道涡发展段减小横向压力梯度有助于降低主流区二次流损失,但端区损失明显增大;增加横向压力梯度...