基于平均等效应力强度因子的焊缝疲劳寿命预测

目前普遍应用的焊缝疲劳仿真分析方法主要有名义应力法和结构应力法,针对两种方法的应用局限性及未考虑剪切结构应力导致的预测精度不高等问题,提出了一种新的高精度焊缝疲劳寿命预测方法。该方法是以断裂力学为理论基础,通过有限元软件提取焊缝周围节点的节点力及力矩,并通过一系列计算得到整个裂纹扩展路径上的平均等效应力强度因子ΔKeq,并将其作为本文中焊缝疲劳寿命预测方法的评价参数。通过对DP800GI和HSLA350GI两种高强钢材料的搭接接头进行疲劳试验,并将ΔKeq与试验所得的疲劳寿命数据进行双对数回归分析,得到的一条主ΔKeq-N曲线作为焊缝的疲劳寿命预测曲线,并与目前的名义应力法和结构应力法进行预测精度对比,得出本文中的焊缝疲劳寿命预测方法的预测精度高于目前的名义应力法和结构应力法。     

Influence of porosity on fatigue cumulative damage of sintered iron

Fatigue represents a common mechanical condition during service for materials used in structural components. This type of loading becomes particularly critical when alternating stress amplitude may be expected to vary, or change, in some way during the service life. Such variations and changes in load amplitude make the direct use of standard S-N curves inapplicable, because these curves are developed and presented for constant stress amplitude operation. In the present paper, results of cumulative damage under fatigue of porous materials are reported. The specimens used were produced by compacting and sintering iron powder. Their as-sintered porosity contents were P ₀ = 4.1 and 12.4 %. Uniaxial fatigue tests (tensile-compression) were carried out at room temperature on a hydraulic testing machine.     

焊接残余应力对2024铝合金薄板疲劳寿命的影响

对搅拌磨擦焊、TIG焊和激光焊进行数值模拟,得到焊接残余应力场.将残余应力场施加到线弹性断裂力学模型之中,运用J积分方法计算残余应力强度因子,并计算裂纹扩展速率,通过与试验结果和虚拟裂纹闭合法计算结果进行对比,验证了文中所使用方法的正确性.研究发现,残余应力强度因子的分布与残余应力分布形式相似.残余应力的引入,对应力比有较大影响,但随着应力比的增大,残余应力对应力比的影响逐渐减弱.焊接残余应力的引入缩短了焊接构件的使用寿命,当裂纹长度较小时,TIG焊接构件使用寿命比搅拌摩擦焊接构件和激光焊接构件使用寿命短.     

Influence of random shrinkage porosity on equivalent elastic modulus of casting: A statistical and numerical approach

Shrinkage porosity is a type of random distribution defects and exists in most large castings.Different from the periodic symmetry defects or certain distribution defects,shrinkage porosity presents a random "cloud-like" configuration,which brings difficulties in quantifying the effective performance of defected casting.In this paper,the influences of random shrinkage porosity on the equivalent elastic modulus of QT400-18 casting were studied by a numerical statistics approach.An improved random algorithm was applied into the lattice model to simulate the "cloud-like" morphology of shrinkage porosity.Then,a large number of numerical samples containing random levels of shrinkage were generated by the proposed algorithm.The stress concentration factor and equivalent elastic modulus of these numerical samples were calculated.Based on a statistical approach,the effects of shrinkage porosity's distribution characteristics,such as area fraction,shape,and relative location on the casting's equivalent mechanical properties were discussed respectively.It is shown that the approach with randomly distributed defects has better predictive capabilities than traditional methods.The following conclusions can be drawn from the statistical simulations:(1) the effective modulus decreases remarkably if the shrinkage porosity percent is greater than 1.5％;(2) the average Stress Concentration Factor (SCF) produced by shrinkage porosity is about 2.0;(3) the defect's length across the loading direction plays a more important role in the effective modulus than the length along the loading direction;(4) the surface defect perpendicular to loading direction reduces the mean modulus about 1.5％ more than a defect of other position.     

激光冲击工艺对钛合金疲劳寿命的影响

研究激光加工工艺对Ti6A14V航空钛合金叶片表面粗糙度和残余应力的影响，并分析影响表面质量的激光加工工艺参数；探讨表面粗糙度和表面残余应力对叶片疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明，采用激光冲击航空叶片，叶片表面残余压应力大大增强，从而使得其抗疲劳破坏能力增强，而表面粗糙度减小；在激光脉冲功率允许的范围内，选择合适的冲击参数能有效降低叶片表面粗糙度，而表面残余压应力对疲劳寿命的影响起主导作用。     

结合S-N曲线和断裂力学的焊接结构疲劳寿命分析

针对焊接结构的疲劳裂纹演化过程,将焊接结构的疲劳寿命定义为裂纹萌生寿命N_i和裂纹扩展寿命N_p之和,提出一种结合S-N曲线和断裂力学理论的疲劳寿命分析方法.采用等效结构应力法和99%下限主S-N曲线计算焊接结构的裂纹萌生寿命,并将这一阶段结束时的裂纹看作为半椭圆表面裂纹.采用Paris裂纹扩展模型和半椭圆表面裂纹应力强度因子ΔK计算裂纹扩展寿命N_p.参照某起重机走行梁的疲劳试验结果进行对比和验证研究.结果表明,等效结构应力可以较好地表征复杂焊接结构的裂纹萌生特性,结合S-N曲线和断裂力学的疲劳寿命计算结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性.     

基于断裂力学的起重机焊接箱形梁疲劳寿命估算

随机载荷作用下的疲劳破坏是起重机焊接箱形梁的主要破坏形式之一。本文根据试验和研究成果,总结了桥门式起重机焊接箱形梁的各项疲劳参数取值。同时以等幅载荷疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段的计算公式为基础,针对起重机承受随机载荷的特点,利用均方根法对随机载荷进行等效处理,提出估算桥门式起重机焊接箱形梁的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的方法。     

基于信息熵的铝合金焊接接头疲劳寿命分析方法

建立了基于信息熵的铝合金焊接接头疲劳数据分析模型,通过对比分析各决策属性的信息分熵,研究了应力集中、板厚与载荷类型等因素对焊接结构疲劳破坏的定量贡献. 结果表明,三种应力类型疲劳数据分布的信息总熵分别为0.997 7,0.910 0和0.817 9,基于权重信息熵的降低的总趋势与S-N曲线标准偏差越来越小的情况存在一致性. 对于基于结构应力的疲劳数据分布,膜应力集中系数(SCFm)基于权重的信息分熵为0.675 4,对于结构应力疲劳数据分布起主要作用;对于等效结构应力,应力比的基于权重的信息分熵为0.622 3,说明应力比对于等效结构应力疲劳数据分布起重要作用.     

冲裁毛刺对疲劳寿命影响的数值仿真分析

由于冲裁毛刺对疲劳性能具有很大的影响,运用线弹性模型对止动弹簧片冲裁毛刺进行数值仿真模拟,提出一种考虑冲裁毛刺对疲劳性能影响的疲劳计算方法。通过定量计算毛刺对零件结构几何边界应力的影响程度,得出因冲裁毛刺影响而造成的应力集中程度;综合材料应力-寿命曲线与载荷谱,运用疲劳积累损伤理论计算出零件的疲劳寿命;在数值仿真分析中计算出添加毛刺与未添加毛刺单元的零件疲劳寿命。通过实验对零件的疲劳寿命计算值进行对比分析验证,结果表明:定量考虑冲裁毛刺对结构的影响能够提高疲劳寿命的计算精度。     

Combine S-N curve and fracture mechanics for fatigue life analysis of welded structures

Based on the evolution of fatigue cracks in welded structures, the fatigue life of welded structures was defined as the sum of the crack initiation life N_i and the crack propagation life N_p. Correspondingly, a fatigue-life analysis method combining S-N curves and fracture mechanics theory was proposed. The equivalent structural stress method and the lower 99% boundary of the master S-N curve were used to evaluate N_i, and cracks at the end of the initiation stage were considered as semi-elliptical surface cracks. Moreover, Paris equation and the stress intensity factor range of the cracks were used to evaluate N_p. Furthermore, the fatigue test results obtained from the running girder of cranes were used as a reference for comparison and verification of the results. The results revealed that the equivalent structural stress is a good indicator for the crack initiation behavior of complex welded structures. In addition, the predicted fatigue life corresponded closely to the testing life.     

焊后热处理退火工艺对十字接头疲劳寿命的影响

通过对焊接结构疲劳评估标准分析,归纳了疲劳评估标准对焊接残余应力的考虑,阐明了从计算疲劳寿命角度看,残余应力不需要再另外考虑。设计并制作了一批十字接头试件,采用BS 7608:2014+A1:2015标准对疲劳试验数据进行了分析,结果表明,焊后退火前和不同工艺退火后的十字接头试件疲劳寿命没有显著差异。     

脉冲电流对铸造ZA27合金中缩孔和疏松的影响

在砂型铸造ZA27合金的凝固过程中用脉冲电流进行处理。结果表明这种处理方法可以提高铸件的致密性,大大减少铸件中的缩孔和疏松。脉冲电流处理后铸件密度增加2．5％,电流对铸件中缩孔的分布也有影响。     

气孔对铝合金焊接接头超长疲劳寿命的影响

采用超声疲劳试验方法对铝合金5052-H32焊接接头进行疲劳试验,研究其在超长寿命区间(107~109周次)的疲劳强度及失效机理.结果表明,相同疲劳寿命下焊接接头疲劳强度较母材下降了73.3%,在超高周疲劳区间仍然会发生疲劳破坏;断口观察发现焊接缺陷(气孔)是诱发疲劳裂纹萌生的主要原因.为揭示焊接缺陷对焊接接头疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展的影响,采用有限元技术分析了气孔对应力集中系数和裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响.最后讨论了焊接缺陷对疲劳寿命的影响机制及裂纹扩展特性.     

焊接结构断裂寿命估算的试验研究

以天然气输送管道和桥梁为典型构造，对其对接接头进行疲劳裂纹扩展速率的实测，并按国内外标准进行断裂寿命估算，绘测出应力幅与寿命的关系曲线，从而给出了焊接结构寿命估算的完整方法。     

巨型压机C型机架的疲劳寿命预测研究

针对循环拉伸载荷下光滑件的尺寸效应不显著和大型零件难于进行原型疲劳试验,给出了利用小试样试验去预测大型零件疲劳寿命的分析方法。首先,基于疲劳模拟试验建立模拟缩比模型,引入缺口试样尺寸系数。其次,引入表征尺寸变化对疲劳性能影响的特征参量,利用两种材料(45钢,Q235)的几何相似试样(K_t=2,K_t=3)疲劳寿命试验结果,获得缺口试样尺寸系数经验公式。同时兼顾尺寸、应力集中和表面状况之间的相互影响,建立了拉伸载荷下的疲劳综合修正系数模型,并用一算例验证了其有效性。最后,在名义应力法的基础上,应用该模型对大型C型板材料的S-N曲线进行修正,成功地预测出C型板的疲劳寿命。该方法符合实际情况,使疲劳寿命估算更合理,可用于评估拉伸作用下的大型零件疲劳评估。     

行波磁场耦合顺序凝固改善ZL205A大型薄壁件缺陷及性能

利用行波磁场耦合顺序凝固连续地处理大型薄壁ZL205A合金铸件,消除收缩缺陷,提高力学性能.实验结合模拟,针对行波磁场参数优化对补缩行为、显微组织和性能的影响进行系统的研究.结果表明,本研究条件下,当励磁电流为20 A、频率为200 Hz时,磁场力达到最大值;磁场力随着到磁场发生器距离越近而越大,更有利于对薄壁铸件进行...     

结构应力法预测点焊试件疲劳寿命

基于局部结构应力点焊疲劳寿命预测方法对电阻点焊进行疲劳寿命预测。使用壳单元、CWELD点焊连接单元、刚性梁单元建立电阻点焊拉剪试样有限元模型。运用商业有限元软件Nastran做线弹性分析,输出CWELD单元的节点平衡力,将有限元线弹性分析结果导入疲劳分析软件中完成点焊疲劳寿命的估算。疲劳寿命预测结果与疲劳实验结果对比表明,不同载荷下的点焊疲劳寿命预测结果与实验寿命有良好的一致性。     

双相钢搭接点焊接头疲劳寿命分析

研究了双相钢焊点特征,对不同匹配双相钢搭接焊点进行了疲劳试验,获得了焊点的载荷寿命曲线.研究了双相钢焊点的疲劳裂纹扩展及失效形式,分析和解释了疲劳过程中的现象,并根据裂纹的实际扩展路径,提出了局部等效张开应力强度因子keq,从断裂力学的角度对双相钢焊点的疲劳失效进行了分析.结果表明,keq能够有效地关联具有不同厚度,不同熔核直径的搭接焊点试样的疲劳寿命,是反映双相钢焊点疲劳强度的有效参量,能够用来预测焊点疲劳寿命.     

球墨铸铁缩孔缩松的铁液冶金因素影响探析

梳理了国内外关于冶金因素对球铁缩孔缩松影响的认知,并列述了一些具有共识的看法和一些具有争议的观点.对球铁碳当量的选择、过冷度的控制,炉料选择等给出了自己的看法,同时阐明了需加强通过提高冶金质量及浇注过程中气体排放等措施来改善球铁的缩孔缩松倾向.     

Study of crack propagation behavior during low cycle fatigue in spheroidal graphite cast iron based on observation of surface and fracture sections

In this paper, in order to clarify the effect of crack coalescence for crack growth rate, low cycle fatigue tests were carried out using two kinds of spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI). Crack propagation behavior from crack initiation to fracture was investigated by observing the surface of specimens and their fracture section. The main results obtained are as follows: (1) The variation range in the crack growth curves in SGI is larger than that in its matrix material. This tendency is caused by the occurrence of crack coalescence and the difference in crack initiation length. (2) In most of the cases where the crack growth rate accelerated, there was microshrinkage on the neighboring surface. (3) Crack coalescence is not the main factor in accelerating crack growth rate.